Daley, William, 265
Dan Ryan Expressway, as barrier, 150–151, 152
Davis, Angela, 90
Davis, James “Gloves,” 184
Davis, Mike, 343n5
Davis, Rennie, 205–206
Dawson, Michael, 349n31
Dawson, William: civil rights/integration as threat to, 130–131; and R.J. Daley election, 136; Kelly as kingmaker of, 105; and Kennelly’s reform zeal, 129–130, 133; lack of resistance to displacement of black working class, 149; Ralph Metcalfe as successor to, 238; policy wheels and jitney cabs underground economy, 129–130. See also black submachine politics
“Days of Rage” riot (1969), 231
Deacons of Defense, 197
Dean, James, 167
Dearborn, MI, 226
Dearborn Park project (mixed income development), 234–236
Dear, Michael, 3–4
death sentences, George Ryan commuting, 279
de Blasio, Bill, 333
Debord, Guy, The Society of the Spectacle, 204, 226
defensive localism. See white backlash
deindustrialization: black Chicago as hardest hit by, 223; downtown development and, 147; economy of the 1970s and, 223, 224–225; and gentrification as source of new revenues, 298; number of jobs lost, 147, 172, 222, 223, 225, 286; and subsidies via TIF funds, 283–284, 369n56; suburbanization and, 222–223; as threat to patronage, 140–141; tourism as replacing industry, 286
DeKoven Bowen, Louise, 49
De La Salle High School, 41, 43
Dellinger, Dave, 205–206
De Luxe Café, 67
Democratic National Convention protests (1968): overview, 12, 203–205; awarding of convention to Chicago, 208; and backlash context of political violence, 218; R.J. Daley and, 138, 208; demonstrations and marches, 206, 207–208; “Festival of Life” concert, 206–207; media and, 206, 207–208, 210–211; organizing of, 205–206; and Police Red Squad countersubversion, 213; police violence and, 207–208, 210–211, 218; as spectacle, 226; turnout as disappointing, 205–206, 207
Democratic Party (Cook County): and Jacob “Jack” Arvey, 113; and black civil rights agitation vs. white backlash, 131–132; and Anton Cermak, 52; R.J. Daley as chair of, 11–12, 133–134, 141; and William Dawson, 131; and William Dever, 47–48; Irish domination, resentment of, 51, 52; and Kennelly, 133. See also machine politics of Cook County Democratic Party
Democratic Party (national): first Catholic presidential candidate, 52; postwar strategy as defender of the disadvantaged, 101, 137–138; turn of African Americans to, 131; Vietnam War, support for, 205; welfare reform and crime bills of 1990s, 273–274. See also Democratic National Convention protests (1968)
demographics. See population
Deneen, Charles, 37
Department of City Planning, 146–147
department stores, 22, 140
DePaul University basketball arena, 331–332
DePriest, Oscar, 76–77, 78, 80, 82, 84, 86, 105, 349n35
DePriest and DePriest, 85
Despres, Leon, 200
Detroit: black mayors and, 249; and black poverty, 266; and CIO programs for interracial recreational activities, 105; hate strikes by white auto workers, 104; homicide rates, 366n14; labor disputes, 96, 212; median black income, 117; as “Motor City,” 226; and music, 121; police “red squad,” 345n19; race riots in WWII, 100, 101, 103; riots in 1967, 209; and spectacle of rioting, 226; wildcat strikes by black workers, 105–106; and WWII, 96, 212; zoot suit riots, 101, 102, 103
Detroit Free Press, 103
Dever, William, 47–48, 49–51, 54–55
Devil’s Disciples, 196. See also Disciples (gang)
Dewey, John, 18, 19
Diddley, Bo, 301
Dies Committee, 83
DiMaggio, Paul, 31
Dirksen Federal Building, 232
Disciples (gang), 122, 186, 190, 194, 196, 364n46; and youth services/community improvement projects, 196–200
dissimilarity index, 78, 313–314, 350n37
Division Street riot (1966), 219, 250, 296–297
Dixon, Willie, 119, 120
Dodge-Chicago, 97
Dolphy, Eric, 120
domestic workers, Puerto Ricans recruited as, 358n16
Donnelley, Thomas, 49
Donner, Frank J., 212, 345n19
Don’t Spend Your Money Where You Can’t Work boycott (1930), 62, 87
Dorenzo, Nick, 196
Dorsey, Thomas A., 59–60, 89
Double-V campaign, 106
Douglas Aircraft, 97
Douglass League of Women Voters, 84
Douglass National Bank, 62, 67
Dowell, Pat, 332
downtown agenda, 229; CAC plan for, 146–147; city government reconfigured to support, 8–9, 146–147, 148–149; deindustrialization via, 147; infrastructure and funding for, 231–232; investment in, 147; lifestyle and, 229, 231; maps of development, 152, 230; neoliberal turn and, 147–148; profits from, 147. See also Chicago—plans; global cities/global-city agenda; skyscrapers; urban renewal—downtown development projects as beneficiary under RJD
Doyle, Tommy, 41–42
Drake, St. Clair, 3, 60–66, 70–71, 73
Dreamland Ballroom, 67, 70
drugs: crack cocaine distribution, 267–268; testing of subsidized housing residents, 312; War on Drugs, 218, 337
Du Bois, W.E.B., 88, 110
Duff, James M., 279
Duffy, Terrence, 329–330
Dukies (gang), 40
Duncan, Arne, 264–265, 271, 326
Dunn, “Sonny,” 42
DuPage County, 223, 232–233. See also suburbanization
Dwight D. Eisenhower Expressway, 153, 217
Earwax (café), 304
East Garfield Park Community Organization, 194
East Garfield Park neighborhood: anti-Mexican violence in, 175–176; original plan for University of Illinois campus in, 156, 262; Puerto Rican community and, 174; as thriving middle-class neighborhood, 153
East Garfield Union to End Slums (EGUES), 194
East Pilsen, 301
East Saint Louis, IL, 37–38
Ebony magazine, 117
Economic Research and Action Project (ERAP), 204
economization of Black Metropolis by black capitalism, 75–76, 79–80, 81–82, 85, 349n32
economy: of the 1970s, 223, 224–226; credit card debt and, 289; as diversion from structural inequalities, 290; globalized, 225; Great Recession, 323–324; monetarism, 240; power index of, Chicago and, 374n1. See also Great Depression; neoliberalization/neoliberalism; service economy; service industries (global city); underground economy
Edgewater neighborhood, 214, 317, 320
education policy of President Obama, 273
Education-to-Career Academies (ETCs), 286–287
Egyptian Cobras (gang), 186, 190
Eighth Regiment Armory, 88
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 150–151
Elite No. 1, 67, 70
Elite No. 2, 67, 70
elite social inclusivity, 287–289
Ellington, Duke, 66, 89
Ellison, Ralph, 89
Emanuel, Rahm: as advisor to RMD, 265, 324, 325; and austerity, 325–328; budget deficits and, 323–324; and crises, use of, 327; election of 2011, 325, 329; election of 2015 challenge by Jesús “Chuy” García, 333–336; inauguration of (2011), 323–325; as Obama’s White House chief of staff, 265, 327; Office of Tourism and Culture eliminated by, 370n79; opposition to, 328–330, 331–336; pinstripe patronage and, 325; and the politics of identity, 330–331, 337; scandals of, 330, 331; school privatization and austerity program of, 325, 326–328, 330–331, 333; and TIF funds, 328, 329–330, 331–332
emergency services, outsourcing of, 263
employers: exploiting racially motivated violence, 26, 28–29; race-baiting by, 26, 29; racism as tool of, 110; union breaking by, 26. See also business community; labor force; labor unions and unionization
Employers Association of Chicago, 26, 28–29
Englewood neighborhood: black population of, 127; and Catholic Church, 121–122; gangs and, 122, 277–278; and labor unions, 121–122, 123–124; of 1920s and 1930s, 121–122; and Peoria Street riot (1949), 123–124; school protests in, 179; and urban crisis, 122–124
Enright, “Moss,” 42
entrepreneurialism: black capitalism and, 62–63, 78; blues music and, 118–121
entrepreneurial state, 8, 262–263. See also neoliberalization/neoliberalism
Epton, Bernard, 241, 245–246, 247, 248–249
Equal Rights Amendment, 242
Erdmans, Mary Patrice, 318
ethnoracial enclaves (post 1970): immigrants and growth/creation of, 313–318, 316, 373nn121,123; reluctance of City Hall to embrace, 318–319. See also neighborhoods
eugenics, 45
European immigrants. See immigrants and immigration; southern and eastern European immigrants; whiteness and white identity; specific communities
Evans, Timothy, 256, 324, 366n1
eviction, antieviction riot (August 1931), 76, 78, 79
Ewald, François, 75
Executive Order No. 11246 (affirmative action), 236
Exelon Corporation, 271
Fanon, Frantz, 215
Fansteel Metallurgical Corp, 56
Farber, David, 207
Farley Candy Company, 369n56
Far North Side, 214
Farrakhan, Louis, 275–276
Far South Side, 331
Far Southwest Side, 114
Farwell, John V. Jr., 30
Farwell & Company, 30
FBI: and black power, 213–218; COINTELPRO (Counterintelligence Program) of, 213–214, 215, 217; fear of Black Panther–gang coalition, 215; Operation Silver Shovel (investigation of RMD corruption), 278–279, 284; state-sponsored repression by, 216–218. See also countersubversion, state-sponsored
Fearless Leading by the Youth (FLY), 335
federal courts: Byrne’s redrawing of ward map declared illegal, 255; Gautreaux order mandating any new public housing to be located outside of ghetto, 237, 309–310; Housing Authority antiblack discrimination, 237
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 57
Federal Employment Practices Commission, 104
federal funding: affirmative action requirements for, 236, 363n45; antipoverty programs, 209, 237; blighted land bought by government and sold to private developers, 143–144; Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS), 263; Community Development block grants, 255; credits for urban renewal, 157; and Daley patronage expansion, 149; directed into downtown projects, 142; as drying up, 236, 238, 274, 368n34; and gang involvement in youth services (OEO), 196–197, 198–199, 210; for government building complex, 232; Great Depression and, 53, 57; homeownership housing subsidies, 127, 140, 222–223; for law enforcement initiatives, 218, 274; No Child Left Behind program, 269; in the Sun Belt, 4; for transportation and infrastructure upgrades, 231–232; World War II and, 97. See also federal funding for public housing
federal funding for public housing: conditioned on building outside black ghettos, 310; conditioned on maintaining racial composition of neighborhoods, 112; cuts to, and maintenance backlog, 309–310; and high-rise architecture, 138; and mixed-income approach, 310; New Deal and, 112; in postwar years, 126
Federal Furnace Company, 21
Federal Plaza office complex, 232
Federal Steel. See Illinois Steel
Fenger High School, 268, 270
Ferguson, Missouri, police violence, 334, 335
Fernwood Park Homes (public housing), 124
“Festival of Life” (Lincoln Park, 1968), 206–207
Field, Marshall, 28, 31–32, 146, 158
Field Museum of Natural History, 285
Fiesta del Sol (street festival), 302
fighting gangs. See gangs
Figueroa, Raymond, 256
Filipino community, 319
films: Great Depression films, 54–55; and Los Angeles, 1; and Wicker Park neighborhood, 374n130; WWII films, 95
financial sector: futures exchanges and, 239–241, 329–330, 364n48. See also service industries (global city)
financial transaction tax (FTT), 328, 336
Fioretti, Robert, 283, 311
fire department: and heat wave of 1995, 261, 263–264; and police brutality protests, 185
First Annual Gangs Convention (1966), 190
First National Bank Building (Chase Tower), 223, 233
First National Bank Building (old), 363n38
First Presbyterian Church of Woodlawn, 195
First Regiment Armory, 18
Fisher, Walter L., 15
Fish, John Hall, 197–198
Fitzpatrick, John, 48–49
Five Soul Stirrers Cleaners, 116
Flag Day, 94, 95
Flanagan, Maureen, 29
Flores, Manuel, 305
Florida, Richard, 320–321, 374n1
food deserts, 283
Ford, James W., 88
Ford company, 106
Fordism, 225, 226
Forest Preserve District of Cook County, 35
Fort Dearborn project, 146
Fort, Jeff, 195, 199–200, 215
Foxx, Kim, 337
Frances Cabrini Homes (public housing), 112
Frears, Stephen, High Fidelity, 374n130
Freedom Riders, 162
“Freedom Schools,” 181
Friedman, Milton, 240, 241
Frost, Wilson, 256–257
Fry, John, 195
FTT (financial transaction tax), 328, 336
Fuerzas Armadas para la Liberacion Nacional (FALN), 254, 372n98
funeral services, insurance for, 71, 74–75
futures markets, 239–241, 329–330, 364n48
Gage Park, 47, 193, 195, 317
Gamson, William, 74
gangs: Daley’s machine threatened by, 196–199; Daley’s membership in Hamburg gang, 41–42, 134, 150, 151; Daley’s offensive against, 184, 186–187; Daley’s “war on gangs” (1969), 198–199, 218; and drug trafficking in the 1990s, 267–268; early 20th century formation of, 24–25; and Englewood, 122, 277–278; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 27, 43; ethnoracial identity as focus of, 170–171, 296; fighting gangs, emergence of, 170; gentrification and, 302, 303; infiltration and harassment by FBI, 12, 215; labor union violence, 24; map of (ca. 1919), 39; and masculinity, 25, 43–44; nihilism of, 168; number of, 268; and “rainbow coalition” of Black Panthers, 12, 214–215, 250; Reagan administration and criminalization of youth, 218; respect and honor as factor in, 172; school closures and violence between, 271; segregation reinforced by violence of, 46; space as produced via, 170–171; supergangs, 197, 215, 364n46; turf as focus of, 170; violence against Puerto Ricans, 175; violent crime and homicide rates and, 268–269; World War II and, 108. See also black gangs; white gangs and athletic clubs
Gangster Disciples (gang), 122, 215, 236, 267, 277–278, 280
García, Jesús “Chuy,” 256, 333–336
garment making, 22
Garvey, Marcus, and Garveyism, 61–62, 82
Gary, Indiana, 21, 86
Gary Works, 21
gay community. See LGBT community
Geary, Eugene, 42
Geary, J.V., 54
Gehry, Frank, 153, 285
Gellman, Erik, 88
gender, blues singers and challenges to, 90. See also women
Genet, Jean, 207
Gentleman brothers, 42
gentrification: overview, 10–11, 308; bohemians/hipsters and entrepreneurs and, 302–305, 320–321; bricolage and, 304–305; City Hall policies fueling, 298, 305, 307–308, 312, 371n84; and desirability of Chicago’s urban lifestyle, 320; “disorder” as commodity in, 321; “edge” as commodity in, 303–304; ethnoracial identity and, 300, 302–303; at expense of working-class and low-income residents, 298–302, 311–312, 317, 371n94; global third wave of, 298, 299, 301; map of, 306; middle-class min
ority homeowners and, 13–14, 288–289, 298–299, 301; middle-class white displacement of residents, 298, 300–301, 302, 303, 304–305, 311–312, 320; New York City and, 307
George Cleveland Hall Library, 61
German community: and Bungalow Belt, 47; and Englewood, 121–122; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 27, 114; Kelly-Nash machine and, 55; location of, 24; size of, 23; and whiteness/white identity, 114
Gillespie, Dizz, 121
Gilroy, Paul, 219
Gingrich, Newt, 274
Gitlin, Todd, 216
Giuliani, Rudolph, 283
global cities/global-city agenda: overview, 13, 225–226; accounting “gimmicks” used to maintain appearance of, 239; and centralization of business district, 225; Chicago as business traveler destination, 286; “City of Neighborhoods” under RMD and, 295, 318–319; and commodities markets, 13, 239–241, 329–330; definition of, 225; and donations to campaigns of RMD, 281; local context and development of, 4; “multiplier effects” of, 283; neighborhoods excluded from recognition, 318–319; subsidies via TIF funds for, 282–284, 331–332, 369n56; successes of RMD with, 264, 284–286; tax revenues and, 225; tourism and, 285–286; and “two Chicagos,” 7; white-collar employment rates and, 225. See also service industries (global city)
globalization, 4, 225
Goins, Irene, 84
Gold Coast neighborhood, 153, 228, 229, 231, 280
Goldwater, Barry, 361n6
Gore, Bobby, 196, 199, 217–218
Grace Abbott Homes (public housing), 154. See also ABLA (public housing)
Graham, Donald M., 234
Granger, Lester, 88
Grant, Madison, 45
Grant Park, 35, 206, 291, 293, 324
Grassroots Collaborative, 329
Grassroots Illinois Action (GIA), 333
grassroots organizations, citywide coalition of: difficulty of sustaining, 333, 336–337; and election of 2015, 333; mayoral forum held by (2010), 329; and opposition to school closures, 328–329; TIFs and pinstripe patronage opposed by, 328, 329–330, 331–332. See also multiethnic coalitions
Great Depression: antieviction riot (August 1931), 76, 78, 79; black capitalism and, 59–60, 62, 63–64; demonstrations, 53; and need for WWII jobs, 98; and strikes, 56; unemployment rate and, 53, 78. See also New Deal
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