16. Kenan, 497. For a similar blurring of past and present and of the identities of ancestral slaver and contemporary husband see Gayl Jones’s Corregidora (1975; rpt. Boston: Beacon Press, 1986).
17. Kubitschek offers an alternative reading, suggesting that physical affini- ties between Kevin and Rufus actually point to fundamental differences in char- acter.
18. Douglass, 52.
19. The conclusion of Kindred can be compared with the final episode of the other notable feminist time-travel novel of the 1970s, Marge Piercy’s Woman on the Edge of Time (1976), in which Consuela Ramos kills her doctors in self- defense, a revolutionary act made in the hope of bringing into being the utopian future she has visited.
20. Jacobs, 56.
Select Bibliography
Works by Octavia E. Butler
Adulthood Rites. New York: Warner Books, 1988.
Bloodchild and Other Stories. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows,
1995. [In addition to the title story, this volume collects “The Evening and the Morning and the Night,” “Near of Kin,” “Speech Sounds,” and “Crossover” with two essays, “Positive Obsession” and “Furor Scribendi.”]
Dawn. New York: Warner Books, 1987.
“Future Forum.” Future Life 17 (March 1980): 60.
Imago. New York: Warner Books, 1989.
Kindred. 1979. Reprint. Boston: Beacon Press, 1988.
Lilith’s Brood. New York: Aspect, 2000. [Collects in one volume Dawn,
Adulthood Rites, and Imago.]
“The Lost Races of Science Fiction.” Transmission (Summer 1980):
282
17–18.
READER’S GUIDE
Mind of My Mind. New York: Doubleday, 1977; London: Sidgwick and
Jackson, 1978.
“The Monophobic Response.” In Dark Matter: A Century of Speculative Fiction from the African Diaspora, ed. Sheree R. Thomas. New York: Warner Books, 2000.
Parable of the Sower. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1993. Parable of the Talents. New York: Seven Stories Press, 1998. Patternmaster. New York: Doubleday, 1976.
Survivor. New York: Doubleday, 1978; London: Sidgwick and Jackson,
1978.
Wild Seed. New York: Doubleday, 1980; London: Sidgwick and Jackson,
1980.
Secondary Sources
Allison, Dorothy. “The Future of Female: Octavia Butler’s Mother Lode.” In Reading Black, Reading Feminist: A Critical Anthology, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., ed. New York: Penguin, 1990.
Beal, Frances M. “Black Women and the Science Fiction Genre: Inter- view with Octavia Butler.” Black Scholar 17 (March–April 1986):
14–18.
Beaulieu, Elizabeth Ann. Black Women Writers and the American Neo- Slave Narrative: Femininity Unfettered. Westport: Greenwood, 1999.
Bedore, Pamela. “Slavery and Symbiosis in Octavia Butler’s Kindred.”
Foundation 31 (Spring 2002): 73–81.
Bradbury, Ray. The Martian Chronicles. 1950; rpt. New York: Bantam,
1954.
Carby, Hazel V. Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro- American Woman Novelist. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Davis, Charles T., and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., eds. The Slave’s Narrative.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1985.
Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written By Himself, Benjamin Quarles, ed. Cam- bridge: Harvard University Press, 1960. Originally published 1845.
Foster, Frances Smith. “Octavia Butler’s Black Female Future Fiction.”
Extrapolation 23 (Spring 1982): 37–49.
Friend, Beverly. “Time Travel as a Feminist Didactic in Works by Phyllis Eisenstein, Marlys Millhiser, and Octavia Butler.” Extrapolation 23 (Spring 1982): 50–55.
READER’S GUIDE 283
Gomez, Jewelle. “Black Women Heroes: Here’s Reality, Where’s the Fic- tion?” Black Scholar 17 (March–April 1986): 8–13.
Govan, Sandra Y. “Connections, Links, and Extended Networks: Patterns in Octavia Butler’s Science Fiction.” Black American Literature Forum 18 (Fall 1984): 82–87.
———. “Homage to Tradition: Octavia Butler Renovates the Historical
Novel.” MELUS 13 (Spring–Summer 1986): 79–86.
Harrison, Rosalie G. “Sci-Fi Visions: An Interview with Octavia Butler.”
Equal Opportunity Forum Magazine 8 (1980): 30–34.
Helford, Elyce Rae. “ ‘Would You Really Rather Die Than Bear My Young?’: The Construction of Gender, Race and Species in Octavia E. Butler’s ‘Bloodchild.’” African American Review 28 (Summer 1994):
259–71.
Jacobs, Harriet A. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Written By Herself, ed. Jean Fagan Yellin. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987. Originally published 1861.
Jesser, Nancy. “Blood, Genes and Gender in Octavia Butler’s Kindred and
Dawn.” Extrapolation 43 (Spring 2002): 36–61.
Kenan, Randall. “An Interview with Octavia E. Butler.” Callaloo 14 (Spring 1991): 495–504.
Kubitschek, Missy Dehn. Claiming the Heritage: African-American Women Novelists and History. Jackson: University Press of Missis- sippi, 1991.
Levecq, Christine. “Power and Repetition: Philosophies of (Literary) His- tory in Octavia E. Butler’s Kindred.” Contemporary Literature 41 (Spring 2000): 525–53.
Long, Lisa. “A Relative Pain: The Rape of History in Octavia Butler’s Kindred and Phyllis Alesia Perry’s Stigmata.” College English 55 (February 1993): 135–57.
McCaffery, Larry. “An Interview with Octavia E. Butler.” In Across the Wounded Galaxies: Interviews with Contemporary American Science Fiction Writers, Larry McCaffery, ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990.
McKible, Adam. “ ‘These Are the Facts of the Darky’s History’: Thinking History and Reading Names in Four African American Texts.” African American Review 28 (Summer 1994): 223–35.
Mixon, Veronica. “Futurist Woman: Octavia Butler.” Essence (April
1979): 12–15.
O’Connor, Margaret Anne. “Octavia E. Butler.” Dictionary of Literary
284
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Biography, vol. 33: Afro-American Fiction Writers After 1955, Tha- dious M. Davis and Trudier Harris, eds. Detroit: Gale, 1984.
Potts, Stephen W. “ ‘We Keep Playing the Same Record’: A Conversation with Octavia E. Butler.” Science-Fiction Studies 23 (November 1996):
331–38.
Rowell, Charles. “An Interview with Octavia E. Butler.” Callaloo 20 (Winter 1997): 47–66.
Rushdy, Ashraf. “Families of Orphans: Relation and Disrelation in
Octavia Butler’s Kindred.” College English 55 (February 1993):
135–57.
———. Neo-Slave Narratives: Studies in the Social Logic of a Literary
Form. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
———. Remembering Generations: Race and Family in Contemporary African American Fiction. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
Salvaggio, Ruth. “Octavia Butler.” In Marleen Barr, et al. Suzy McKee Charnas, Octavia Butler, Joan Vinge. Mercer Island, Wash.: Starmont House, 1986.
———. “Octavia Butler and the Black Science-Fiction Heroine.” Black
American Literature Forum 18 (Fall 1984): 78–81.
Saunders, Charles R. “Why Blacks Don’t Read Science Fiction.” In Brave New Universe: Testing the Values of Science in Society, Tom Henighan, ed. Ottawa: Tecumseh Press, 1980.
———. “Why Blacks Should Read (and Write) Science Fiction.” In Dark Matter: A Century of Speculative Fiction from the African Diaspora, Sheree R. Thomas, ed. New York: Warner Books, 2000.
Thomas, Sheree R., ed. Dark Matter: A Century of Speculative Fiction from the African Diaspora. New York: Warner Books, 2000.
Washington, Mary Helen. “Meditations on History: The Slave Woman’s Voice.” In
Invented Lives: Narratives of Black Women 1860–1960, Mary Helen Washington, ed. New York: Doubleday, 1987.
READER’S GUIDE 285
Discussion Questions
1. Both Kevin and Dana know that they can’t change history. They say: “We’re in the middle of history. We surely can’t change it” (p. 100); and “It’s over….There’s nothing you can do to change any of it now” (p. 264). What, then, is the purpose of Dana’s travels back to the antebellum South? Why must you, the reader, experience this journey with Dana?
2. How would the story have been different with a third-person narrator?
3. Many of the characters in Kindred resist classification. In what ways does Dana explode the slave stereotypes of the “house-nigger, the hand- kerchief-head, the female Uncle Tom” (p. 145)? In what ways does she transcend them?
4. Despite Dana’s determination to refuse the “mammy” role in the Weylin household, she finds herself caught by it: “I felt like Sarah, cau- tioning” (p. 156). Others see her as the mammy as well: “ ‘You sound just like Sarah’” (p. 159). How, if at all, does Dana reconcile her conscious efforts with her behavior? How would you reconcile them?
5. “I never realized how easily people could be trained to accept slavery.” Dana says this to Kevin when they have returned to the present and are discussing their experiences in the antebellum South. Do we also in the twenty-first century still have conditioned responses to slavery?
6. How do you think Butler confronts us with issues of difference in Kin-
286
READER’S GUIDE
dred? How does she challenge us to consider boundaries of black/white, master/slave, husband /wife, past /present? What other differences does she convolute? Do you think such dichotomies are flexible? Artificial? Useful?
7. Compare Tom Weylin and Rufus Weylin. Is Rufus an improvement over his father? How, if at all, is Dana’s influence evident on the adult Rufus?
8. Of the slaves’ attitude toward Rufus, Dana observes, “Strangely, they seemed to like him, hold him in contempt, and fear him all at the same time” (p. 229). How can they feel these contradictory emotions? How would you feel toward Rufus if you were in their situation?
9. Compare Dana’s “professional” life in the present (i.e., her temporary work) with her life as a slave.
10. When Dana and Kevin return from the past together, she thinks: “I felt as though I were losing my place here in my own time. Rufus’s time was a sharper, stronger reality” (p. 191). Why would the twentieth century seem less vivid to Dana than the nineteenth century?
11. Dana loses her left arm as she emerges—for the last time in the novel—from the past. Why is this significant?
12. Kevin is stranded in the past for five years, while Dana is there for less than one year. Why did Butler feel Kevin needed to stay in the past so much longer than Dana? How have their experiences affected their rela- tionship to each other and to the world around them?
13. A common trend in the time travels of science fiction assumes that one should not tamper with the past, lest you disrupt the present. Butler obvi- ously ignores this theory and her characters continue to invade each other’s lives. How does this influence the movement of the narrative? How does it convolute the idea of cause and effect?
14. Dana finds herself caught in the middle of the relationship between Rufus and Alice. Why does Rufus use Dana to get to Alice? Does Alice also use Dana?
READER’S GUIDE 287
15. The needs and well-being of other residents of the plantation create a web of obligation that is difficult to navigate. Choose a specific incident and determine who holds power over whom; assess how it affects that situation.
16. Dana states: “It was that destructive single-minded love of his. He loved me. Not the way he loved Alice, thank God. He didn’t seem to want to sleep with me. But he wanted me around—someone to talk to, some- one who would listen to him and care about what he said …” (p. 180). How does the relationship between Dana and Rufus develop? How does it change? What are the different levels of love portrayed in Kindred?
17. Discuss the ways in which the title encapsulates the relationships within the novel. Is it ironic? Literal? Metaphorical? What emphasis do we place on our own kinship? How does it compare with that of the novel?
18. Do you believe that Dana and Kevin’s story actually happened, or did they simply get caught up in the nostalgia of examining old papers and books? How would their situation’s significance have changed in Dana’s and Kevin’s lives if it had been imaginary? If it were merely nostalgia or an imagined situation, how would that change your perception of the ante- bellum South and the treatment of slaves? Would that make the events less significant?
19. Butler opens the novel with the conclusion of Dana’s time travels. The final pages of the book, however, make up an epilogue that once again demonstrates a linearly progressive movement of time. How does the epi- logue serve to disrupt the rhythm of the narrative?
20. After returning from his years in the nineteenth century, Kevin had attained “a slight accent” (p. 190). Is this alteration symbolic of greater changes to come? How do you imagine Kevin and Dana’s relationship will progress following their reentry into life in 1976?
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