by Rod Gragg
2.Woodward, General History of Hampshire: 144-56; Bular, Walk Through Southampton, 14; Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 37–42, 51; Philbrick, Mayflower, 24–26; Robert Charles Anderson, The Plymouth Migration: Immigrants to Plymouth Colony, 1620–1633 (Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2004), 2:159; Dillon, The Pilgrims, 119–22; The preferred spelling of the names in Bradford’s passenger list can be found in the following: Charles Edward Bangs, The English Ancestry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers (New York: Grafton, 1929), 25–102; Caleb Johnson’s MayflowerHistory.com; Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 441–43; The basic list cited is found in Willlam T. Davis, ed., William Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, 1606–1646 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1908), 407–9.
3.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 45–46, 52–53; Philbrick, Mayflower, 27–28; Richard Polwhele, Historical Views of Devonshire (London: Trewman and Son: 1793), 1:185; French, “Genealogical Research in England—Cushman,” 68:181; Statton, Plymouth Colony, 275; Alan Heimert and Andrew Delbanco, The Puritans in America: A Narrative Anthology (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1985), 41; Robert Higham, ed., Security and Defense in South-West England Before 1800 (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1987), 46; Robert Earl Cushman, Franklin P. Cole, and Judith Haddock Swan, Robert Cushman of Kent: Chief Agent of the Plymouth Pilgrims (Plymouth: General Society of Mayflower Descendants, 2005), 92–117; Joshua 6–7; Davis, ed., William Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, 1606–1646, 85–92.
4.Richard Nicholls Worth, A History of Devonshire with Sketches of Its Worthies (London: Elliot Stock, 1895), 203–10; Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 53–54; Philbrick, Mayflower, 25–32; Dillon, Place of Habitation, 121–28; John Smith; The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England & the Summer Isles (Glascow: James MacLeHose, 1907), 2:182; William Salters, “Captain John Smith, Governor of Virginia and Admiral of New England,” Annals of Iowa (April 1908) 8:1:220–21; Dictionary of National Biography, 53:70–73; John Smith, A Description of New England; or, Observations and Discoveries in the North of America (Boston: William Veazie, 1865), v, 5–15.
5.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 51–53; Terrence Scully, The Art of Cookery in the Middle Ages (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 1995), 159; Richard W. Meade, A Treatise on Naval Architecture and Shipbuilding (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1869), 398; Michael V. Barry, ed., Survey of English Dialects (London: Routledge Press, 1994), 87; Gustav Eger, ed., Technological Dictionary in the English and German Languages (London: Trubner, 1884), 2:556; John Pinkerton, A Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in All Parts of the World (London: Longman Hurst, 1812), 250.
Chapter Seven
“They . . . Encountered . . . Many Fierce Storms”
1.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 58–59; Philbrick, Mayflower: 30–31; James Deetz and Patricia Scott Deetz, The Times of their Lives: Life, Love and Death in Plymouth Colony (New York: W.H. Freeman, 2000), 37–38; Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 55–59.
2.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 58–59; Philbrick, Mayflower, 30–31; James Deetz and Patricia Scott Deetz, The Times of their Lives: Life, Love and Death in Plymouth Colony (New York: W.H. Freeman, 2000), 37–38; Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 55–59; Dictionary of National Biography, 21: 327–29; Richard Hakluyt, Divers Voyages Touching the Discovery of America (London: Hakluyt Society, 1850), 3:135–48; Henry Burrage, ed., Early English and French Voyages: Chiefly from Hakluyt (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1906, 178–222.
3.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 58–59; Nickerson, Land Ho!, 11; Dillon, Place for Habitation, 127–29; Philbrick, Mayflower, 29–32; Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 58–59; Thomas Secombe, ed., Voyages and Travels Mainly in the 16th and 17th Centuries (Westminster: Archibald and Constable, 1903), 1:157.
4.Dillon, Place for Habitation, 127–29; Philbrick, Mayflower, 29–32; Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 58–59; Nickerson, Land Ho!, 11; Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 58–59; Thomas Sydenham, The Whole Works of that Excellent, Practical Physician, Dr. Thomas Sydenham (London: W. Feales, 1734), 117–18.
5.Caleb H. Johnson, The Mayflower and Her Passengers (Bloomington: 2006), 28–30; Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 58–64, 441–47; Deetz and Deetz, Times of Their Lives, 36–37, 297–98; Caleb Johnson’s Mayflowerhistory.com; Hugh Dunthorne, Britain and the Dutch Revolt, 1560–1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 76-77; DNB: 53:474–75, 9:236; Bangs, English Ancestsry and Homes of the Pilgrim Fathers, 30–31; William Bradford, Governor William Bradford’s Letter Book (Boston: Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants, 1906), 30–31; Bradford/Paget, Plymouth Plantation, 92–93.
6.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation: 59; Harry Kelsey, Sir John Hawkins: Queen Elizabeth’s Slave Trader (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), 270–71; DNB: 25:211–18,225; Myra Jehen and Michael Warner, eds., The English Literature of America, 1500–1800 (London: Routledge, 1997), 51–52; Burrage, Early English and French Voyages, 127–28.
7.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 25–26, 62; Richard James Hooker, Food and Drink in America (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1981), 6–8,82; DNB 61:54–55; Burrage, Early English and French Voyages, 290–91.
8.Davis, William Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, 1606–1646, 30–31.
Chapter Eight
“They Fell upon Their Knees and Blessed the God of Heaven”
1.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 59–60; Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 53–55.
2.Philbrick, Mayflower, 31–42; Dillon, A Place for Habitation, 129–34; Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 59–60; Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 53–55; Davis, William Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, 1606–1646, 123–24; Navin, Plymouth Plantation, 230–37.
3.Winifred Cockshott, The Pilgrim Fathers: Their Church and Colony (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1909), 144–45, 288; James Thatcher, History of the Town of Plymouth (Boston: Marsh, Capen and Lyon, 1835), 261–62; Roland G. Usher, The Pilgrims and Their History (New York: Macmillan, 1980), 69, 144, 177–81; Ozara S. Davis, John Robinson: The Pilgrim Pastor (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1903), 144–45, 246–48; Nathaniel Morton, New England’s Memorial (Boston: Congregational Board of Publication, 1855), 266; Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 287; “Religion and the Founding of the American Republic,” official exhibition website of the Library of Congress, 1988; Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 75–75, 93, 370, 441–42; “Mayflower Compact, 1620,” Avalon Project, Yale University, www.yale.edu/laweb/avalon/americandoc/mayflower.htm.
4.Morton, New England’s Memorial, 27–28; Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 64–66; Dwight B. Heath, ed., Mourt’s Relation: A Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth (Bedford, MA: Applewood Books, 1963), 15–26; Cockshott, Pilgrim Fathers, 199–204; Henry David Thoreau, The Writings of Henry David Thoreau (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1906), 5:251–58; Lyon Sharman, ed., The Cape Cod Journal of the Pilgrim Fathers: Reprinted from Mourt’s Relation (East Aurora, 1920), 12–27.
5.Cockshott, Pilgrim Fathers, 199–204; Morton, New England’s Memorial, 27–28; Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 287; Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 75–75, 93, 370, 441–42; Heath, ed., Mourt’s Relation, 15–26
Chapter Nine
“The Best They Could Find”
1.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 68–70; Heath, ed., Mourt’s Relation, 30–36.
2.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation: 68–70; Tom Iredale and Ellis Troughton, “The Correct Generic Name for the Grampus or Killer Whale, and the So-Called Grampus or Risso’s Dolphin,” Records of the Australian Museum, 19:1:36; Sharman, ed., The Cape Cod Journal of the Pilgrim Fathers: Reprinted from Mourt’s Relation, 12–27.
3.Smith, Description of New England, 66; DNB: 60:393; Benjamin Eggleston, The Wars of America (Baltimore: Hazard and Bloomer, 1839), 80–82: Philbrick, Mayflower, 53–55; Bradf
ord/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 81; Henry VII to John Cabot, 5 March 1496, Public Records Office, London, UK, Plate 7, Series 2, C82/145:6; Thomas Dermer to “His Worshipful Friend,” 27 December 1619, Letter of Thomas Dermer Describing His Passage from Maine to Virginia in A.D. 1619, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress; Harold S. Russell, Indian New England Before the Mayflower (Lebanon, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1980), 8–11, 22–33; William Moore, Indian Wars of the United States (Philadelphia: George Gorton, 1843), 113–15; Frederick W. Hodge, Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1907), 14, 40, 74, 98, 127; Katherine Donegan, Seasons of Misery: Catastrophe and Colonial Settlement in Early America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014), 130; John Locke, Two Treatises on Government: A Translation into Modern English (Manchester, England: Industrial Systems Research, 2009), 130; Jeremy Dupertuis Bangs, Indian Deeds: Land Transactions in Plymouth Colony, 1620–1691 (Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2002), 213–25; John Reed Swanton, Indian Tribes of North America (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1952), 24–27; Barry Pritzker, A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture and Peoples (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 473; Dennis A. Cannole, The Indians of the Nipmuck Country in Southern New England, 1630–1750: An Historical Geography (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2001), 14–16; Burrage, ed., Early English and French Voyages: Chiefly from Hakyluk, 337–39; Christopher Tomlins, Freedom Bound: Law, Labor and Civic Identity in Colonizing English America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 148–49.
4.Mourt’s Relation, 38–41; Bradford/Morison: Of Plymouth Plantation, 69–71; Morton, New England’s Memorial, 32–36; Cockshott, Pilgrim Fathers, 201–6; Philbrick, Mayflower, 74–76; “Beyond the Pilgrim Story,” http://www.pilgrimhallmuseum.org/plymouth_rock.htm; Deetz and Deetz, Times of Their Lives, 17; William Thomas Davis, History of the Town of Plymouth: With a Sketch of the Origin and Growth of Separatism (Philadelphia: J.W. Lewis, 1885), 21–23. Sharman, ed., Cape Cod Journal of the Pilgrim Fathers, Reprinted from Mourt’s Relation, 52–66.
5.Davis, William Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, 1606–1646, 104.
Chapter Ten
“It Was the Lord Which Upheld Them”
1.Davis, William Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, 1606–1646, 76; Johnson, Mayflower and Her Passengers, 45; Philbrick, Mayflower, 76; Morton, New England’s Memorial, 36; Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana (London: Thomas Parkhurst, 1702), 4.
2.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 444; Cockshott, Pilgrim Fathers, 204; Morton, New England’s Memorial, 171–72; Bradford/Morrison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 72, 76, 87; Joseph Everett Chandler, The Colonial House (New York: Robert N. McBride, 1916), 330; Harold R. Shurtleff, The Log Cabin Myth: A Study of the Early Dwellings of the English Colonists in North America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1939), 43, 68, 104–10; William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England (New York: Macmillan, 1983), 4–5; Morton, New England Memorial, 360; John R. Swanton, Indian Tribes of North America, 25; Deetz and Deetz, Times of Their Lives, 60–61; Increase Mather, Early History of New England (Boston: Samuel Drake, 1864), 67; Henry Martyn Dexter, ed., Edward Winslow and William Bradford, Mourt’s Relation: Or Journal of the Plantation at Plimouth (Boston: John Kimball Wiggen, 1864), 66–77; Revelation 21:1–5, Hebrews 12:5–11.
3.Deetz and Deetz, Times of Their Lives, 60–61; Philbrick, Mayflower, 92–93; Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 288; Winslow and Bradford/Dexter, Mourt’s Relation, 71–77.
4.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 76–78, 84; Morton, New England Memorial, 36–37; Dillon, Place for Habitation, 151–52; Philbrick, Mayflower, 76, 84–86; Deetz and Deetz, Times of Their Lives, 59–60, 298; John 15:13; William Bradford, Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation (Boston: Wright and Potter, 1899), 111–19.
5.Bradford/Morrison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 79–84; Thomas Prince, Chronological History of New England: In the Form of Annals (Boston: Kneeland and Green, 1826), 185–88; Alvin Gardner Weeks, Massasoit of the Wampanoags (Norwood, MA: Plimpton, 1919), 126–32, 148; Deetz and Deetz, Times of Their Lives, 61–62; Prince, Chronological History of New England, 185–88; Philbrick, Mayflower, 92–93; Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 288; Lincoln N. Kinnicut, “The Plymouth Settlement and Tisquantam,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society (October 1914–June 1915), 48:109–117; DAB: 17:487; Winslow and Bradford/Dexter, Mourt’s Relation, 84–95.
Chapter Eleven
“By the Goodness of God We Are So Far from Want”
1.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 86; Morton, New England’s Memorial, 62; Deetz and Deetz, Times of Their Lives, 62–64.
2.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 86; Morton, New England’s Memorial, 62; DNB: 6:162–63; Deetz and Deetz, Times of Their Lives, 60-61; Edward Winslow, Good Newes from New England: A True Relation of Things Very Remarkable at the Plantation of Plimouth in New England (London: William Bladen and John Bellamie, 1624), 29; Winslow and Bradford/Dexter, Mourt’s Relation: Or Journal of the Plantation at Plimouth (Boston: John Kimball Wiggen, 1864), 134–37.
3.Francis J. Bremer and Tom Webster, eds., Puritans and Puritanism in Europe and America: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara, CA: Clio, 2006), 562, 642; Deetz and Deetz, Times of Their Lives, 60–61; Exodus 23:16; Numbers 18:8–32; Leviticus 23:20–21; Deuteronomy 16:11–12; 2 Chronicles 8:12–13; Philippians 4:6; John D. Davis, ed., A Dictionary of the Bible (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1917), 800–1, 856; John Brand, Observations on Popular Antiquities (London: Chatto and Windus, 1900), 189–90; Paul Bradshaw, ed., New Webster Dictionary of Liturgy (Louisville, KY: John Knox, 2002), 233–34; Austin Allibone, A Critical Dictionary of English Literature and American Authors (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1899), 2:2784; John McLintock and James Strong, Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature (New York: Harper Brothers, 1891), 10:301; Christine Kooi, Liberty and Religion: Church and State in Reformation Leiden (Boston: Brill, 2000), 34–37; Carrie B. Adams, “Thanksgiving,” The Inland Educator: A Journal for the Progressive Teacher (August 1895): 1:248–49; George P. Cheever, The Pilgrim Fathers (London: William Collins, 1849), 231–34; John Gordon Palfrey, History of New England (Boston: Little and Brown, 1858), 1:213–14; Usher, Pilgrims and Their History, 90–94; Frederick A. Noble, The Pilgrims (Boston: Pilgrim, 1907), 309; James Thatcher, History of the Town of Plymouth (Boston: Marsh, Capen and Lyon, 1835), 59, 261–62; Winslow, Good News from New England, 29; Psalms 107:1–8; Deuteronomy 16:13–14; Winslow and Bradford/Dexter, Mourt’s Relation, 60, 71–77, 133.
4.Winslow and Bradford/Dexter, Mourt’s Relation, 84–95.
5.William Bradford, Bradford’s History of Plymouth Plantation, (Boston: Wright and Potter, 1899), 111–19.
6.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 92–96; Winslow and Bradford/Heath, Mourt’s Relation, 84–85; Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 311–13; Thatcher, History of the Town of Plymouth, 262–65; Young, Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers, 265–67.
7.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 92–96; Winslow and Bradford/Heath, Mourt’s Relation, 84–85; Bunker, Making Haste from Babylon, 311–13; Thatcher, History of the Town of Plymouth, 262–65; Usher, Pilgrims and Their History, 90–98; Sydney V. James Jr., ed., Three Early Visitors to Plymouth: Letters About the Pilgrim Settlement in New England in its First Seven Years (Bedford, MA: Applewood Books, 1963), 3–4; Champlin Burrage, ed., John Pory’s Lost Description of Plymouth Colony (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1918), 37–38, 42.
8.“Letters of John Bridge and Emmanuel Altham,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society (October 1910–September 1911): 44:178–80; Sydney James, ed., Three Early Visitors to Plymouth, 3–12.
9.Bradford/Morison, Of Plymouth Plantation, 111, 202, 378; James, ed., Three Early Visitors to Plymouth, 63–64; Narratives of New Netherland, 1609–1664, J. Franklin Jam
eson, ed. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1909), vol. 8:102–15.
10.Dillon, A Place for Habitation, 220–22: Young, Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers, 408.
11.William Brigham, ed., The Compact with the Charter and Laws of the New Colony of Plymouth (Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, 1836), 242–43; Godfrey Hodgson, A Great & Godly Adventure (New York: Public Affairs, 2006), 192–93; Dillon, A Place for Habitation, 220–22.
Epilogue
1.Stratton, Plymouth Colony, 130–36, 245, 249–50, 308, 311, 324; Navin, Plymouth Plantation, 621, 785–87; Dillon, Place for Habitation, 222; Allen Weinstein and David Rubel, The Story of America: Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower (New York, NY: DK Publishing, 2002), 61–65; Stedman, ed., A Library of American Literature from the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time, 114; Ecclesiastes 3:1; Peter C. Herman, A Short History of Early Modern England (Oxford: John Wily, 2011), 112–18; DNB 60:374–75, 49:21, 2:560–61; Stratton, Plymouth Colony, 245; Deetz and Deetz, Times of Their Lives, 111; Philbrick, Mayflower, 101, 230–31; Rod Gragg, Forged in Faith: How Faith Shaped the Birth of the Nation (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), 35–37; Morison, Plymouth Plantation, 353, 785.
Bibliography
Adams, Carrie B. “Thanksgiving.” The Inland Educator: A Journal for the Progressive Teacher, vol. 7 (August–January 1898).
Addison, J. C. The Romantic Story of the Mayflower Pilgrims. Boston: L.C. Page, 1911.
Alibone, Austin. A Critical Dictionary of English Literature and American Authors. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1899.
Allan, Sue. Steps Along the Mayflower Trail. Burgess Hill: Domtom Publishing, 2011.
Ames, William. The Marrow of Theology. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1997.