4 Emmanuel Debruyne, ‘The Belgian Government-in-Exile Facing the Persecution and Extermination of the Jews’, in Jan Láníček and James Jordan (eds.), Governments in Exile and the Jews during the Second World War, Vallentine Mitchell, 2013, pp. 197–212, here p. 201.
5 Laurence Rees, Their Darkest Hour, Ebury Press, 2007, p. 165.
6 Lieven Saerens, ‘Antwerp’s Attitude toward the Jews from 1918 to 1940’, in Dan Michman (ed.), Belgium and the Holocaust, Yad Vashem, 1998, pp. 159–94, here pp. 192–3.
7 Laurence Rees, Selling Politics, BBC Books, 1992, pp. 18–25.
8 Ibid., p. 24.
9 Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944, Phoenix Press, 2002, p. 99, entry for 30 October 1941.
10 Rees, Selling Politics, p. 24, Goebbels diary entry for 5 July 1941.
11 Previously unpublished testimony.
12 Laurence Rees, Auschwitz: The Nazis and the ‘Final Solution’, BBC Books, 2005, p. 217. Though note that around twenty Jewish refugees were handed over to the Nazis. The Danish Prime Minister apologized for this in 2005 on behalf of Denmark.
13 Hans Fredrik Dahl, Quisling: A Study in Treachery, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 222.
14 See here.
15 Jeroen Dewulf, Spirit of Resistance: Dutch Clandestine Literature during the Nazi Occupation, Camden House, 2010, p. 48.
16 Bob Moore, Victims and Survivors: The Nazi Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands 1940–1945, Arnold, 1997, p. 195, Broadcast on Radio Oranje, 2 October 1943.
17 Jacob Presser, Ashes in the Wind: The Destruction of Dutch Jewry, Souvenir Press, 2010, p. 25.
18 140,000 is the estimated number of Jews liable for deportation under the Nazi administration. See www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio/timeline-dutch-history/holocaust.
19 Presser, Ashes in the Wind, pp. 27–8.
20 Willem Ridder, Countdown to Freedom, Author House, 2007, p. 252.
21 Testimony of Hetty Cohen-Koster, then a law student at Leiden University, http://www.news.leiden.edu/news-2015/hetty-cohen-koster-was-present-at-cleveringas-speech.html.
22 Ernest R. May, Strange Victory: Hitler’s Conquest of France, I. B. Tauris, 2000, p. 283, Gamelin talking to General Edouard Réquin.
23 Ibid., p. 386.
24 Quoted in David Carroll, ‘What It Meant to Be “a Jew” in Vichy France: Xavier Vallat, State Anti-Semitism, and the Question of Assimilation’, SubStance, vol. 27, no. 3, 1998, pp. 36–54. Also see Olivier Wieviorka, Orphans of the Republic: The Nation’s Legislators in Vichy France, Harvard University Press, 2009, p. 195.
25 Ralph W. Schoolcraft III, ‘Darquier de Pellepoix’, in Richard S. Levy (ed.), Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, vol. 1, ABC Clio, 2005, pp. 161–2, here p. 162.
26 Yves Beigbeder, Judging War Crimes and Torture: French Justice and International Criminal Tribunals and Commissions, 1940–2005, Martinus Nijhoff, 2006, pp. 143–7.
27 Michael R. Marrus and Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France and the Jews, Stanford University Press, 1995, p. 5.
28 See the Guardian, 3 October 2010, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/03/marshal-petain-nazi-zealous-anti-semitism.
29 Renée Poznanski, ‘The Jews of France and the Statutes on Jews, 1940–1941’ at www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/courses/life_ghettos/pdfs/reading5.pdf.
30 Vicki Caron, ‘The Path to Vichy: Antisemitism in France in the 1930s’, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, J. B. and Maurice C. Shapiro Annual Lecture, 20 April 2005, pp. 1–2.
31 Susan Zuccotti, The Holocaust, the French and the Jews, Bison Books, 1999, p. 3.
32 Jérôme Carcopino, Souvenirs de sept ans, Flammarion, 1953, p. 359; Also Marrus and Paxton, Vichy, p. 85.
33 Bella Gutterman and Naomi Morgenstern, The Gurs Haggadah: Passover in Perdition, Devora Publishing and Yad Vashem, 2003, p. 17.
34 Christopher Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, Heinemann, 2004, pp. 89–93.
35 Ibid., p. 92.
36 Ibid., p. 90.
37 J. Noakes and G. Pridham (eds.), Nazism 1919–1945, vol. 3: Foreign Policy, War and Racial Extermination, Exeter University Press, 2006 edn, p. 471.
38 Laurence Rees, The Nazis: A Warning from History, BBC Books, 1997, pp. 141–2.
39 Sybille Steinbacher, ‘In the Shadow of Auschwitz: The Murder of the Jews of East Upper Silesia’, in Ulrich Herbert (ed.), National Socialist Extermination Policies: Contemporary German Perspectives and Controversies, Berghahn Books, 2000, pp. 276–305, here p. 284.
40 David Cesarani, Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 1933–49, Macmillan, 2016, p. 274.
41 Laurence Rees, World War II: Behind Closed Doors, BBC Books, 2008, p. 80.
42 David Stahel, Operation Barbarossa and Germany’s Defeat in the East, Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 73.
43 Isaiah Trunk, Łódź Ghetto: A History, Indiana University Press, 2008, p. 109.
44 Christopher Browning, Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final Solution, Cambridge University Press, 1993, p. 33.
45 Previously unpublished testimony.
46 Browning, Genocide, p. 36, Palfinger’s report of 7 November 1940.
47 Previously unpublished testimony.
48 Trunk, Łódź Ghetto, p. 83, document no. 55 YI-1212, April 1940, Rumkowski to the Łódź Mayor.
49 Ibid., p. 111.
50 Michal Unger, Reassessment of the Image of Mordechai Chaim Rumkowski, Yad Vashem, 2004, p. 37 n. 82.
51 Jacob Sloan (ed.), Notes from the Warsaw Ghetto, from the Journal of Emmanuel Ringelblum, iBooks, 2006, p. 19, entry for 12 February 1940.
52 Ibid., p. 17, entry for 7 February 1940.
53 Raul Hilberg, Stanislaw Staron and Josef Kermisz (eds.), The Warsaw Diary of Adam Czerniakow, Elephant, 1999, p. 100, entry for 16 and 17 December 1939.
54 Ibid., p. 112, entry for 28 January 1940.
55 Ibid., p. 104, entry for 31 December 1939 and 2 January 1940.
56 Cesarani, Final Solution, p. 339.
57 Sloan (ed.), Journal of Emmanuel Ringelblum, p. 120, entry for January 1941.
58 Previously unpublished testimony.
59 Browning, Genocide, p. 38.
60 Hilberg et al. (eds.), Warsaw Diary of Adam Czerniakow, p. 239, entry for 21 May 1941.
61 Ibid., p. 247, entry for 9 June 1941.
62 Nuremberg Trial Files, vol. 31, Minutes of meeting on 2 May 1941, document 2718-PS, p. 84. Rees, Auschwitz, p. 53.
63 Nuremberg Trial Files, vol. 36, Political-Economic Guidelines, pp. 135–7.
64 Goetz Aly and Susanne Heim, Architects of Annihilation, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002, pp. 63–4.
65 Ibid., p. 237. Rees, Auschwitz, p. 54.
66 At population levels of 2016.
67 Hitler’s Table Talk, p. 33, 17 September 1941.
68 Ibid., p. 38, 23 September 1941.
69 Charles Burdick and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen (eds.), The Halder War Diary, 1939–1942, Greenhill Books, 1988, p. 346, 30 March 1941.
70 Ian Kershaw, Hitler: 1936–1945, Nemesis, Allen Lane, 2000, p. 359.
71 Noakes and Pridham (eds.), Nazism, vol. 3 (2006 edn), pp. 478–9.
72 Ibid., p. 479.
73 Vivien Spitz, Doctors from Hell: The Horrific Account of Nazi Experiments on Humans, First Sentient Publications, 2005, pp. 190–94.
74 Ibid., p. 195.
75 Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide, Basic Books, 1986, p. 279.
76 See Paul Eggert, pp. 98–9.
77 Elke Fröhlich (ed.), Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, Teil I: Aufzeichnungen 1923–1941, vol. 9, K. G. Saur, 1998, p. 210, entry for 29 March 1941.
78 This ‘new’ Croatia with 25,500 Jews also included Bosnia-Herzegovina with 14,000 Jews. In total there were around 80,000 Jews in the former Yugoslavia and 72,000 in Greece.
79 Esther Gitman, When Courage Prevailed: The Rescue and Survival of Jews in the Indepen
dent State of Croatia, 1941–1945, Paragon House, 2011, pp. 12–13.
80 Ibid., p. 17.
Chapter 10: War of Extermination
1 Laurence Rees, The Nazis: A Warning from History, BBC Books, 1997, p. 175. Full text of letter at United States, Department of State, Publication No. 3023, Nazi–Soviet Relations 1939–1941: Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Office, Government Printing Office, 1948, pp. 349–53.
2 Elke Fröhlich, ‘Joseph Goebbels und sein Tagebuch’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, vol. 35, no. 4 (1987), Goebbels diary entry for 16 June 1941.
3 Adam Tooze, The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy, Penguin, 2007, pp. 452–60.
4 See here.
5 Laurence Rees, Auschwitz: The Nazis and the ‘Final Solution’, BBC Books, 2005, p. 56, Heydrich’s directive of 2 July 1941.
6 Peter Longerich, Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews, Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 186.
7 Robert van Voren, Undigested Past: The Holocaust in Lithuania, Rodopi, 2011, p. 27. Around 13.5 per cent of those deported to the Soviet Union were Jews – a disproportionately high number compared to the proportion of Jews in the overall population.
8 Laurence Rees, Their Darkest Hour, Ebury Press, 2007, pp. 11–12.
9 David Cesarani, Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 1933–49, Macmillan, 2016, p. 362.
10 Michael MacQueen, ‘Lithuanian Collaboration in the “Final Solution”: Motivations and Case Studies’, in Lithuania and the Jews: The Holocaust Chapter, Symposium Presentations, Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2004.
11 Testimony from The Nazis: A Warning from History, Episode 5: Road to Treblinka, written and produced by Laurence Rees, first transmission October 1997, BBC2.
12 Aleks Faitelson, The Truth and Nothing But the Truth: Jewish Resistance in Lithuania, Gefen Books, 2006, p. 26.
13 Testimony from The Nazis: A Warning from History, Episode 5: Road to Treblinka, written and produced by Laurence Rees, first transmission October 1997, BBC2.
14 Rees, Nazis, pp. 179–82.
15 Ernst Klee, Willi Dressen and Volker Riess, ‘The Good Old Days’, Konecky & Konecky, 1991, p. 31.
16 Ibid., pp. 24–7.
17 Peter Longerich, The Unwritten Order, Tempus, 2005, p. 113.
18 Jean Ancel, The History of the Holocaust in Romania, Yad Vashem, 2011, p. 215. Protocol of the talk between Hitler and Antonescu in Munich, in Documents on German Foreign Policy, vol. 12, doc. 614, p. 1006.
19 Ancel, Romania, pp. 445–6.
20 Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944, Ivan R. Dee, 2008, p. 74; Kindle edition, location 1738–45.
21 Ancel, Romania, p. 453.
22 Ancel, ibid., p. 455, says 8,000, the US Holocaust Memorial Museum says ‘at least 4,000’. Figure from US Holocaust Memorial Museum, http://www.ushmm.org/information/museum-programs-and-calendar/first-person-program/first-person-podcast/haim-solomon-hiding-during-the-pogrom-in-iasi.
23 Ioanid, Holocaust in Romania, p. 81; Kindle edition, location 1884–90.
24 Ancel, Romania, pp. 230–32.
25 Previously unpublished testimony.
26 Previously unpublished testimony.
27 Testimony of Emilio Büge, Sachsenhausen Museum, and Nikolaus Wachsmann, KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps, Little, Brown, 2015, pp. 262–5.
28 Testimony of unknown inmate, discovered in 1954, Sachsenhausen Museum.
29 Previously unpublished testimony.
30 Peter Löffler (ed.), Bischof Clemens August Graf von Galen. Akten, Briefe und Predigten 1933–1946, vol. 2: 1939–1946, Matthias-Grünewald-Verlag, 1988, pp. 876–8. Original in Bistumsarchiv Münster, Fremde Provenienzen, A 8, Niederschrift der Predigt des Bischofs von Münster, Sonntag, den 3. August 1941, in der St. Lambertikirche in Münster.
31 Ian Kershaw, Hitler: 1936–1945, Nemesis, Allen Lane, 2000, pp. 424–5.
32 Previously unpublished testimony.
33 Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, p. 426.
34 Cesarani, Final Solution, p. 284. Richard Evans, The Third Reich at War, Allen Lane, 2008, pp. 93–101.
35 Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944, Phoenix Press, 2000, p. 5, night of 5–6 July 1941.
36 Christopher Browning, The Origins of the Final Solution, Heinemann, 2004, pp. 309–10.
37 Ibid., p. 240.
38 Götz Aly, ‘Final Solution’: Nazi Population Policy and the Murder of the European Jews, Arnold, 1999, p. 214.
39 Previously unpublished testimony, but see also Laurence Rees, Auschwitz: The Nazis and the ‘Final Solution’, BBC Books, 2005, pp. 64–5.
40 Yitzhak Arad, The Holocaust in the Soviet Union, University of Nebraska Press, 2009, p. 165.
41 Previously unpublished testimony.
42 Laurence Rees, War of the Century, BBC Books, 1999, pp. 93–4.
43 The city of Lwów had many different names in the twentieth century. For example, it was called Lemberg by the Germans, Lviv by Ukrainians and Lvov by the Russians. The spelling used here is the Polish version, because at the start of the war this was the name of the city. The figure of 4,000 for the pogrom in 1941 is the estimate by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
44 Peter Longerich, Heinrich Himmler, Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 526.
45 Previously unpublished testimony and Rees, Auschwitz, pp. 63–6.
46 Rees, Darkest Hour, p. 13.
47 Alfonsas Eidintas, Žydai, Lietuviai ir Holokaustas, quoted in MacQueen, ‘Lithuanian Collaboration in the “Final Solution”: Motivations and Case Studies’.
48 Rees, Auschwitz, p. 63.
49 Rees, Nazis, p. 190.
50 Avraham Tory, Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary, Harvard University Press, 1991, p. 24, entry for 4 August 1941.
51 Ernst Klee, Willi Dressen and Volker Riess, ‘The Good Old Days’, Konecky & Konecky, 1991, p. 179.
52 Anatoly Podolsky, ‘The Tragic Fate of Ukrainian Jewish Women under Nazi Occupation, 1941–1944’, in Sonja M. Hedgepeth and Rochelle G. Saidel (eds.), Sexual Violence against Jewish Women during the Holocaust, Brandeis University Press and University Press of New England, 2010, pp. 94–107, here p. 99.
53 Rees, Nazis, p. 213, together with previously unpublished testimony.
54 Previously unpublished testimony.
55 Leonid D. Grenkevich, The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–1944: A Critical Historiographical Analysis, Frank Cass, 1999, p. 75.
56 Manus I. Midlarsky, The Killing Trap: Genocide in the Twentieth Century, Cambridge University Press, 2005, p. 147.
57 Rees, Darkest Hour, p. 68, together with previously unpublished testimony.
58 Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, p. 467.
59 Peter Witte et al. (eds.), Der Dienstkalender Heinrich Himmlers 1941/42, Hans Christians Verlag, 1999, p. 195.
60 Previously unpublished testimony.
61 Rees, Auschwitz, p. 68, together with previously unpublished testimony.
62 Ibid.
63 ‘Leben eines SS-Generals. Aus den Nürnberger Geständnissen des Generals der Waffen-SS Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski’, Aufbau, vol. XII, no. 34, 23 August 1946, p. 2.
64 Recollection of former SS General Karl Wolff, The World at War, Thames Television, 27 March 1974, quoted in Martin Gilbert, The Holocaust: The Jewish Tragedy, Collins, 1986, p. 191.
65 Previously unpublished testimony.
66 Michael Burleigh, The Third Reich: A New History, Pan, 2001, p. 614.
67 Browning, Origins, p. 283. Also Longerich, Himmler, p. 534. A total of 120 inmates of the hospital were gassed five weeks later.
68 Testimony of Wilhelm Jaschke, Vilsbiburg, 5 April 1960, BArch 202, AR-Z 152/159. And Rees, Auschwitz, p. 69.
69 Previously unpublished testimony, and Rees, Auschwitz, p. 71.
70 Tooze, Wages of Destruction, pp. 482–3.
&n
bsp; 71 Ibid., p. 483.
72 Previously unpublished testimony.
73 Previously unpublished testimony.
74 Previously unpublished testimony.
75 Longerich, Holocaust, p. 315.
76 J. Noakes and G. Pridham (eds.), Nazism 1919–1945, vol. 3: Foreign Policy, War and Racial Extermination, Exeter University Press, 2006, p. 481.
77 Peter Klein (ed.), Die Einsatzgruppen in der besetzten Sowjetunion 1941/42. Die Tätigkeits- und Lageberichte der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD, Hentrich, 1997, p. 342.
78 Elke Fröhlich (ed.), Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, Teil II: Diktate 1941–1945, vol. 1, K. G. Saur, 1996, p. 269, entry for 19 August 1941.
79 Browning, Origins, pp. 281–2.
80 Der Prozess gegen die Hauptkriegsverbrecher vor dem Internationalen Militärgerichtshof, Nürnberg, 14. November 1945–1. Oktober 1946, vol. XXXII, Nuremberg, 1948, document 3663-PS, p. 436.
81 Ibid., document 3666-PS, p. 437.
82 Hitler’s Table Talk, pp. 56–7, evening of 13–14 October 1941.
83 Rees, Auschwitz, p. 67.
84 Previously unpublished testimony.
85 Rees, Nazis, p. 222.
86 Hitler’s Table Talk, pp. 31–5, night of 17–18 September 1941.
87 Max Domarus, Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations, vol. 4: 1941–1945, Bolchazy-Carducci, 2004, p. 2491, Hitler speech, Berlin Sportpalast, 3 October 1941.
88 Ioanid, Holocaust in Romania, p. 120; Kindle edition, location 2726–34.
89 Ansel, Romania, p. 243.
90 Hitler’s Table Talk, p. 67, 17 October 1941.
91 Noakes and Pridham (eds.), Nazism, vol. 3, pp. 519–20.
92 Rees, Auschwitz, p. 76.
93 Alan Adelson and Robert Lapides (eds.), Łódź Ghetto: Inside a Community under Siege, Viking, 1989, p. 175, Diary of Shlomo Frank, entries for 19 and 23 October 1941.
94 Ibid., p. 171, Diary of David Sierakowiak, entry for 17 October 1941.
95 Ibid., pp. 178–81, Notebook of Oskar Rosenfeld.
96 Rees, Auschwitz, p. 85.
97 Isaiah Trunk, Łódź Ghetto: A History, Indiana University Press, 2008, p. 217.
98 Helmut Heiber, ‘Aus den Akten des Gauleiters Kube’, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, vol. 4, no. 1 (1956), p. 75.
99 Kershaw, Hitler: Nemesis, p. 486.
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