Chicago on the Make

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Chicago on the Make Page 53

by Andrew J. Diamond


  Daley, William, 265

  Dan Ryan Expressway, as barrier, 150–151, 152

  Davis, Angela, 90

  Davis, James “Gloves,” 184

  Davis, Mike, 343n5

  Davis, Rennie, 205–206

  Dawson, Michael, 349n31

  Dawson, William: civil rights/integration as threat to, 130–131; and R.J. Daley election, 136; Kelly as kingmaker of, 105; and Kennelly’s reform zeal, 129–130, 133; lack of resistance to displacement of black working class, 149; Ralph Metcalfe as successor to, 238; policy wheels and jitney cabs underground economy, 129–130. See also black submachine politics

  “Days of Rage” riot (1969), 231

  Deacons of Defense, 197

  Dean, James, 167

  Dearborn, MI, 226

  Dearborn Park project (mixed income development), 234–236

  Dear, Michael, 3–4

  death sentences, George Ryan commuting, 279

  de Blasio, Bill, 333

  Debord, Guy, The Society of the Spectacle, 204, 226

  defensive localism. See white backlash

  deindustrialization: black Chicago as hardest hit by, 223; downtown development and, 147; economy of the 1970s and, 223, 224–225; and gentrification as source of new revenues, 298; number of jobs lost, 147, 172, 222, 223, 225, 286; and subsidies via TIF funds, 283–284, 369n56; suburbanization and, 222–223; as threat to patronage, 140–141; tourism as replacing industry, 286

  DeKoven Bowen, Louise, 49

  De La Salle High School, 41, 43

  Dellinger, Dave, 205–206

  De Luxe Café, 67

  Democratic National Convention protests (1968): overview, 12, 203–205; awarding of convention to Chicago, 208; and backlash context of political violence, 218; R.J. Daley and, 138, 208; demonstrations and marches, 206, 207–208; “Festival of Life” concert, 206–207; media and, 206, 207–208, 210–211; organizing of, 205–206; and Police Red Squad countersubversion, 213; police violence and, 207–208, 210–211, 218; as spectacle, 226; turnout as disappointing, 205–206, 207

  Democratic Party (Cook County): and Jacob “Jack” Arvey, 113; and black civil rights agitation vs. white backlash, 131–132; and Anton Cermak, 52; R.J. Daley as chair of, 11–12, 133–134, 141; and William Dawson, 131; and William Dever, 47–48; Irish domination, resentment of, 51, 52; and Kennelly, 133. See also machine politics of Cook County Democratic Party

  Democratic Party (national): first Catholic presidential candidate, 52; postwar strategy as defender of the disadvantaged, 101, 137–138; turn of African Americans to, 131; Vietnam War, support for, 205; welfare reform and crime bills of 1990s, 273–274. See also Democratic National Convention protests (1968)

  demographics. See population

  Deneen, Charles, 37

  Department of City Planning, 146–147

  department stores, 22, 140

  DePaul University basketball arena, 331–332

  DePriest, Oscar, 76–77, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 105, 349n35

  DePriest and DePriest, 85

  Despres, Leon, 200

  Detroit: black mayors and, 249; and black poverty, 266; and CIO programs for interracial recreational activities, 105; hate strikes by white auto workers, 104; homicide rates, 366n14; labor disputes, 96, 212; median black income, 117; as “Motor City,” 226; and music, 121; police “red squad,” 345n19; race riots in WWII, 100, 101, 103; riots in 1967, 209; and spectacle of rioting, 226; wildcat strikes by black workers, 105–106; and WWII, 96, 212; zoot suit riots, 101, 102, 103

  Detroit Free Press, 103

  Dever, William, 47–48, 49–51, 54–55

  Devil’s Disciples, 196. See also Disciples (gang)

  Dewey, John, 18, 19

  Diddley, Bo, 301

  Dies Committee, 83

  DiMaggio, Paul, 31

  Dirksen Federal Building, 232

  Disciples (gang), 122, 186, 190, 194, 196, 364n46; and youth services/community improvement projects, 196–200

  dissimilarity index, 78, 313–314, 350n37

  Division Street riot (1966), 219, 250, 296–297

  Dixon, Willie, 119, 120

  Dodge-Chicago, 97

  Dolphy, Eric, 120

  domestic workers, Puerto Ricans recruited as, 358n16

  Donnelley, Thomas, 49

  Donner, Frank J., 212, 345n19

  Don’t Spend Your Money Where You Can’t Work boycott (1930), 62, 87

  Dorenzo, Nick, 196

  Dorsey, Thomas A., 59–60, 89

  Double-V campaign, 106

  Douglas Aircraft, 97

  Douglass League of Women Voters, 84

  Douglass National Bank, 62, 67

  Dowell, Pat, 332

  downtown agenda, 229; CAC plan for, 146–147; city government reconfigured to support, 8–9, 146–147, 148–149; deindustrialization via, 147; infrastructure and funding for, 231–232; investment in, 147; lifestyle and, 229, 231; maps of development, 152, 230; neoliberal turn and, 147–148; profits from, 147. See also Chicago—plans; global cities/global-city agenda; skyscrapers; urban renewal—downtown development projects as beneficiary under RJD

  Doyle, Tommy, 41–42

  Drake, St. Clair, 3, 60–66, 70–71, 73

  Dreamland Ballroom, 67, 70

  drugs: crack cocaine distribution, 267–268; testing of subsidized housing residents, 312; War on Drugs, 218, 337

  Du Bois, W.E.B., 88, 110

  Duff, James M., 279

  Duffy, Terrence, 329–330

  Dukies (gang), 40

  Duncan, Arne, 264–265, 271, 326

  Dunn, “Sonny,” 42

  DuPage County, 223, 232–233. See also suburbanization

  Dwight D. Eisenhower Expressway, 153, 217

  Earwax (café), 304

  East Garfield Park Community Organization, 194

  East Garfield Park neighborhood: anti-Mexican violence in, 175–176; original plan for University of Illinois campus in, 156, 262; Puerto Rican community and, 174; as thriving middle-class neighborhood, 153

  East Garfield Union to End Slums (EGUES), 194

  East Pilsen, 301

  East Saint Louis, IL, 37–38

  Ebony magazine, 117

  Economic Research and Action Project (ERAP), 204

  economization of Black Metropolis by black capitalism, 75–76, 79–80, 81–82, 85, 349n32

  economy: of the 1970s, 223, 224–226; credit card debt and, 289; as diversion from structural inequalities, 290; globalized, 225; Great Recession, 323–324; monetarism, 240; power index of, Chicago and, 374n1. See also Great Depression; neoliberalization/neoliberalism; service economy; service industries (global city); underground economy

  Edgewater neighborhood, 214, 317, 320

  education policy of President Obama, 273

  Education-to-Career Academies (ETCs), 286–287

  Egyptian Cobras (gang), 186, 190

  Eighth Regiment Armory, 88

  Eisenhower, Dwight D., 150–151

  Elite No. 1, 67, 70

  Elite No. 2, 67, 70

  elite social inclusivity, 287–289

  Ellington, Duke, 66, 89

  Ellison, Ralph, 89

  Emanuel, Rahm: as advisor to RMD, 265, 324, 325; and austerity, 325–328; budget deficits and, 323–324; and crises, use of, 327; election of 2011, 325, 329; election of 2015 challenge by Jesús “Chuy” García, 333–336; inauguration of (2011), 323–325; as Obama’s White House chief of staff, 265, 327; Office of Tourism and Culture eliminated by, 370n79; opposition to, 328–330, 331–336; pinstripe patronage and, 325; and the politics of identity, 330–331, 337; scandals of, 330, 331; school privatization and austerity program of, 325, 326–328, 330–331, 333; and TIF funds, 328, 329–330, 331–332

  emergency services, outsourcing of, 263

  employers: exploiting racially motivated violence, 26, 28–29; race-baiting by, 26, 29; racism as tool of, 110; union breaking by, 26. See also business community; labor force; labor unions and unionization

 
Employers Association of Chicago, 26, 28–29

  Englewood neighborhood: black population of, 127; and Catholic Church, 121–122; gangs and, 122, 277–278; and labor unions, 121–122, 123–124; of 1920s and 1930s, 121–122; and Peoria Street riot (1949), 123–124; school protests in, 179; and urban crisis, 122–124

  Enright, “Moss,” 42

  entrepreneurialism: black capitalism and, 62–63, 78; blues music and, 118–121

  entrepreneurial state, 8, 262–263. See also neoliberalization/neoliberalism

  Epton, Bernard, 241, 245–246, 247, 248–249

  Equal Rights Amendment, 242

  Erdmans, Mary Patrice, 318

  ethnoracial enclaves (post 1970): immigrants and growth/creation of, 313–318, 316, 373nn121,123; reluctance of City Hall to embrace, 318–319. See also neighborhoods

  eugenics, 45

  European immigrants. See immigrants and immigration; southern and eastern European immigrants; whiteness and white identity; specific communities

  Evans, Timothy, 256, 324, 366n1

  eviction, antieviction riot (August 1931), 76, 78, 79

  Ewald, François, 75

  Executive Order No. 11246 (affirmative action), 236

  Exelon Corporation, 271

  Fanon, Frantz, 215

  Fansteel Metallurgical Corp, 56

  Farber, David, 207

  Farley Candy Company, 369n56

  Far North Side, 214

  Farrakhan, Louis, 275–276

  Far South Side, 331

  Far Southwest Side, 114

  Farwell, John V. Jr., 30

  Farwell & Company, 30

  FBI: and black power, 213–218; COINTELPRO (Counterintelligence Program) of, 213–214, 215, 217; fear of Black Panther–gang coalition, 215; Operation Silver Shovel (investigation of RMD corruption), 278–279, 284; state-sponsored repression by, 216–218. See also countersubversion, state-sponsored

  Fearless Leading by the Youth (FLY), 335

  federal courts: Byrne’s redrawing of ward map declared illegal, 255; Gautreaux order mandating any new public housing to be located outside of ghetto, 237, 309–310; Housing Authority antiblack discrimination, 237

  Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 57

  Federal Employment Practices Commission, 104

  federal funding: affirmative action requirements for, 236, 363n45; antipoverty programs, 209, 237; blighted land bought by government and sold to private developers, 143–144; Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS), 263; Community Development block grants, 255; credits for urban renewal, 157; and Daley patronage expansion, 149; directed into downtown projects, 142; as drying up, 236, 238, 274, 368n34; and gang involvement in youth services (OEO), 196–197, 198–199, 210; for government building complex, 232; Great Depression and, 53, 57; homeownership housing subsidies, 127, 140, 222–223; for law enforcement initiatives, 218, 274; No Child Left Behind program, 269; in the Sun Belt, 4; for transportation and infrastructure upgrades, 231–232; World War II and, 97. See also federal funding for public housing

  federal funding for public housing: conditioned on building outside black ghettos, 310; conditioned on maintaining racial composition of neighborhoods, 112; cuts to, and maintenance backlog, 309–310; and high-rise architecture, 138; and mixed-income approach, 310; New Deal and, 112; in postwar years, 126

  Federal Furnace Company, 21

  Federal Plaza office complex, 232

  Federal Steel. See Illinois Steel

  Fenger High School, 268, 270

  Ferguson, Missouri, police violence, 334, 335

  Fernwood Park Homes (public housing), 124

  “Festival of Life” (Lincoln Park, 1968), 206–207

  Field, Marshall, 28, 31–32, 146, 158

  Field Museum of Natural History, 285

  Fiesta del Sol (street festival), 302

  fighting gangs. See gangs

  Figueroa, Raymond, 256

  Filipino community, 319

  films: Great Depression films, 54–55; and Los Angeles, 1; and Wicker Park neighborhood, 374n130; WWII films, 95

  financial sector: futures exchanges and, 239–241, 329–330, 364n48. See also service industries (global city)

  financial transaction tax (FTT), 328, 336

  Fioretti, Robert, 283, 311

  fire department: and heat wave of 1995, 261, 263–264; and police brutality protests, 185

  First Annual Gangs Convention (1966), 190

  First National Bank Building (Chase Tower), 223, 233

  First National Bank Building (old), 363n38

  First Presbyterian Church of Woodlawn, 195

  First Regiment Armory, 18

  Fisher, Walter L., 15

  Fish, John Hall, 197–198

  Fitzpatrick, John, 48–49

  Five Soul Stirrers Cleaners, 116

  Flag Day, 94, 95

  Flanagan, Maureen, 29

  Flores, Manuel, 305

  Florida, Richard, 320–321, 374n1

  food deserts, 283

  Ford, James W., 88

  Ford company, 106

  Fordism, 225, 226

  Forest Preserve District of Cook County, 35

  Fort Dearborn project, 146

  Fort, Jeff, 195, 199–200, 215

  Foxx, Kim, 337

  Frances Cabrini Homes (public housing), 112

  Frears, Stephen, High Fidelity, 374n130

  Freedom Riders, 162

  “Freedom Schools,” 181

  Friedman, Milton, 240, 241

  Frost, Wilson, 256–257

  Fry, John, 195

  FTT (financial transaction tax), 328, 336

  Fuerzas Armadas para la Liberacion Nacional (FALN), 254, 372n98

  funeral services, insurance for, 71, 74–75

  futures markets, 239–241, 329–330, 364n48

  Gage Park, 47, 193, 195, 317

  Gamson, William, 74

  gangs: Daley’s machine threatened by, 196–199; Daley’s membership in Hamburg gang, 41–42, 134, 150, 151; Daley’s offensive against, 184, 186–187; Daley’s “war on gangs” (1969), 198–199, 218; and drug trafficking in the 1990s, 267–268; early 20th century formation of, 24–25; and Englewood, 122, 277–278; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 27, 43; ethnoracial identity as focus of, 170–171, 296; fighting gangs, emergence of, 170; gentrification and, 302, 303; infiltration and harassment by FBI, 12, 215; labor union violence, 24; map of (ca. 1919), 39; and masculinity, 25, 43–44; nihilism of, 168; number of, 268; and “rainbow coalition” of Black Panthers, 12, 214–215, 250; Reagan administration and criminalization of youth, 218; respect and honor as factor in, 172; school closures and violence between, 271; segregation reinforced by violence of, 46; space as produced via, 170–171; supergangs, 197, 215, 364n46; turf as focus of, 170; violence against Puerto Ricans, 175; violent crime and homicide rates and, 268–269; World War II and, 108. See also black gangs; white gangs and athletic clubs

  Gangster Disciples (gang), 122, 215, 236, 267, 277–278, 280

  García, Jesús “Chuy,” 256, 333–336

  garment making, 22

  Garvey, Marcus, and Garveyism, 61–62, 82

  Gary, Indiana, 21, 86

  Gary Works, 21

  gay community. See LGBT community

  Geary, Eugene, 42

  Geary, J.V., 54

  Gehry, Frank, 153, 285

  Gellman, Erik, 88

  gender, blues singers and challenges to, 90. See also women

  Genet, Jean, 207

  Gentleman brothers, 42

  gentrification: overview, 10–11, 308; bohemians/hipsters and entrepreneurs and, 302–305, 320–321; bricolage and, 304–305; City Hall policies fueling, 298, 305, 307–308, 312, 371n84; and desirability of Chicago’s urban lifestyle, 320; “disorder” as commodity in, 321; “edge” as commodity in, 303–304; ethnoracial identity and, 300, 302–303; at expense of working-class and low-income residents, 298–302, 311–312, 317, 371n94; global third wave of, 298, 299, 301; map of, 306; middle-class min
ority homeowners and, 13–14, 288–289, 298–299, 301; middle-class white displacement of residents, 298, 300–301, 302, 303, 304–305, 311–312, 320; New York City and, 307

  George Cleveland Hall Library, 61

  German community: and Bungalow Belt, 47; and Englewood, 121–122; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 27, 114; Kelly-Nash machine and, 55; location of, 24; size of, 23; and whiteness/white identity, 114

  Gillespie, Dizz, 121

  Gilroy, Paul, 219

  Gingrich, Newt, 274

  Gitlin, Todd, 216

  Giuliani, Rudolph, 283

  global cities/global-city agenda: overview, 13, 225–226; accounting “gimmicks” used to maintain appearance of, 239; and centralization of business district, 225; Chicago as business traveler destination, 286; “City of Neighborhoods” under RMD and, 295, 318–319; and commodities markets, 13, 239–241, 329–330; definition of, 225; and donations to campaigns of RMD, 281; local context and development of, 4; “multiplier effects” of, 283; neighborhoods excluded from recognition, 318–319; subsidies via TIF funds for, 282–284, 331–332, 369n56; successes of RMD with, 264, 284–286; tax revenues and, 225; tourism and, 285–286; and “two Chicagos,” 7; white-collar employment rates and, 225. See also service industries (global city)

  globalization, 4, 225

  Goins, Irene, 84

  Gold Coast neighborhood, 153, 228, 229, 231, 280

  Goldwater, Barry, 361n6

  Gore, Bobby, 196, 199, 217–218

  Grace Abbott Homes (public housing), 154. See also ABLA (public housing)

  Graham, Donald M., 234

  Granger, Lester, 88

  Grant, Madison, 45

  Grant Park, 35, 206, 291, 293, 324

  Grassroots Collaborative, 329

  Grassroots Illinois Action (GIA), 333

  grassroots organizations, citywide coalition of: difficulty of sustaining, 333, 336–337; and election of 2015, 333; mayoral forum held by (2010), 329; and opposition to school closures, 328–329; TIFs and pinstripe patronage opposed by, 328, 329–330, 331–332. See also multiethnic coalitions

  Great Depression: antieviction riot (August 1931), 76, 78, 79; black capitalism and, 59–60, 62, 63–64; demonstrations, 53; and need for WWII jobs, 98; and strikes, 56; unemployment rate and, 53, 78. See also New Deal

 

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