21 Seven years after Saskia’s: Most of what follows comes from Wijnman, “Een episode.”
22 “Rembrandt’s face is lit”: Schama, Rembrandt’s Eyes, 680.
23 The Dutch author Fred Feddes: Feddes, Millennium of Amsterdam, 133–34.
24 Van der Heyden also invented: My sources on Van der Heyden include Sutton, Jan van der Heyden; Van der Heyden, Description of Fire Engines; Feddes, Millennium of Amsterdam.
25 The writer Witold: Rybczynski, Home, 51–75.
CHAPTER 6: “THE RARE HAPPINESS OF LIVING IN A REPUBLIC”
1 “the noblest and most lovable”: Russell, History of Western Philosophy, 569.
2 “a free man’s”: Feuer, Spinoza, 198.
3 The city struck a: Geschiedenis van Amsterdam, 2:278.
4 “The women mixed their”: Geschiedenis van Amsterdam, 2:281.
5 It was a city: Spinoza, Tractatus, 1:264.
6 “by decree of the angels”: Nadler, Spinoza, 120.
7 “acme of absurdity”: Spinoza, Tractatus, 38–39.
8 “Whatever is, is in God”: Feuer, Spinoza, 55, from Ethics.
9 “I believe in Spinoza’s”: “Einstein Believes in ‘Spinoza’s God,’ ” New York Times, April 25, 1929.
10 “Instead, Spinoza was to”: Goldstein, Betraying Spinoza, 121.
11 As De Witt saw it: Quoted in Feuer, Spinoza, 79.
12 “neither in France nor”: De la Court, True Interest.
13 “Now seeing that we have”: Spinoza, Tractatus.
14 The herring fleet was decimated: Israel, Dutch Republic, 716.
15 Thus, Holland’s republican: Israel, Dutch Republic, 721–30.
16 The city’s per capita income: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1349/.
17 “scarce deserves the name”: Marvell, “The Character of Holland,” 1653.
18 All the arenas of life: Verwey, “Seventeenth Century,” 29; also cited in Sprunger, Trumpets from the Tower, 29. Statistics also come from Deinema, “Amsterdam’s Re-emergence,” 5.
19 Propagandists staged a play: Israel, Dutch Republic, 765.
20 The basis of politics: Spinoza, Tractatus, as quoted in Israel, Dutch Republic, 787.
21 “The city of Amsterdam”: Spinoza, Tractatus, 64–65.
22 “laws dealing with”: Spinoza, Tractatus, 67.
23 A spontaneous chorus: Nadler, Book Forged, 224.
24 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, the great: Quoted in Nadler, Book Forged, 231.
25 “He told me that on”: Feuer, Spinoza, 138.
26 “Men are of necessity”: Spinoza, Tractatus, 289.
CHAPTER 7: SEEDS OF INFLUENCE
1 “the 13th of January 1624”: Stadsarchief Amsterdam, Ondertrou-wregister, archive 5001, inv. no. 428. My thanks to Jaap Jacobs, Charles Gehring, and Janny Venema for help with this passage. I also relied on Zabriskie, “Founding Families,” and Koenig and Nieuwenhuis, “Catalina Trico,” as well as the New Netherland Historical Manuscripts and New Netherland Documents series, in piecing together the story of Catalina Trico and Joris Rapalje.
2 In particular, a large number: My sources on New Amsterdam and New Netherland include Shorto, Island; J. Jacobs, New Netherland; Gehring et al., New Netherland Documents; Van Laer, New York Historical Manuscripts.
3 They start modestly: Van Laer, New York Historical Manuscripts, 1:11, 286.
4 In 1637, Joris buys: O’Callaghan, Calendar, 221, 364.
5 In particular, they wanted: Fernow, Records of New Amsterdam, 1:144.
6 The Amsterdam chamber: Van Laer, New York Historical Manuscripts, 11:149.
7 In 1674, ten years: J. Jacobs, New Netherland, 420.
8 An Amsterdam basketmaker: Henri Krop, “Radical Cartesianism in Holland: Spinoza and Deurhoff,” in Van Bunge and Klever, Disguised and Overt Spinozism.
9 Lodewijk Meijer, an: Israel, Radical Enlightenment, 197–205; Mijnhardt, “Urbanization, Culture, and the Dutch Origins,” 160–61.
10 “the undisputed focus”: Mijnhardt, “Urbanization, Culture, and the Dutch Origins,” 167.
11 “May this Town ever”: Rosalie Colie, “John Locke in the Republic of Letters,” in Bromley and Kossmann, Britain and the Netherlands, 119.
12 Jean Frederic Bernard was born: Sources on Bernard are Hunt, Jacob, and Mijnhardt, Book That Changed Europe, 90–111; Mijnhardt, “Urbanization, Culture, and the Dutch Origins,” 171–72.
13 One of Bernard’s more: Sources on La Vie et l’esprit are Silvia Berti, “The First Edition of the Traité des trois imposteurs, and Its Debt to Spinoza’s Ethics,” in Hunter and Wootton, Atheism from the Reformation; Hunt, Jacob, and Mijnhardt, Book That Changed Europe, 26–27; Mijnhardt, “Urbanization, Culture, and the Dutch Origins,” 171.
14 “to construct and disseminate”: Berti, “First Edition,” in Hunter and Wootton, Atheism from the Reformation, 186.
15 In France the book: Israel, Radical Enlightenment, 303.
16 “I went over and over”: Rudiger Otto, “Johann Christian Edelmann’s Criticism of the Bible and Its Relation to Spinoza,” in Van Bunge and Klever, Disguised and Overt Spinozism, 172.
17 “There is no other philosophy”: Israel, Revolution of the Mind, 71.
18 “his whole philosophy is”: Russell, 592.
19 “Conservatism, Liberalism, Materialism”: Melamed, Spinoza’s “Theological-Political Treatise,” 2.
20 In September of 1683: My sources on Locke and his time in the Netherlands include Woolhouse, Locke; Colie, “John Locke in the Republic of Letters,” in Bromley and Kossmann, Britain and the Netherlands; Schuurman, “Locke and the Dutch”; Cranston, John Locke.
21 They exactly suited: Woolhouse, Locke, 249.
22 Locke dismantled this: Locke, Two Treatises, 2.54, 2.96, 2.104.
23 “ ’Tis necessary that they”: Van Limborch, Compleat System, 2:998.
24 Locke may have helped: Woolhouse, Locke, 219.
25 “in the vigorous”: Colie, “John Locke in the Republic of Letters,” in Bromley and Kossmann, Britain and the Netherlands, 129.
26 “In this city of Amsterdam is”: Temple, Observations, 56.
27 My favorite of these: Shorto, Island, 319.
28 This, according to one: My sources on 1688 include Claydon, William III; Jardine, Going Dutch; Israel’s Dutch Republic and Anglo-Dutch Moment.
29 But in October the English: Jardine, Going Dutch, 4.
30 Those who saw the spectacle: Israel, Dutch Republic, 850; Jardine, Going Dutch, 8.
31 “By 1688 England and Holland”: Jardine, Going Dutch, 349.
32 “It is both certain and”: History of Parliament Trust, Journal of the House of Commons 10 (1802).
CHAPTER 8: THE TWO LIBERALISMS
1 An example: one official gave: Mak, Kleine geschiedenis, 168.
2 “A rude female”: Mak, Kleine geschiedenis, 173.
3 Four days of rioting: Van Gelder and Kistemaker, Amsterdam, 199; http://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/presentaties/amsterdamse_schatten/oproer/pachtersoproer/index.html.
4 “Our dear Orange”: Van der Capellen, Aan het Volk van Nederland.
5 It is also just steps: My account of Dekker/Multatuli is based on Van der Meulen, Multatuli; King, “Multatuli’s Max Havelaar”; King, Multatuli; Fasseur, “Purse or Principle”; Toer, “The Book That Killed Colonialism”; the Multatuli House Museum; and conversation with Dik van der Meulen.
6 “He has heard such”: Multatuli, Max Havelaar, Introd., 2.
7 And Dekker’s “self-portrait”: Multatuli, Max Havelaar, 93.
8 “There has been of late”: Van der Meulen, Multatuli, 418.
9 Echoing Spinoza, he: Multatuli, Ideën, vol. 1, 166; vol. 7, 1233.
10 Once, as socialists were: Rotterdamsch Nieuwsblad, Nov. 15, 1886.
11 “The Indonesian revolution not”: Toer, “The Book That Killed Colonialism.”
12 Wilders infamously compared the Koran: http://www.elsevier.nl/P
olitiek/nieuws/2007/8/Wilders-wil-verbod-op-islamitische-Mein-Kampf-ELSEVIER132670W/.
13 The group of thirty: Amsterdam Stadsarchief, http://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/presentaties/amsterdamse_schatten/beroemd/karl_marx_geschaduwd/index.html.
14 “In the eighteenth century, the kings”: Published in La Liberté, Sept. 15, 1872.
15 It had involved years: “The North Sea Canal,” New York Times, Nov. 12, 1876.
16 A sermon he heard: Van Gogh, letter 120, http://vangoghletters.org. I infer the lesson from Van Gogh’s description.
17 “It’s a beautiful city”: Van Gogh, letter 120.
18 It was in a cemetery: Van Gogh, letter 126.
19 He saw it as he walked: Van Gogh, letter 131.
20 It was in “the people”: Van Gogh, letter 116.
21 In the last letter he: Van Gogh, letter 144.
22 “As a child I was”: A. Jacobs, Memories, 53.
23 Her office in the Jordaan: Harriet Pass Freidenreich, “Aletta Jacobs in Historical Perspective,” in A. Jacobs, Memories, 179.
24 The court argued first: A. Jacobs, Memories, 55.
25 The discovery of oil: http://www.forbes.com/global2250/.
26 The Dutch moved faster: Arblaster, History of the Low Countries, 192.
27 One of the leaders of the orthodox: My sources on Gorter include http://www.iisg.nl/bwsa/bios/gorter.html; http://www.marxists.org/archive/gorter/index.htm; and http://www.dbnl.org/auteurs/auteur.php?id=gort004.
28 On the other side: My sources on Polak include Bloemgarten, Henri Polak; Montagne and Winkler, Doctor Henri Polak; and Historici.nl.
29 keep the family together: Montagne and Winkler, Doctor Henri Polak, 26–29.
30 “The point of departure”: Feddes, Millennium of Amsterdam, 226.
31 In all, thirty thousand dwellings: Levy-Vroelant, Reinprecht, and Wassenberg, “Learning from History,” 36.
32 Private developers did the: T. Schaap, in Schnabel, Rijnboutt, Koek, and Schaap, Design of Urban Public Space, 41.
33 The building was all: My sources on the Beurs van Berlage include Van der Werf and Derwig, Beurs van Berlage, and Bank and Van Buuren, 1900.
34 “Our self-esteem”: Quoted in Kossmann, Low Countries, 545.
35 He believed that equality: Brandhorst, “From Neo-Malthusianism,” 56.
36 He wrote a series: Sexuele moeilijkheden: Huwelijks- en liefdeproblemen in brieven die ik ontving.
37 “We may have been Jews”: HP/De Tijd, Dec. 24, 1993. Quoted in www.hennybie.dds.nl/engels/chapt_02.htm.
38 According to one story: Müller, Anne Frank, 49.
CHAPTER 9: “WE INFORM YOU OF THE ACTION OF A POWERFUL GERMAN FORCE”
1 “Nobody will question”: Maass, Netherlands at War, 19.
2 Even after numerous: Mak, Kleine geschiedenis, 249.
3 “We inform you of the”: Maass, Netherlands at War, 31.
4 The story goes that the Luftwaffe: Stigter, Bezette stad, passim. The bullet story comes from a tour of the Stadsarchief.
5 Mass executions of Jews: Operation Tannenberg began in August 1939.
6 “an indispensable aid”: “Een onmisbaar hulpmiddel voor het vervolgings-beleid van de Duitse bezetter.”
7 Of approximately 80,000 Jews: Croes and Tammes, Gif laten wij niet voortbestaan, 39.
8 “The path of collaboration”: De Jong, Netherlands and Nazi Germany, 11.
9 “the first and only antipogrom”: De Jong, Netherlands and Nazi Germany, 8.
10 The most daring and: For the Van Halls during the war I have relied on E. Schaap, Walraven van Hall, esp. 50–100, and http://www.verzetsmuseum.org/museum/nl/exposities/tijdelijk,geweest/wally-van-hall.
11 In 2010, the city of Amsterdam: The monument is in front of the current headquarters of the Dutch National Bank. At the time of the robbery, the bank was housed in a building on the Rokin.
12 “Nations of heroes do”: De Jong, Netherlands and Nazi Germany, 49.
13 in today’s money: http://www.iisg.nl/hpw/calculate.php.
14 “She’s not a mother”: Frank, Diary, 141, 185.
15 “Night after night, green”: Frank, Diary, 69.
16 “It’s funny, but I can”: Frank, Diary, 167.
17 Both the Brommets and the Franks: In reconstructing this episode I have relied on Middelburg, Jeanne de Leugenaarster, and Van Liempt, Frieda: Verslag van een gelijmd leven, in addition to interviews with Frieda Menco.
18 You can see the thousands: http://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/english/amsterdam_treasures/second_world_war/doden_op_7_mei_1945/index.en.html.
19 It later became the Cultuur: http://www.coc.nl/over-ons.
20 “The problem of homosexuality”: Boelaars, Benno Premsela, 50–51.
CHAPTER 10: THE MAGIC CENTER
1 In 1960, on learning that: My account of Amsterdam’s counterculture movement is based on Righart, De eindeloze jaren zestig; Kempton, Provo; Van Duijn, Diepvriesfiguur; Kennedy, “Building New Babylon”; Voeten, “Dutch Provos”; as well as interviews.
2 “I thought, we just finished”: Personal interview, December 14, 2012.
3 Beatles fans started to: My take on the bed-in relies on Brugge, Van Galen, and Van den Hanenberg, In Bed met John en Yoko; Sheff, Playboy Interviews; Wiener, Come Together; Righart, De eindeloze jaren zestig; and interviews.
4 “That’s a good idea”: http://vorige.nrc.nl/international/article2185207.ece/Amsterdam_remembers_John_and_Yokos_bed-in.
5 “If people are invited to”: Wiener, Come Together, 88.
6 “We told them”: Personal interview, December 18, 2012.
7 Lennon held himself back: http://weblogs.vpro.nl/radioarchief/2008/12/08/sterfdag-john-lennon/.
8 In 1900, more than 45 percent: http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2001_factsheets_5.pdf
9 The Dutch American historian: Kennedy, “Building New Babylon.”
10 In 1973, three political parties: De Kort, Tussen patiënt en delinquent, 224.
11 “clear and fair trade”: http://www.onsamsterdam.nl/tijdschrift/jaargang2008/252-nummer-11-12-november-december-2008?start=6.
12 “As a freelancer you may”: http://rodedraad.nl/index.php?id=1720.
13 Prescription rates for antidepressants: http://www.capmh.com/content/2/1/26.
14 “I came to realize”: Hirsi Ali, Infidel, 238.
15 “Look at how many Voltaires”: Hirsi Ali, Infidel, 275. Note that I am relying on Hirsi Ali’s own recollection of what she said.
16 And the political scientist Francis: Fukuyama, Origins of Political Order, 19–22.
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