by Des Ekin
Everything to Lerma: Watson, op. cit., p4; Ranke p51; rec, Feros, op. cit. p38
More knighthoods, wedding tour: Hume, Spain Its… pp198-199; Watson op. cit. p9
Hunting, parties: Hume, Spain Its… p199; rec, Feros, Antonio (2006) Kingship and Favoritism in the Spain of Philip III Cambridge: University Press p90
Pious: Philip III entry in Encyclopaedia Brittanica.
Needed grand gesture: CSPI p119
‘King of Spain’s bridge…’: Carew in CSPI p277; also see CSPI p438, ‘a fair step into England’
Prophesy: Philalethes, Andreas (1602) An Answer Made by One of Our Brethren
1588 Armada for Ireland: BBC Radio 4, In Our Time: The Spanish Armada, broadcast Oct 7 2010
Old king convinced: Hume, Spain Under…
Oviedo and cause: See Ch 7
Other factions, Scots, English, Infanta: CSPS 840 f686, July 11 1600; Hume, Spain Its… p202
Two Armadas, deathbed, Yellow Ford, new fleet created: Hume, Spain Under…
Felipe’s promise: Watson op. cit. pp 11-12
Ho’N to yield crown: CSPS 840 f685 July 1 1600; letter from Alonso Cobos May 15 1596; rec, Silke p28
Invasion order, Council objection, Felipe ‘glory of God’: CSPS 840 f688, July 23 1600
‘This is the first…’: CSPI p119
True affection: Quote cited in (rec), Sánchez, Spanish… pp 94-95
Lerma saw Margaret as challenge: Ranke p51; rec, Sánchez Melancholy p83
Astute, resolute: rec, Sánchez, Spanish… p93
‘She is capable…’: Ottoviano Bon (Dec 21 1602) cited in (rec) Sánchez Melancholy p90
Troika of Margaret, Empress and nun, zealots, alternative court: rec Sánchez Melancholy p83; and Spanish… p97
Lerma’s priorities: Ranke p54; rec, Paas, John Roger (1985) The German Political Broadsheet 1600-1700 Vol 1 Wiesbaden: Harrossowitz p85; rec, Sánchez, Melancholy p85
Lerma clash with Margaret, threat, sicknesses, move to Valladolid: Ranke p51; Hume, Spain Its… p200; rec, Sánchez Melancholy p84 and Spanish… p98-99
Despatch: See ‘opportunity’ note below
Lerma wanted out of Low Countries war: Ranke p53 and p54; Paas, op. cit. p85; rec, Sánchez, Melancholy p85
Old allies, marriages, Felipe II rebuilt English navy: rec BBC In Our Time, op. cit.
King’s County: Irish Place-Names in Mills, A. D. (2003) Dictionary of British Place-Names Oxford: University Press
Protect bullion fleet, stronger negotiating position, act when Eliz died: CSPS 840 f687, July 13 1600; also 840 f679 Dec 2 1600
Opportunity, shift, fleet not needed: Preface to CSPS 840 f699, 1601; Hume, Spain Its… p203 and, rec, Silke pp89-90. (Troops bound for Flanders by sea would now travel overland from Italy.)
Chapter 5: Sailing to God or the Devil
John Edie’s experiences and quotes, galleons, all from The Examination of John Edye, CSPI p86. According to Spanish, Felipe was 700 tons and Pedro 1,000 tons.
Brochero slave: Goodman, David (1997) Spanish Naval Power 1589-1665 Cambridge: University Press p32
33 ships, 20 State, 4,464 men, companies, seamen: CSPS 840 f712 Dec 17 1601, Memorandum of all that has occurred; also see Pedroso report Sept 6 1601; but cf CSPI p86; CSPI p128; CSPI p125; and pac (1810 ed) p323 and p325. Also rec García Hernán p23, and cf Silke (p104) who says 4,432 men
Common practice, sailing formation: BBC In Our Time, The Spanish Armada, op. cit.
One witness: ie Silvester Steene, CSPI p89
Andrew Lynch: CSPI p128
Dates, times of leaving: Sep 3 NS=Aug 24 OS: rec, Silke p104; but cf CSPI p89
‘Some of them…’: CSPI p89
Treasure: CSPI p87 and p89; 165,000 escudos, rec Silke p105, and García Hernán p23.
Crew problems, Brochero’s grumbles: Brochero to King, Nov 6 1601; Brochero to Ibarra; pac (1810 ed) p324; rec, Silke p93 and p104
‘Barefoot, unclothed…’: Luis Fajardo, cited in Goodman, op. cit. p189
Lynch’s overheard conversation: CSPI p128
Oviedo and Cerda trip April 1600: CSPS 840 f675, April 24 1601, Oviedo to King; CSPS 840 f685, July 1 1600, Cl of State to King; CSPS 840 f699, undated 1600; CSPS 840 f 706, Feb 9 1601; rec, Silke pp 69-70 and pp73-78.
O’Neill background: See Ch 26
Ho’D background, Dublin Castle, escape: O’Cleary pp15-17
Ho’D’s hair: As described by poet Giolla Brighde Ua hEóghusa; temper, CSPI 1600-1601 pp 152-153
Ho’D one ambition: My interpretation; CSPI 1600-1601 pp 152-153 makes it clear that he was banking everything on Spanish intervention; rec O’Faolain p171
Destination controversy (in general): This is a horrendously complex subject. The best analyses are Silke Kinsale pp 98-103 and pp 108-109; Jones, Destination; García Hernán p20 and pp 24-28; Silke, John J (1963) Why Aguila Landed at Kinsale in Irish Historical Studies v13, no 51 pp236-245; and Silke, John (1964) Where Was Obemdub? in Irish Sword v6 pp276-282
Owen’s advice: CSPS 840 f696, Pac O’G v2 p95. Oviedo’s new formula: Ov-King Aug 17 1601
Second summit Feb 1601: pac (1810 ed) pp 281-283 and pp 302-303; Moran pp 209-210
Spanish report, ‘difference of opinion’: CSPS 840 f699; also note Carew’s intelligence, pac (1810 ed) pp 318-321
Brochero’s views: Broch-War Council Aug 17 1601; rec, Silke pp 99-100; rec, García Hernán p22
JdA preferred…: JdA-King, Aug 18 1601; rec, Silke pp 99-100; rec García Hernán p27
Oviedo, Cerda choice: Ov-King, Aug 17 1601; rec, silke p101; rec García Hernán p25; also CSPI p159
1800s writer: O’Conor p23
Sandoval, Ho’D’s new plan: Letter Ho’D to King from Sligo, Aug 6 1601; rec Jones Destination p 30 and p32; rec Silke p103
Spanish authorities’ U-turn: rec Jones Destination p29-31; rec silke p102
JdA objects to Cork, dual option: rec Silke p103. (García Hernán, pp 27-28, shows evidence that an Irishman named Dominic Brown may have promoted Kinsale as a destination.)
Anthony Wells: CSPI p115
‘Thirty leagues…’: Brochero-Ibarra April 14 1602; rec Jones Destination; rec Silke p108
Meeting on San Andres and JdA-Oviedo dispute: rec Silke pp 108-109
Dermot MacCarthy quote: CSPI p159. (Though MacCarthy wrongly stated that the destination was altered after news of the dissident chieftains’ arrests.)
‘It is nonsensical…’: ‘Report of Mateo de Oviedo to the King’ Jan 27 1602; rec McBride pp 115-116
‘With everyone…’: Broch-Ibarra April 14 1602; rec, Jones, Destination, p31
Storm, fleet scattered: CSPS 840 f712 Memorandum… Dec 17 1601
‘God or the Devil’: CSPI p58
Chapter 6: The Invasion
Weather: Zubiaur’s experience shows that the storm continued unabated.
A mile out: ‘A half league’ precisely. Broch-Ibarra April 14 1602. Rec Silke pp 103-104
25 flags: pac (1810 ed) p337
Formed ranks, parade around town: Bust
1700 troops: See below; and rec Silke p110
JdA offer to townsfolk, Stafford quote: pac (1810 ed) pp 337-338
Smerwick: More details in Ch 12
19th C historian: ie Standish O’Grady (1893) The Bog of Stars London: Fisher Unwin p107
‘The Spaniards, on asking…’: Testimony of Kingman and Bruen, CSPI pp 90-91
Troop numbers: 1700, later 3,400: Brochero-King, Nov 6, 1601. Plus 300 stranded along coast = 3,700. Cf pac (1810 ed) (pp 354-355) which says 3,500. Also rec, Silke p110
Oxen, Steene: CSPI p89
Edie quote: CSPI p86
Rider quote: Rider, J (1601), The Copy of a Letter… London: Thomas Man
Gould, Meade quote: CSPI p87 and p88
Planned colony: Watson, Robert (1787) History of the Reign of Philip III vol 1 Basel: Tourneisen p92; for another perspective, rec García Hernán pp 1-2
Left before surprise: CSPI p83
Not worth pre
serving: CSPI p82
Better sort; could leave with possessions: pac (1810 ed) p341; CSPI p124
Sovereign with rod, Stafford quote: pac (1810 ed) p338
Desmond Castle: Oral tradition in Kinsale says this was JdA’s early HQ, later turned into an arsenal (Mor Itin v3 p45). Also see entry for Kinsale in Irish Tourist Board (2000) Ireland Guide Dublin: Gill & MacMillan; and Frommer’s Ireland p311; also see website www.kinsale.ie accessed 20.9.2013; description, from visit by author
Wilmot quotes: CSPI p82
Annalist from Annals of the Four Masters: Henceforth known as ‘the Irish annalist’
Wine cellars as bomb shelters: CSPI p276 and p199
‘No surety made’: Geoffrey Fenton’s report in CSPI 1586-1588 p192
‘Distinguished men’: A4M
Important to link with Irish; 20k troops: CSPS 840 f685, July 1 1600
The 1600 horses: pac (1810 ed) p352; CSPI p105; Mor Hist v2 p316
Expected meat: CSPI p86; also Preface to CSPI page xv
Importance of MacCarthy, FitzGerald: CSPI pp 159-160 and p244; CSPI p7, p28, p37, p84, p124, p127, p236, and Preface page xvi
MacCarthys on expedition: eg CSPI p82, p236; Dermot, p157, p89, p129, p159, p160, p235; ‘Carlos’ pp160-161, p235
Exchange with Sov through interpreter: CSPI p84 (2 refs); pac (1810 ed) p351; and CSPV f1601, f1036, Cavalli, Dec 24
Locked up: pac (1810 ed) p283-284; CSPI p4, p6, p7, p27, p37, p127, pp159-160, p244, p258
Chapter 7: ‘I Will Never See My Homeland Again’
Zubiaur’s storm-buffeted voyage, arrival El Ferrol: Soto-War Council, Oct 22 1601; PdZ to King, Oct 22, 23 and 24 1601; Council of State to King, CSPS 840 f713; rec Epistolario pp 70-72
His anxiety; lengthy repairs needed: PdZ report, Oct 23 1601; rec Epistolario p72
‘When the King…’: Monson, William (1682) Megalopsychy
Venetian report, ‘disturbed’: CSPV f1036, Marin Cavalli, Dec 24 1601
Carew spy at meeting: pac (1810 ed) pp 281-283 and pp 302-303
‘Surprise Cork’: pac (1810 ed) p319
Arrested MacCarthy: pac (1810 ed) p283-284
‘Many fathoms’: Hull, chapter on Florence MacCarthy Reagh
‘Man much deceived’: Carleton; also see CSPV op. cit.
‘State desperate’: CSPI pp 159-160
Shut in, deprived: CSPV op. cit.
Weak at first landing: CSPI p634
Scant and miserable: Mor Itin v3 p7
JdA letter to King, deceived, ‘punish’, homeland: CSPV op. cit.
Oviedo’s optimistic attitude: as reflected in reports from Council of State to King on July 1 and Nov 28 1600, CSPS 840 f685 and f696; also Oviedo to King Dec 1600, CSPS 840 f675; and also report 840 f699 in 1601
Service to God, holy enterprise, tyranny: Moran p207; rec, McBride p92
‘O immortal God’: In proclamation written by Oviedo, pac (1810 ed) p357; Moran pp 212-213
Money, five chains: Council of State to King, July 1 1600, CSPS 840 f685; Oviedo to King, April 24 1600, CSPS 840 f675; rec McBride pp 95-96, Oct 1599
Money… actions: Oviedo letter to King, Oct 28 1599; rec, McBride p98
Oviedo early life, career: Moran p193-217; also, rec, García González & Oviedo
Distinctive approach: My analysis based on Smerwick (see notes to Ch 12) and pre-expedition correspondence.
Grisly torture: eg, Moran p203 and footnote
Wanted title, no clout: Moran pp 207-208; rec McBride p98, p103
Made Archbishop; reason why merely ‘Archbishop-elect’: Moran pp 207-208 and 218 with footnote
Christ Church Cathedral: Although Anglican in practice, this was then (and is still) regarded by the Vatican as the Catholic Archbishop’s seat
English descriptions, ‘called himself’: pac (1810 ed) p281; CSPI p89 and p124
Not enough money: Ov-Ibarra Mar 24 1600, rec McBride p108
Sailboat, laughing stock: Ov to Lerma Dec 5 1600, rec McBride p109
Chapter 8: Trust in God and Keep Your Powder Wet
General note: JdA’s assessment of Kinsale and quotes: pac (1810 ed) p341; Report of Juan del Albornoz to War Council, Nov 1601; and Memorandum of all that has occurred… dated Dec 17 1601 in CSPS 840, f712
Walls: In 1587 they were described as ‘ruined’ and in 1598 ‘decayed’. See O’Sullivan, Florence (1905) Kinsale in Cork Hist. and Arch. Soc. Journal vol 11 no 65
Hole: ‘un hoyo cercado de padrastros’ in Albornoz, op. cit.; rec, O’Sullivan, F (1905) op. cit.
English expert: Capt William Yelverton, CSPI p634
Brochero’s impatience, arguments, food dumped, boat trips, munitions in ooze: Brochero-King, Nov 6 1601; JdA report in pac (1810 ed) pp 342-343; Hume, Treason and Plot p455; Hume, Spain Under…; rec, Silke pp 112-114
Twenty guns: According to Archer (letter to Fr James Whyte, Jan 15 1602, rec Jones Indictment p218). However, CSPS 840 f712 lists only six big guns
Liability, four guns unloaded, JdA explains why only four: pac (1810 ed) p342; but note, a later inquiry document claimed only two guns were unloaded (April 1 1603)
Demi-cannon technicalities: rec, Manucy, Albert (1949) Artillery Through the Ages Washington: US Govt
Archer confrontation: In letter to Fr Whyte, op. cit.; rec Mangan Vindication p349; rec Jones Indictment p218
Brochero left after 8 days: Bust.
Latecomers: Brochero-King, Nov 6 1601
Troop numbers: 3,400, Brochero-King, Nov 6, 1601; 4,000 according to CSPI p328 and Mor Hist p320; 4,300 according to CSPI p328
Two thirds Spanish, 1,000 Italian, some English, ‘poor slaves’: CSPI p87 and p88; ‘picked body’ CSPV f1027 Nov 17 1601, Mocenigo to Doge; 200 Irish, CSPI p328
Blount ‘ancient men’: Mor Hist p320
JdA on inexperienced troops: pac (1810 ed) p345
Half boys: ie, Zubiaur in letter Dec 22 1601; rec Epistolario p89
Two missing: ie, Francisco de Padilla sick, Antonio Centeno with PdZ; see Dec 17 Memorandum, op. cit.
Sickness: CSPI p634
Carpenters, smiths, no medics: pac (1810 ed) p346; also Bust
Oysterhaven, Knockrobin, Ardmartin: My analysis based on map in pac (1810 ed), on later events, and on visits to scene. JdA later earmarked Ardmartin as a key point for his allies to occupy
Mills, farmhouses, cattle, JdA quotes on meat shortage, no local help, his food needs: pac (1810 ed) p344
Beeves: CSPI p634
Rider: Rider, J (1601), The Copy of a Letter… London: Thomas Man
Wheat: Archer to Fr Whyte, op. cit.; rec Jones Indictment p218
50-60 days: Dec 17 Memorandum, op. cit.; two months according to pac (1810 ed) p346
Rider, 1,000 hobs: Rider, op. cit.
1,600 saddles: CSPI p105; pac (1810 ed) p352; Mor Hist v2 p316
R Owen: CSPS 840 f696, Council of State to King, Nov 28 1600
Six shillings, Moryson quote: Mor Itin v3 p7
Andrew Lynch: CSPI p29
Irish horses, cavalry techniques, JdA ‘small horses’: JdA in pac (1810 ed) p345; Moryson Commonwealth; Hogan pp 320-321; rec Lennon p57; rec Hayes-McCoy pp82-83; rec O’Faolain pp 162-163
Harassment after two days: CSPV f1029, Cavalli to Venice, Nov 25 1601
Pattern, Spanish powerless: It happened ‘every day’, JdA says in pac (1810 ed) p344
One month undisturbed: According to Fr Mansoni (report March 9 1602); rec Jones Indictment p219, citing Archivum Hibernicum XVII pp36-39
Within 24 hours, Slingsby: pac (1810 ed) p346
Far away: JdA said Ho’N was ‘75 leagues’ away, pac (1810 ed) p343
JdA notified Ho’N and Ho’D: He said he notified them as soon as he lodged in Kinsale (pac 1810 ed, p343). Ho’N later claimed he hadn’t been informed.
Latin message, JdA contribution: pac (1810 ed) p353
Chapter 9: ‘Iacta Est Alea – The Die Is Cast’
Queen’s letter October 4; handwritten, signed: Mor Hist v1, pp349-351
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Warm winter box, Richmond Palace history: www.richmond.gov.uk, Local History, ‘Richmond Palace’; ‘Queen Elizabeth I and Richmond’
‘Taffety of silver…’: Scaramelli report Feb 10 1603 cited in Preface to CSPV 1592-1603
Tilbury speech: Letter by Dr Leonel Sharp to the Duke of Buckingham, 1623
Soldiers weakened: Mor Hist p332
Planning to flee: Mor Hist p205
Could change after Queen’s death: compare Walter Raleigh, arrested soon after Elizabeth died
Blount family background; first meets Queen; his appearance; dinner conversation; fine garb; jousting, chess gift, Essex duel, ‘teach manners’: all Naunton, Sir Robert (c1628) Fragmenta Regalia London, Cassell
‘Grandmother she may be’ etc: Letter from Thomas Morgan to Mary Queen of Scots, in ‘Elizabeth’ in Strickland, Agnes (1843) Lives of the Queens of England London, Colburn
Under Penelope’s spell: her ‘maddening influence’ according to Bruce page xxi
By October 4: Timeline from Mor Hist. Obviously he didn’t receive the letter until later.
Blount in Cork: Mor Hist p331
Worst/best location: Mor Hist p321
Confirmation, dilemma, conversation with Carew: Mor Hist 314-6; pac (1810 ed) pp 347-349; Camden, 1601
Halters quote: Mor Hist p314
It was never hard… in great excess: Mor Hist p104-107
Moryson biog: rec, FM entry in Dictionary of National Biography
His leg grazed: Mor Hist p113
Blount didn’t believe… he jibed: Mor Hist p107
Four in the morning patrol: Mor Hist p368
Historian ‘eminent in courage…’: William Camden
Blount’s close shaves, tactics, garrisons, secrecy: Mor Hist p113
O’Neill’s need for a retreat: Moryson Commonwealth p287; rec O’Faolain pp154-155 and p159
Blount views Kinsale, a good wall: Mor Hist p317 and p355
Few ships left, advantage in horses, oats; shopping list of arms, transport problems: Mor Hist pp 316-319
Battle plan, Cork hospital: Farmer
Bad weather, first camps, little powder: Mor Hist p328; pac (1810 ed) Ch 12
‘It rained…’: Mor Hist p339
Layout of Knockrobin camp, mill, estuary crossing: map in Pacata Hiberna
Caesar quote: Mor Hist p338
Chapter 10: Curses Like Thunderbolts