by Alison Weir
20. CSPD Elizabeth 22, 48; Froude 7, 396
21. CSPD Elizabeth 22, 48
22. Original Letters 2, 335; William Fraser 1, 430
23. CSP Spain 12, 3 April; Correspondence Diplomatique Angleterre 12, 204
24. Ibid. (both)
25. The Chronicle of Queen Jane and of Two Years of Queen Mary, 169
26. Schutte, 130
27. William Fraser 1, 429
28. Marshall ODNB; Ashdown RT, 106
29. Crossley
30. Strong EI, 9, 345
31. Now in the National Galleries of Scotland; formerly in the Royal Collection until at least 1714.
32. Strong EI, 88
33. Mahon, 120, 122
34. Schutte, 148–9
35. Merriman ODNB
36. Elder; Boulter; Strickland LQS 2, 86, 92
37. Bingham, 61
38. Elder
39. Cotton MS. Vespasian F.III, f.378; Schutte, 135
40. Bingham, 125
41. CSP Simancas 1, 357
42. CSPF Mary, 523
43. Macauley, 104; Schutte, 138
44. CSPF 5, 26, 412
45. Cecil Papers 1, 848; CSP Haynes, 381; CP, 158. Dixon is sometimes spelled Dicconson.
46. Relations Politiques de la France et de l’Espagne avec l’Ecosse au XVIième Siècle 1, 289–90. Angus was buried with his forefathers in the collegiate church of Abernethy, Perthshire, one of the lordships attached to his earldom. The last remains of the church were demolished in 1802.
47. Porter CT, 279
48. CSP Haynes, 381; William Fraser 1, 431; Strickland LQS 2, 92; Marshall QMW, 112
49. Schutte, 137
50. LRIL 3, 239–40; CSP Scotland 1, 415
51. CSP Spain 13, Miscellaneous, March 24, 1557
52. Margaret’s tomb epitaph describes him as the youngest son.
53. Lane. In a letter dated May 25, 1572, Charles’s tutor, Peter Malliet, wrote that the boy was “just entering upon his sixteenth year,” meaning he had recently turned fifteen, which places his birth in 1557 (Zurich Letters, 231). Margaret’s tomb epitaph gives Charles’s age in April 1576 as twenty-one, implying a date of birth in 1555, but it is incorrect, and also gives the year of Margaret’s death incorrectly. Some historians, following the epitaph, state that Charles was perhaps born in 1554, but Margaret had given birth to his brother Philip sometime after the Queen’s wedding in July 1554, probably in the winter following. The inscription giving Charles’s age as six on the Eworth portrait of him and his brother Darnley, dated 1562, must be incorrect, although the inscription on the 1563 copy correctly gives his age as six.
54. Ashdown RT, 106; Lisle, TFS, 502, states that he was named “after the new King of France,” Charles IX, but the latter did not succeed until 1560.
55. Strickland LQS 2, 94
56. CSP Spain 13, 417
57. Ross; Bingham, 63
58. CSPF 5, 27
59. CSP Scotland 1, 1076
60. NA E.318/Box 6/222; C.1/1492, 67; E.318/Box 28/1599; C.66, 25; VCH East Riding of Yorkshire 3, 133–40. Pollitt says his estates had been regranted to Northumberland, but it appears that Bishop’s ownership of Pocklington was continuous.
61. APC 6, 218
62. Macauley, 96
63. Strickland LQS 2, 94
64. LRIL 3, 248–9
65. CSPD Mary 1, 11, 13
66. Ashdown RT, 109; Strickland LQS 2, 95
11. “The Second Person in the Kingdom”
1. Marshall ODNB; Fraser 1, 432; Strickland LQS 2, 95
2. Ashdown RT, 112
3. Leland ARBC; Ecclesiastical Memorials 3, 2 (142)
4. Schutte, 142
5. CSP Scotland 1, 597
6. CSP Venice 7, 10
7. Strickland LQS 2, 95, 105; CSPF 5, 421
8. Schutte, 142
9. Handover, 40
10. Marshall ODNB; Macauley, 123
11. CSPF 5, 26
12. Lefuse, 14
13. Neale, 133
14. Froude 1, 328
15. Hamilton, 245
16. Macauley, 83
17. Marshall QMW, 112
18. The Buildings of Settrington; A Survey of the Manor of Settrington. By 1599 the manor house was Crown property; according to the survey made that year, “Lawrence Nesbit, Simon Dodsworth and Rowland Fothergill did leave the possession of the said manor house [to] her Majesty.” By the late eighteenth century it was ruinous, and it was demolished when the present Settrington House was built adjacent to the site in 1793. See The Buildings of Settrington. The nearby village, which was larger in Margaret’s day, was rebuilt during the nineteenth century.
19. Pastscape: Jervaulx Abbey
20. “Cistercians ‘depopulated land’ to found Jervaulx”; English Heritage: The National Heritage List for England
21. Zurich Letters 1, 125
22. Strickland LQS 2, 70
23. Perry, 221. There are no visible remains of the Charterhouse today, although a blue stone marks the site of Queen Margaret’s tomb.
24. Macauley, 113; Aveling: “Catholic Households in Yorkshire,” 88; Bastow, 593
25. CSP Scotland 2, 333, from Cotton MS. Caligula B.VIII, ff.184–5; CSPF 5, 26
26. CSP Venice 7, 45
27. Ryrie; Hurren
28. CSPF 5, 26
29. LQS 2, 89
30. NA SP 15/12, ff.174–5
31. Cliffe, 168
32. NA SP 15/12, f.175
33. Ibid.; Chapters in the History of Yorkshire, 68
34. Macauley, 107
35. Henderson
36. Bingham, 69
37. National Records of Scotland PC 5/2, f.12, 1565
38. CSPF 5, 26
39. CSP Simancas 1, 139
40. CSPF 5, 26
41. NA SP 12/22, f.23
42. Strickland LQS 2, 98
43. CSP Simancas 1, 122
44. Ibid.
45. CSP Simancas 1, Introduction. There is no evidence that, on Dudley’s advice, he arranged for Thomas Bishop and William Forbes to spy on the Lennoxes, as Strickland suggested (Strickland LQS 2, 98; Macauley, 121).
46. CSPF 5, 26
47. CSPF 1, 868
48. Strickland LQSEP 2, 340
49. Harleian MS. 289, ff.73–74
50. Barber, 25; Strickland LQS 2, 96
51. NA SPD Elizabeth 1, 12/23, ff.10–15
52. CSPF 5, 26
53. Ibid.
54. Neale, 132
55. CSPF 2, footnote to 524
56. Strickland LQS 2, 96
57. Ibid.
58. Cecil Papers 1, 582; CSPF 2, 422; CSP Haynes, 213
59. Cecil Papers 152, f.89v; Cecil Papers 1, 583; CSP Simancas 1, 85; CSPF 2, 467
60. CSPF 2, footnote to 524
61. Additional MS. 33,592, ff.214–16
62. Strickland LQS 2, 97
63. Macauley, 18
64. CSPF 2, 499
65. Cecil Papers 1, 596; CSPF 2, 577
66. NA SP 52/1, f.314
67. Cecil Papers 1, 596; CSPF 2, 577
68. CSPF 2, 579; CSP Scotland 1, 610
69. CSPF 5, 26
70. CSP Scotland 1, 612
71. CSPF 2, 634
72. CSP Simancas 1, 85
73. CSP Simancas 1, 84
74. CSP Simancas 1, 154
75. CSPD Elizabeth 11, 18
76. Henry, Lord Hastings, later Earl of Huntingdon. He was descended from the Plantagenets through the Pole family.
77. CSP Simancas 1, 92
78. CSP Simancas 1, 93
79. CSPF 5, 34
80. Knox 2, 135; William Fraser 1, 434
81. Macauley, 109
82. CSP Simancas 1, 120
83. CSP Simancas 1, 121
84. CSPF 3, 752; CSP Scotland 1, 923
85. CSPD Elizabeth 14, 51; NA SP 12/14, f.100; NA SP 12/16, f.38; Strickland LQS 2, 99
12. “Her Son Should Be King”
1. Dating from the early twelfth century, Wh
orlton had been largely rebuilt in the fourteenth, and consisted of a keep and a rectangular gatehouse; the latter survives today, an atmospheric ruin, along with the remains of the undercroft of the keep. Possibly because the castle itself was in a decaying state, the Lennoxes built a substantial house of two stories with a steeply pitched roof with gabled dormer windows against the northwest end of the gatehouse, as can be seen in a drawing of 1725 by Samuel Buck; but no trace of it remains today (Skipper; Buck). Camden, writing not long after Margaret’s death, describes Whorlton as “old and ruinous.” The village that surrounded the castle has long been abandoned, and the castle ruins have been vandalized in recent years.
2. CSP Scotland 1, 922
3. CSP Scotland 1, 929; CSPF 3, 795
4. CSP Scotland 1, 930; CSPF 3, 806
5. CSPF 3, 805
6. CSPF 3, 818
7. Macauley, 136
8. CSP Scotland 2, 333, from Cotton MS. Caligula B.VIII, ff.184–85; Pollitt, 61–62. Bishop has been called a professional spy (Lisle TFS, 326); in 1566 he admitted that his previous master, Sir John Stirling of Stirling, had “used me as a spy here” in England (CSP Scotland 2, 334).
9. NA SP 12/23, ff.17–18
10. Harleian MS. 289, ff.73–74
11. CSP Simancas 1, 123
12. Now in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.
13. CSP Scotland 1, 964
14. William Fraser 1, 469
15. Merriman ODNB
16. CSPF 4, 39; CSP Scotland 1, 975
17. NA SP 52/6, f.70; CSP Scotland 1, 974; CSPF 4, 40
18. Sometimes spelled Latye.
19. CSPF 5, 26
20. Ibid.; Strickland LQS 2, 99
21. William Fraser 1, 469
22. Lisle TFS, 317
23. John Gordon, 11th Earl of Sutherland.
24. CSPF 5, 26, 34
25. Ibid.
26. CSP Scotland 1, 1076; Harleian MS. 289, ff.73–74
27. CSPF 4, 402
28. CSPF 5, 26
29. Ibid.
30. Porter CT, 407
31. CSPF 5, 26
32. CSPF 5, 34
33. CSPF 5, 26
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Lettres 4, 33
37. CSPF 4, 582
38. CSPF 5, 26
39. CSPF 4, 644
40. CSPF 4, 720
41. CSP Simancas 1, 144
42. Lisle KHN states that Elizabeth invited Margaret to spend Christmas at court.
43. CSPF 5, 26
44. CSPF 4, 720
45. Knox 2, 336
46. CSPF 4, 855; CSP Scotland 1, 1071
47. Lisle KHN. It has been stated that royal messengers and guards arrived at Settrington shortly before Christmas and arrested the Lennoxes, their children, and their servants (William Fraser 1, 436; Bingham, 76; Strickland LQS 2, 101). But this is at variance with other evidence, and neither Lennox nor Margaret was arrested until the following year; proceedings against them did not commence until the middle of January.
48. CSP Simancas 1, 139
49. CSPF 5, 26
50. Lisle KHN states that while Margaret was at court, she saw one of Bishop’s servants there. Immediately her suspicions were aroused, and she and Lennox came to the realization that Bishop had betrayed them. Together they devised a means of discrediting him, and soon afterward laid a complaint against him before the Council, accusing him of causing dissension between them, cowardice, sexual immorality and thievery. However, their complaint (in Cotton MS. Caligula B.VIII, ff.184–85) is endorsed by Cecil: “V February 1565 [1566]. Contra Tho. Bishop.” That date can be confirmed by Bishop’s reference in his defense to the murder of William Stirling, Captain of Dumbarton, having taken place “31 years since”; Stirling had died at Easter 1534 (Cotton MS. Caligula B.VIII, ff.165). The new year of 1534 did not officially begin until Lady Day, March 25, hence the date 1565.
51. CSPF 4, 777
52. CSPF 4, 801
53. CSPF 4, 803
54. This portrait came via the collections of John, Lord Lumley (in which it was recorded in 1590) and the Cecils of Hatfield House (recorded 1629) to that of Charles I. Today it is in the Royal Collection at the Palace of Holyroodhouse (Strong EI, 102).
55. Schutte, 160
56. CSP Simancas 1, 149
57. Ibid.
58. CSPF 4, 851; CSP Scotland 1, 1071
59. CSPF 4, 855; CSP Scotland 1, 1071
60. CSP Simancas 1, 150
61. CSP Simancas 1, 154
62. CSP Simancas 1, 150
63. CSP Simancas 1, 151
64. Zurich Letters 1, 125
65. CSP Scotland 1, 1076; Harleian MS. 289, ff.73–74
66. CSP Scotland 1, 1076; NA SP 12/23, ff.14–15
67. Cecil Papers 1, 848; CSP Haynes, 381–82
68. CSP Scotland 1, 1077, 1089; CSPF 4, 883
69. CSPF 4, 971
70. CSP Scotland 1, 1076; Harleian MS. 289, ff.73–74
71. Skidmore, 130; CSPD Elizabeth 21, 55; Bindoff 1, 681
72. Cotton MS. Caligula B.VIII, f.299. Laurence Nesbit was released from the Tower. Margaret later rewarded him for his good service with farmland, property and tenements at Settrington. He died in 1587 (A Survey of the Manor of Settrington).
73. CSPD Elizabeth 22, 48
74. CSP Simancas 1, 153; Williams TT, 82–83
75. CSP Simancas 1, 159
76. CSP Simancas 1, 154
77. Additional MS. 48,023, f.362
78. CSP Simancas 1, 154
79. CSP Simancas 1, 155
80. CSP Simancas 1, 156
13. “Indignation and Punishment”
1. William Fraser 1, 436; Bingham, 76; Strickland LQS 2, 101
2. Strickland LQS 2, 101
3. CSPF 4, 980; Lisle TFS, 326
4. It is clear from this that Margaret’s son Philip had died by this time, otherwise Quadra would surely have referred to three sons. Schutte, 162, states that Quadra was expecting Margaret to arrive from Sheen, destined for the Tower, but in a letter dated August 22, 1562, Margaret herself refers to having come down from Settrington (CSPF 5, 516; CSPD Elizabeth 24, 17; Strickland LQS 2, 106).
5. CSP Simancas 1, 157
6. CSP Simancas 1, 159. Hertford could only have claimed the throne in right of his wife, Katherine Grey, and since both were in the Tower, Elizabeth was hardly likely to have sanctioned that.
7. William Fraser 1, 436; Bingham, 76; Strickland LQS 2, 101
8. Margaret’s letter in CSPF 5, 516, and CSPD Elizabeth 24, 17, mentions her being imprisoned with her children, in the plural, but Darnley had escaped and Charles was still in York.
9. Ascham, 71
10. Cloake
11. By 1769 all that remained of Sheen was a gateway, which was demolished that year.
12. CSPF 5, 121; NA SP 12/23, f.78
13. NA SP 52/7, f.58
14. Cecil Papers 1, 848
15. Ibid.; CSP Haynes, 381–82
16. NA SP Foreign 70/36, ff.178–80; CSPF 4, 1073; Sitwell, 155; Sutherland, 95
17. CSPD Elizabeth 23, 6
18. Ibid.
19. CSPF 5, 26
20. Ibid.; Knox 2, 336
21. CSPF 5, 26. The Court of Star Chamber was the ancient high court of England, made up of Privy Councilors and judges and under the control of the monarch. Its name derived from the decorative pattern of stars on the ceiling of the chamber in the Palace of Westminster where the court sat.
22. CSPF 5, 27
23. Bingham, 70. Lallard’s commentary does not survive.
24. Schutte, 158, 159
25. CSP Simancas 1, 144
26. CSPF 5, 34
27. Jones, 38
28. NA SP 12/23, f.48; CSPF 5, 59; CSPD Elizabeth 23, 17
29. CSPF 5, 80; NA SP 12/23, f.62; CSPD Elizabeth 23, 25
30. CSPF 5, 91
31. CSPF 5, 121; NA SP 12/23, f.78
32. CSPF 5, 122
33. NA SP 12/23, f.30
/> 34. NA SP 12/23, ff.80–81
35. NA SP 59/6, ff.3, 17. George Norton was the son of the Lennoxes’ steward, Richard Norton, and Mr. Constable is probably to be identified with Marmaduke Constable.
36. NA SP 59/6, f.106
37. CSP Simancas 1, 168. Not surprisingly, Quadra fell out with Venturini after what he saw as a gross betrayal, and Venturini resigned from his service soon afterward.
38. CSPF 5, 168. On May 10 the Archbishop of Canterbury had ruled that their union had been no marriage.
39. CSPF 5, 170
40. A discharge of mucus from the eyes and nose.
41. CSPF 5, 181; NA SP 12/23, f.87; CSPD Elizabeth 23, 37
42. CSPF 5, 219; NA SP 12/23, f.103
43. CSPF 5, 295
44. Margaret, Regent of the Netherlands, the bastard daughter of the Emperor Charles V.
45. CSP Simancas 1, 169
46. CSPF 5, 223; CSPD Elizabeth 23, 45
47. CSPF 5, 258
48. NA SP 12/23, f.111
49. CSP Simancas 1, 173
50. CSPF 5, 295; NA SP 12/23, f.119
51. CSPF 5, 332
52. CSPF 5, 343; NA SP 12/23, f.132. The date is given as June 24 in CSPD Elizabeth 23, 58, but it is listed incorrectly under July 24.
53. Strickland LQS 2, 84
54. William Fraser 1, 387
55. CSPF 5, 362; NA SP 12/23, f.134
56. CSPF 5, 412, 464; Additional MS. 35,831, ff.55–57, 65; NA SP 59/6, f.109; Macauley, 122
57. CSPF 5, 421; Strickland LQS 2, 105
58. CSPF 5, 464
59. CSPF 5, 468
60. The children Margaret refers to must have been her son Charles and probably her two daughters.
61. CSPF 5, 516; CSPD Elizabeth 24, 17; Strickland LQS 2, 106
62. CSPD Elizabeth 24, 40
63. Strickland LQS 2, 106; Sitwell, 204
64. CSP Simancas 1, 189
65. CSPF 5, 912
66. Sheen was six miles from Hampton Court.
67. CSPF 5, 1037
68. CSP Simancas 1, 198
69. CSPF 5, 1123; CSPD Elizabeth 25, 63; Strickland LQS 2, 106
70. CSP Simancas 1, 199
71. CSPD Elizabeth 27, 7; Strickland LQS 2, 106–07
72. Strickland LQS 2, 106–07
73. This probably refers to a land dispute in 1553. After the Pilgrimage of Grace the Strangeways family had been dispossessed of lands that were now owned by the Lennoxes.
74. CSPD Elizabeth 27, 17; Strickland LQS 2, 107
75. Strickland LQS 2, 107
76. CSP Simancas 1, 304
77. Macauley, 126