Pocket Companion Information and Tables for Engineers and Designers and Other Data Pertaining to
Structural Steel. Pit sburgh, Penn., and Chicago, Il .: Carnegie-Il inois Steel Corporation, 1936.
Birmingham, Ala.: Tennesse Coal, Iron and Railroad Company, 1936. San Francisco, Calif.: Columbia
Steel Company, 1936.
Rules and Regulations, Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company. Ensley Works, May 1921. Author's
col ection.
Sixth Annual Report of the United States Steel Corporation, for the Fiscal Year ended Dec. 31, 1907.
Steel Making at Birmingham, Ala. Fairfield, Ala.: Published by Tennessee Coal & Iron Division of United
States Steel Corp., 1954. An of icial company history.
Story of Tennessee Coal, Iron Railroad Company. As told in Blast Furnace and Steel Plant, Aug. 1939.
Author's col ection.
“Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company.” U.S. Steel News, Aug. 1937. Author's col ection.
Wiebel, A. V. Biography of a Business. Tennessee Coal & Iron Division. United States Steel Corporation,
1960.
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
Administrative Correspondence, 1881–1897, Dawson Let er Books. Correspondence of the Inspectors of
the Penitentiary, Department of Corrections. ADAH.
Annual Report of the Inspectors of the Alabama Penitentiary, for the Year Ending Sept. 30, 1877.
Montgomery: Barret & Brown, 1878. ADAH.
Annual Report of the Inspectors of the Alabama Penitentiary, October 1, 1873, to September 30, 1874.
Montgomery: W. W. Screws, 1874. Author's col ection.
Bibb County Commission Minutes, BCCH.
Biennial Report of the Adjutant-General of Alabama, to Thos. G. Jones, Governor and Commander-in-
Chief. Montgomery: Brown Printing, 1894.
Biennial Report of the Board of Inspectors of Convicts, 1880–1882. Montgomery: Barret & Brown,
1882. ADAH.
“Circular No. 3591, Re: Involuntary Servitude, Slavery, and Peonage.” Francis Biddle to Al United
States At orneys, Dec. 12, 1941, File 50-821, Record Group 60, Department of Justice, National
Archives.
Commissioner of Labor. Twentieth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor 1905: Convict
Labor.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Of ice, 1906.
“Contract on Confession of Judgment Record, 1903–1913.” SCHS.
Convict Legislation and Rules, 1882–1883, Alabama Department of Corrections. ADAH.
Convict Record, Autauga County Probate Clerks Of ice, Prat vil e, Ala.
Convict Record, undated, Barbour County. Sherif R. B. Teal, Barbour County Courthouse, Clayton, Ala.
Convicts at Hard Labor for the County in the State of Alabama on the First Day of March 1883,
microfiche. ADAH.
Dawson, R. H. Diary of Reginald Heber Dawson, 1883–1906. ADAH.
Deed of Purchase by the Confederate States of America of Bibb County Iron Co., Sept. 7, 1863, BCC.
Docket of A. M. El iot , Justice of the Peace, 1878–1880, SCHS.
Feeding Accounts, 1908, Shelby County. SCHS.
Fifth Biennial Report of the Board of Inspectors of Convicts, September 1, 1902, to August 31, 1904.
Montgomery: Brown Printing, 1904. ADAH.
First Biennial Report of the Board of Inspectors of Convicts, September 1, 1894, to August 31, 1896.
Montgomery: Roemer Printing, 1896. ADAH.
First Biennial Report of the Inspectors of Convicts, October 1, 1884, to October 1, 1886. Montgomery:
Barret & Co., 1886. ADAH.
Fourth Biennial Report of the Board of Inspectors of Convicts, September 1, 1900, to August 31, 1902.
Montgomery: Brown Printing, 1902. ADAH.
Hart, Hastings H. Social Problems of Alabama: A Study of the Social Institutions and Agencies of the
State of Alabama as Related to Its War Activities. Montgomery: Russel Sage Foundation, 1918.
Henry County Convict Record, Henry County Courthouse, Abbevil e, Ala.
History of the Penitentiary. Special Message of Gov. Cobb, 1882. ADAH.
Jail Record, May 1888 to December 1890, Shelby County. SCHS.
Jail Register, 1907, Shelby County. SCHS.
“Jef erson County Circuit Court Convict Docket, 1902–1903.” Birmingham Public Library Archives.
Je erson County Coroner's Record, Preliminary Investigation Reports, Record of B. L. Brasher, Coroner,
Of ice of Coroner/Medical Examiner, Jef erson County.
Kilby, Thomas E. “Message Relative to Convict Lease System.” Jan. 10, 1923.
Montgomery: Brown Printing, 1923. Author's col ection.
——-. “Message Relative to Feeding of Prisoners.” January 15, 1923.
Montgomery: Brown Printing, 1923. Author's col ection.
Kolb, R. F. Annual Report of Department of Agriculture and Industries for the Fiscal Year 1912–1913.
Montgomery: Brown Printing, 1913.
Land Atlas and Plat Book, Bibb County, Alabama. Rockford, Il .: Rockford Map Publishers, 1989.
Lee, A. Frank. “Historical Review of the Alabama Prison System.” Department of Corrections.
Montgomery, 1960. ADAH.
Message of Thos. E. Kilby, Governor, Relative to Feeding of Prisoners, Legislative Document No. 3,
Alabama Legislature, Jan. 15, 1923 (Montgomery: Brown Printing, 1923). Author's col ection.
Milner, John T. “Report to the Governor of Alabama on the Alabama Central Railroad.” Montgomery:
Advertiser Book and Job Steam Press Print, 1859. ADAH.
Minutes of the Board of Inspectors, 1883–1913, Department of Corrections. ADAH.
Minutes of the Shelby County Commission, Dec. 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1884.
SCHS. Oates, W. H. Report of the State Prison Inspector of Alabama, for the Period of Two Years Ending
September 30th, 1916. Montgomery: Brown Printing, 1917. ADAH.
O cial Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of the State of Alabama, May 21–Sept. 3, 1901.
Wetumpka, Ala.: 1940.
Proceedings: Joint Commit ee of the Senate and House to Investigate the Convict Lease System of
Georgia. Vols. 1 and 2, 727 pp. GDAH.
Quadrennial Report of the Board of Control and Economy: Convict Department, 1919–1922.
Montgomery: Brown Printing, 1922. ADAH.
Quadrennial Report of the Board of Inspectors of Convicts, September 1, 1906, to August 31, 1910.
Montgomery: Brown Printing, 1910. ADAH.
Quadrennial Report of the Board of Inspectors of Convicts, September 1, 1910, to August 31, 1914.
Montgomery, 1914. ADAH.
Quadrennial Report of the Board of Inspectors of Convicts, Sept. 1, 1914, to Aug. 31, 1918.
Montgomery: Brown Printing, 1918. ADAH.
Record of Incorporation, Bibb Steam Mil Company, Nov. 26, 1850. BCC.
Register of Prisoners Commit ed to the County Jail of Shelby County. SCHS.
“Report of Persons Sentenced to Hard Labor for Shelby County.” December 1913. SCHS.
Report of the State Prison Inspector of Alabama, for the Period of Two Years Ending September 30th,
1916. Montgomery: Brown Printing, 1917.
Report of the State Prison Inspector of Alabama, for the Period of Two Years Ending September 30,
1920. Montgomery: Brown Printing, 1920. ADAH.
Report of the State Prison Inspector of Alabama, for the Period of Two Years Ending September 30th,
1926. Birmingham: Birmingham Printing, 1926. ADAH.
Report of the State Prison Inspector of Alabama, for the Period of Two Years Ending September 30th,
1928. Birmingham: Birmingham Printing, 1928. Author's col ection.
Report of the State Prison Inspector of Alabama, for the Period of Two Years Ending September 30th,
1930. Montgom
ery: Wilson Printing Co., 1930. Author's col ection.
Schedule of Convicts Obtained by Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co. from Shelby County, 2nd Quarter
1904. SCHS.
Second Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor, 1886: Convict Labor.Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Government Printing Of ice, 1887.
Second Biennial Report of the Board of Inspectors of Convicts, September 1, 1896, to August 31, 1898.
Montgomery: Roemer Printing, 1898. ADAH.
Second Biennial Report of the Inspectors of Convicts, Oct. 1, 1886, to Sept. 30, 1888. Montgomery: W.
D. Brown, 1888. ADAH.
Shelby County Pol Tax Book, 1890. SCHS.
Shelby County Record of Prisoners, April 11, 1878, to October 11, 1878, SCHS. Shelby County Record
of Prisoners, April 18, 1879, to October 1, 1888.SCHS.
Shelby County Record of Prisoners, Aug. 17, 1884, to May 16, 1886.SCHS.
Shelby County Record of Prisoners, Oct. 19, 1890, to Aug. 20, 1906.SCHS.
Shelby County Sherif 's Of ice, Loose Papers File, Columbiana, Ala., SCHS.
Sherif 's Feeding Account, 1899–1907, Shelby County. SCHS.
Sherif 's Feeding Accounts, 1907, Shelby County. SCHS.
Sherif 's Prisoners Register, 1908, Shelby County. SCHS.
Sixth Biennial Report of the Board of Inspectors of Convicts, September 1, 1904, to August 31, 1906.
Montgomery, 1906. ADAH.
Tal apoosa County Probate Clerk's Records, Dadevil e, Ala.
Testimony Taken by the Joint Special Commit ee of the Session of 1880–81 to Enquire into the
Condition and Treatment of Convicts of the State, Testimony of Jno. D. Goode. Montgomery, Ala.,
1881. ADAH.
Third Biennial Report of the Board of Inspectors of Convicts, September 1, 1898, to August 31, 1900.
Montgomery: A. Roemer, 1900. ADAH.
Third Biennial Report of the Inspectors of Convicts, Oct. 1, 1888, to Sept. 30, 1890. Montgomery:
Brown Printing, 1890. ADAH.
The War of Rebel ion: A Compilation of the O cial Records of the Union and Confederate
Armies.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Of ice, 1880–1901.
Wilcox County Probate Clerk's Records, Camden, Ala.
NEWSPAPERS
Atlanta Constitution
Atlanta Journal
Augusta Chronicle
Birmingham Age-Herald
Birmingham Daily News
Centrevil e Press
Cleveland Gazet e
Dadevil e Spot Cash
Galveston Daily News
Jacksonvil e Florida Times-Union
Montgomery Advertiser
Montgomery Daily Dispatch
New York Evening Post
New York Herald
New York Times
New York World
Prat vil e Progress
Shelby Sentinel
Sunday Mississippian
Tal apoosa Voice
Wal Street Journal
Wilcox Progressive Era
Photography Credits
Courtesy of Birmingham Public Library and
FRONTISPIECE Archives
INSERT PAGES
Courtesy of the Harry Ransom Humanities Research
1 (top)
Center, University of Texas at Austin
Courtesy of Birmingham Public Library and
1 (bot om)
Archives
2 (top)
Courtesy of the Library of Congress, LC-USZ6-1848
Courtesy of the Alabama Department of History
2 (bot om)
and Archives
Courtesy of the Harry Ransom Humanities Research
3 (top left)
Center, University of Texas at Austin
3 (top right) Author's col ection
Courtesy of the Library of Congress, LC-USZ6Z-
3 (bot om)
127557
Courtesy of the Alabama Department of History
4(top left)
and Archives
Courtesy of the Alabama Department of History
4 (top right) and
Archives
Courtesy of the Alabama Department of History
4 (bot om)
and Archives
Courtesy of the Alabama Department of History
5 (top left)
and Archives
Courtesy of the Alabama Department of History
5 (top right) and Archives
Courtesy of the Alabama Department of History
5 (bot om)
and Archives
6 (top left)
Author's col ection
6 (top right) Author's col ection
6 (bot om)
Courtesy of Library of Congress
Courtesy of Birmingham Public Library and
7 (top)
Archives
7 (bot om)
Author's col ection
Courtesy of the Library of Congress, LC-USF344-
8 (top)
007S41- ZB
Courtesy of the Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-
8 (bot om)
58998
Copyright © 2008 by Douglas A. Blackmon
Anchor Books and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc.
Acknowledgments for photographs used by permission appear at the end of the book.
The Library of Congress has cataloged the Doubleday edition as follows:
Blackmon, Douglas A
Slavery by another name: the re-enslavement of black Americans
from the Civil War to World War II / Douglas A. Blackmon.—1st ed.
p. cm.
1. African Americans—Civil rights—History—19th century. 2. African Americans—
Civil rights—History—20th century. 3. African Americans—Employment—History. 4.
African
Americans—Crimes against—History. 5. African American prisoners—Social
conditions. 6. Forced labor—United States—History. 7. Convict labor—United States—
History. 8. Slavery—United States—History. 9. United States—Race relations—
History—19th century. 10. United States—Race relations—History—20th century. I.
Title.
E185.2.B545 2008
305.896'073—dc22 2007034500
eISBN: 978-0-307-47247-2
www.anchorbooks.com
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