Latino United Community Housing Association (LUCHA), 302
Lawndale neighborhood: and gangs, 188, 198; Martin Luther King residence in, 190
Lawrence Avenue Korean Business Association, 318
Lawson, Victor, 30, 49
Lebanese immigrants, 317
Lefebvre, Henri, 170, 295–296, 297–298
Lesbian/Gay Voter Impact, 370n80
Levi, Julian, 157
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 118
Lewis, Benjamin, 189
Lewis, Earl, 350n51
Lewis, Karen, 326, 328–329, 334
Lewis, Robert, 35
LGBT community: R.M. Daley and, 295, 321, 370n80; gentrification and, 320–321; incorporation vs. resistance to state power, 296; physical landmarks built to identify neighborhood, 295; voter registration campaign of, 370n80; Harold Washington and, 255, 370n80
Life magazine, 96
Lincoln Park neighborhood, 280, 320; Puerto Rican community and, 173, 214, 218; and rainbow coalition, 214; urban renewal in, 218
Lincoln Square, 317
Lincolnwood, IL, 315
linked fate, 75, 349n31
Lithuanian community: in Back of the Yards, 41, 44–45, 158; and Bungalow Belt, 47; ethnoracial hierarchy and, 40, 44–45; in heterogeneous neighborhoods, 24; and 1919 race riot, 40, 45; and white identity, 45
Little Hell District, 112
Little Italy, 24, 154–155, 165, 169–170
“Little Sicily,” 24
Little Tokyo neighborhood, 228
Little Vietnam, 319
Little Village neighborhood, 290, 330
Little Walter, 118, 301
Little Zion Baptist Church, 111–112
living wage ordinance, 292–293
Lloyd, Richard, 303–304
Lloyd, Willie, 277
Loab, Jacob, 48
Local School Councils (LSCs), 269, 271
Locke, Alain, 31
loft conversions, 147
Logan Square neighborhood, 302–305, 307, 326, 372n97
Logan Square Neighborhood Association, 329
London, England, 16, 17, 19
Loop business district: black presence in, deemed a problem, 227; retailers, 22; size of, 225. See also downtown agenda; global cities/global-city agenda; skyscrapers; suburbanization; TIF funds (tax increment financing)
Lopez, José E., 300
Los Angeles: black-Latino dissimilarity index of, 313–314; black mayors and, 249; and black musicians forced into jazz, 120; foreign-born population of, 320; homicide rates, 366n14; migration to, 320; police “red squad,” 345n19; population of, 223; service industries and, 225; skyscrapers of, 362n26; Watts rebellion (1965), 123, 184, 185, 186, 189, 190, 192, 196; Zoot Suit Riots (1943), 101, 102
Los Angeles School of urbanism, 3–4, 343n5
Louis, Joe, 59
Lozano, Rudy, 221, 252
LSD (gang alliance), 364n46
Lucas, Robert, 200
Lula Cafe, 302–303
Lyne, Sheila, 261
McAndrew, William, 48, 50, 50–51, 54
McBain, Hughston, 146
McCaffrey, Bill, 330
McCarthy, Eugene, 207
McCarthy, Garry, 337
McClellan, John, 198
McCormick Blaine, Anita, 18–19, 29
McCormick, Cyrus, 31
McCormick, Cyrus Jr., 18
McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, 18, 21
McCormick Place convention center, 143, 232, 285, 286
McCormick Place West building, 286
McCormick, Robert, 17, 56
McCormick, Ruth Hanna, 84
McDonald, Laquan, 334–335, 336
McDonald’s Corporation, 232–233, 271
McDonough, Joe, 42
McDowell, Mary, 44, 84
McFetridge, William, 228
McGovern, George, 208
machine politics of Big Bill Thompson (Republican), 71
machine politics of Cook County Democratic Party: “automatic eleven” wards, 136; and biracial political order, 58; and black power, rise of, 180–181; Anton Cermak and, 52–53, 55, 57; Daley dynasty, interregnum between administrations, 344n11; Daley dynasty, length of, 6–7; integration/civil rights as threat to, 131–132; Edward J. Kelly and, 55, 57–58, 112–114; vs. national reform of, generally, 11, 53, 134; and neoliberalization, advance of, 7–8; opposition to, Red Squad neutralization of, 212–214; Harold Washington’s antimachine activism, 10, 243–244, 246, 255, 259, 364n55; white gangs and, 41–42, 43; World War II mobilization eased by structure of, 96–97. See also black submachine politics; multiethnic machine
—R. J. DALEY: “accounting gimmicks” used to hide mounting deficits, 239; black power organizations as threat to, 213–214, 216–217; city services vs. social justice, provision of, 149; coded language of, 136, 150; divide and rule logic of, 213; as dynasty, 6–7; election of 1955, 134–137, 136; election of 1961, 157–158; election of 1963, 201; election of 1967, 197, 208; federal antipoverty programs hijacked by, 209, 237; gang services to youth as threat to, 196–199; Martin Luther King’s misunderstanding of, 188; middle-class housing developments and, 227, 228; private development as shield from political fallout, 235–237; rise of, 133–134; scandals of, 136, 237–238; and white backlash, 212. See also patronage—of R.J. Daley machine
—R. M. DALEY: city-council appointments by, and lack of opposition to, 281; compared to machine of RJD, 281, 284; donations to campaigns, 281; as dynasty, 6–7; election of 1989, 366n1; election of 1999, 266; election of 2007, 7; and general prosperity of U.S. economy, 290; lack of opposition among African Americans and Latinos, 7, 273, 278, 280–281, 287–289; “management of marginalization” by, 288–289; Mexican immigration as benefit to, 290; opposition to, development of, 292–293, 328–329; pinstripe patronage of, 281, 282; the politics of identity and, 10–11, 287–289, 297–298, 301, 312; scandals of, 7, 278–281, 284. See also TIF funds (tax increment financing)
McKinley Park neighborhood, 245
MacNeal, A.C., 87
Macomba Lounge, 119
Madden, Martin B., 349n35
Madison, WI, 204
Magnificent Mile, 153, 227–228
Mailer, Norman, 203–204, 207
Majerczyk, Aloysius, 245
Malcolm X (Malcolm Little), 106–107, 169, 180, 182, 183, 220; “The Ballot or the Bullet,” 180
Mamdani, Mahmood, 11
Maniac Latin Disciples, 302
manufacturing: early 20th century expansion of, 20–21; ethnoracial hierarchy in, 27; interests favoring rehabilitation of neighborhoods vs. downtown agenda, 145–146, 147; salaries for, 287. See also deindustrialization
March on Washington (1963), 180
March on Washington movement (1941), 83
Marina City (housing development), 228, 229
Maritain, Jacques, 158–159
Marquette Park neighborhood, 193–194, 203
Marshall Field and Company, 22, 26, 143, 143–144, 146, 147
Marshall High School, 284
Marx, Karl, 215
Marzullo, Vito, 245, 247
masculinity, gangs and, 25, 43–44
mass incarceration of African Americans, 337
mass transit. See Chicago Transit Authority (CTA)
Maxwell Street flea market, 301
Mayor’s Commission on Human Relations, 108, 130
Mayor’s Committee on Gay and Lesbian Issues (COGLI), 255
Mayor’s Committee on Race Relations (1943), 103, 108
MC5 (band), 206
meatpacking sector, 20–21, 20, 159. See also packinghouses
media. See press/media coverage
Medill McCormick, Joseph, 29–30
Meeker, Arthur, 30
Meigs Field, 292, 370n75
Melamed, Leo, 240
Mell, Richard, 318, 319
Memorial Day massacre (1937), 56–57, 94, 96, 212
Mencken, H.L., 1
Mendell, David, 265
&nb
sp; mental health clinics, 325–326
Merriam, Robert, 134–137, 140
The Messenger magazine, 81
Metcalfe, Ralph, 189, 238, 246
Metcalf, Gordon, 234, 262
Metropolitan Community Center, 81
Metropolitan Community Church, 82, 83–84
Metropolitan Funeral Parlors, 71
Metropolitan Funeral System Association (MFSA), 71, 74–75
Metropolitan Housing and Planning Council (MHPC), 143–144, 145
Mexican community: in Back of the Yards, 158; and black-Latino dissimilarity index (segregation), 313–314; and black-Latino social distance, 337; in Bridgeport, 315; as buffer between white and black, 175; cultural nationalism and, 254; gangs, 175; and Humboldt Park neighborhood, 300, 313–314, 371n90; immigration to Chicago, 173, 176, 290; in Jackowo neighborhood, 318; La Raza as term used by, 176, 297; and Little Village neighborhood, 290; and Logan Square neighborhood, 302; map of ethnic Chicago (2000), 316; mural movement and, 219, 220, 314; and Pilsen neighborhood, 176, 296, 297, 300, 301–302, 313–314, 314, 371nn88,94; population of, 313; and Puerto Rican community, 176, 254, 314; and race riots, 102, 175, 176, 358n21; reracialization of, 176; and school protests, 297; and Seoul Drive, 315; strikebreaking laborers, 176; urban renewal and, 176; violence against, 175–176; and Harold Washington, 249–250, 251–252; and whiteness, 175, 176. See also Latino community
Meyer, Albert, 159, 161–162
MHPC (Metropolitan Housing and Planning Council), 143–144, 145
Michael Reese Hospital, 144
middle class: catering to, as de facto segregation, 154; R.M. Daley and retention of, 266; as euphemism for “white,” 150, 227; needs of, as focus of downtown agenda, 227; neighborhoods created for aspirations of, 46–47; New Deal backlash by, 57; school reforms favoring, 270; support for Rahm Emanuel by, 336. See also black middle class; gentrification; global cities/global-city agenda; housing developments (middle-class)
Middle Eastern community, 315, 317, 373n123
Midway, the, 157, 163, 241
Midway Airport, 286, 291
Midwest Generation, 371n94
Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 137, 228, 232
migration: of Latinos, 172–173; of middle-class professionals and creative class, 320–321; working-class whites from the South, and Young Patriots (gang), 214
migration of African Americans from the South: between 1890 and 1910, 23; in the 1930s, and settling in existing black neighborhoods, 51–52; and black middle-class ambivalence toward black cultural expression, 66, 115–117; during the 1920s, 46; economic influence of, 116–117; fear of competition from, 41; foodways of, 115–116; population numbers and, 46, 51, 61, 101, 117, 173; and whiteness/white identity, 114; WWI and, 38, 41; WWII and (Second Great Migration), 100, 101, 104, 109, 114
Millennium Park, 153, 265, 285, 286, 291, 321, 324
Miller, Robert, 189
“Millionaire’s Row,” 18
Million Man March on Washington (1995), 275–276
Milwaukee, WI, 181
minimum wage/living wage, 292–293, 369n56
Minnie, Memphis, 118
minority-owned businesses: affirmative action meant to support, 236, 279, 363n45; exclusion from patronage, 235, 236–237, 252–253, 279; patronage of RMD and, 287; patronage of Harold Washington and, 287. See also black capitalism
Minton’s Playhouse (NYC), 121
Mitchell, Arthur, 105
Model Cities (federal program), 237
Mondale, Walter, 248
Monk, Thelonious, 121
Monroe’s Uptown (club), 121
Montgomery Bus boycott, 119, 136
Montgomery Ward, 22, 25–26
Moody’s bond rating of Chicago, 225, 258, 332
Morales, Jorge, 252
Morgan, J.P., 21
Morgan Park neighborhood, 102
Morgan Stanley, 291
Morris, 20
mortality rates of black vs. white Chicagoans, 75
Mortenson, Peter, 49
Morton, Jelly Roll, 66
Moseley Braun, Carol, 277, 325
Motley, Archibald, 65
Motorola, 233
Motts Pekin Theater, 67
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 364n54
Muhammad, Elijah, 189
multiethnic coalitions: difficulty of sustaining, 333, 336–337; Harrison High School protests and hope for, 221; the politics of identity as inhibiting, 220–221; POWER organization, 251–252; of Harold Washington, 249–250, 251–254, 255–257, 334. See also grassroots organizations, citywide coalition of
—RAINBOW COALITIONS: of Black Panthers, 12, 214–215, 217, 221, 250; as first tried in Chicago, 176–177; Jesse Jackson and, 253; Harold Washington and, 254, 255
multiethnic machine: of Anton Cermak, 52–53, 55, 57; Kelly-Nash, 55, 57–58, 112–114
Mumford, Milton C., 143–144, 145
Mundelein, Archbishop George Cardinal, 46
Municipal Voter’s League (MVL), 15, 34
mural movement, community, 219–220, 220, 302, 314, 362n18
Murderers (Polish gang), 44, 45
murder rate. See homicide rates
music: blues as morphing into other forms of, 118–120; classical, exclusion of African Americans from, 120; middle-class black civic leaders disapproving of, 65–66, 90–91; race records industry, 89, 118; rap, 255, 276; rhythm & blues, 118, 119; rock íní roll, 119–120, 166; and the Stroll, 65–66, 89. See also blues and jazz
MVL (Municipal Voter’s League), 15, 34
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People): clubwomen activist support for, 87; and concerns about black capitalism, 61; Daley addressing national convention (1963), 177–178; derision of black critics of civil rights movement, 178; Hyde Park chapter and resistance to urban renewal, 155; Operation Transfer campaign, 179; pro-machine leadership of, 155; Youth Council, 169, 214
Nash, Pat, 52, 53, 113
National Guard troops, 128, 192, 207–208
National League of Cities, 264
National Mobilization Committee to End the War (MOBE), 205–206
National Negro Congress (NNC), 83, 88
Nation of Islam (NOI), 179–180, 189, 275–276
Native Americans, 175–176
Navy Pier renovation, 285
Near North Side: hippie scene and, 205; race riots and, 37; and rainbow coalition, 214; settlement house movement and, 18; Swedish community and, 24; urban renewal and, 146, 227–228, 309
Near Northwest Neighborhood Network (NNNN), 302
Near Northwest Side, gangs and, 171
Near South Side, 144, 320
Near West Side: black population of, 154; early 20th century ethnic neighborhood formation, 24; ethnoracial diversity of, 24, 165–166; gentrification of, 320; Italian community and, 176; juvenile delinquency program of, 165–166; Mexican community and, 176; Puerto Rican community and, 173–174; race riots and, 37, 102–103; settlement house movement and, 18; urban renewal of, 154–155, 172, 176; urban renewal resistance and, 155–157
Near West Side Planning Board, 146
Negro Business Exposition (1938), 59–60, 62, 64, 88
Negro Business League, 64
neighborhood effects, 4
neighborhoods: “community areas” as term for, 294; diversity lost to gentrification, 298, 300–301, 302, 303, 304–305, 311–312, 320; diversity of, and tourism, 297–298, 300; division of city into, 294; early 20th century development of, 24; effects of, Chicago Schools and, 4; heterogeneity of ethnic neighborhoods, 24, 315, 319; map of communities and gangs (ca. 1919), 39; and nickname “City of Neighborhoods,” 3, 294–295, 318–319; physical landmarks built to identify, 294–295, 303, 315, 318; “right to the city,” 297; and space, production of, 170–171, 295–296, 297–298, 312, 319. See also ethnoracial enclaves (post-1970); housing developments (middle-class); housing segregation; specific neighborhoods
“Neighborhoods Alive!” program, 295
neo
liberalization/neoliberalism: advancement in Chicago as rapid, aggressive, and early, 7–8; black capitalism and economization of the Black Metropolis, 75–76, 79–80, 81–82, 85, 349n32; and blight redefined as “proper and productive economic use,” 148; classical liberalism distinguished from, 371n84; conventional view of turn to, 147–148; R.M. Daley and, 264, 371n84; R.J. Daley as proto-neoliberal, 147–148; definition of, 8, 344n12, 371n84; democratic governance diminished under, 13, 148; Rahm Emanuel and, 325, 327–328, 330–331, 332–333, 337; and heat wave of 1995, 263–264; and home ownership as financial investment, 86–87, 307–308; Plan of Chicago (1909) and, 33–34; the politics of identity incorporated into, 9–10, 288–289; populism and, 10; and primary role of city government as a mechanism to unleash private enterprise, 34, 148–149, 371n84; and public interest realigned with downtown agenda, 148, 238–239; public unaccountability bestowed by, 235–237, 330; Reagan administration and, 8, 264; restructuring of city government to favor downtown agenda, 148, 238–239; school reform and logic of, 271–272, 289; and the state in direct service to the economy, 148–149; structural inequalities reinforced by, 236; of the underground drug economy, 267–268. See also downtown agenda; gentrification; global cities/global-city agenda; privatization; tourism, R.M. Daley and development of
Newark, black unemployment rate, 266
New Breed, 221
New Chicago 2011 (mayoral candidate forum), 4, 329
New Chicago School of urbanism, 4–5, 6, 344n10
New Chinatown, 315, 319
New Deal: blight defined as unsafe and unhealthy living conditions, 148; and Chicago patronage, 57; and immigrants, 95; middle-class backlash against, 57; municipal swimming pools built, 111; public housing, 112; Republican hostility to, 144. See also Great Depression
New Friendship Baptist Church, 193
New Haven, riots in, 209
Newhouse, Richard, 364n55
New Left: and backlash context, exposing, 218; extremist politics, move toward, 216; fractures dividing, 206; Old Left workerist vision vs., 204
New Negro ideology, 61
New Negro spirit, 81
New Orleans, 261, 266, 311, 327
Newport Jazz Festival (1960), 120
New York (state), Al Smith, governor, 52
New York City: bailout of mid-1970s, neoliberalism viewed as beginning with, 148; bankruptcy difficulties, 224; and bebop jazz, 120–121; black-Latino dissimilarity index of, 313–314; black leadership in, 188; and Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, 79; and counterculture, 204; de Blasio election, 333; and “edge” of Lower East Side, 303; fighting-gang subcultures in, 170; foreign-born population of, 320; and gentrification, 307; Giuliani subsidies to NYSE, 283; as “great” American city, 1; high schools, 270, 367n23; homicide rates, 16, 366n14; insurance industry and, 225; numbers game in, 71–72; police “red squad,” 345n19; Puerto Rican migration to, 173, 358n16; race riots in WWII, 101, 107–108; school boycotts, 181; tenement conditions, 19; West Side Story, 166
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