15.Shelokhaev, Ideologiia, 179.
16.Avrekh, Tsarizm i IV Duma, 220.
17.Protokoly, 2:143.
18.Ibid.
19.Ibid., 143–44.
20.Bakhmetev-Maklakov Correspondence, 1:461 (Maklakov to Bakhmetev, August 20, 1921).
21.Protokoly, 2:146.
22.Ibid., 147–48.
23.Ibid., 153.
24.Sezdy i konferentsii, 2:508–9, 565–66 (March 23–25, 1914); Protokoly, 2:153.
25.Protokoly, 2:281–82.
26.Stockdale, Paul Miliukov, 198–200; V. S. Dyakin, Burzhuaziya, dvoryanstvo i tsarizm v 1911–1914 gg.: Razlozhenie tretei-unskoi sistemy [The Bourgeoisie, the nobility and tsarism in 1911–1914: The Break-up of the June 3 system] (Leningrad: Nauka 1988), 218n130; Avrekh, Tsarizm i IV Duma, 211–13.
27.Protokoly, 2:283.
28.Sezdy i konferentsii, 2:405–9, 421–22, 427.
29.Sezdy i konferentsii, 2:429–32.
30.Sezdy i konferentsii, 2:441, 444.
31.Shipov, Vospominaniia i dumy, 524–26.
32.Shelokhaev, Ideologiia, 71–72.
33.On the intra-Kadet battles over strategy, see generally Dyakin, Burzhuaziya, dvoryanstvo i tsarizm v 1911–1914 gg.
34.Evgenii Efimovskii, “Odin iz Mogikan: Pamiati V. A. Maklakova” [One of the Mohicans: Memories of V. A. Maklakov], Vozrozhdenie 68 (1957), 122, 124.
35.Dyakin, Burzhuaziya, dvoryanstvo i tsarizm v 1911–1914 gg., 205.
36.Tyrkova-Williams Diary and Letters, 153 (diary, July 19, 1915).
37.Ibid., 400 (letter to Maklakov, March 28, 1944); ibid., 167 (diary, February 6, 1916).
38.Avrekh, Tsarizm i IV Duma, 220–21.
39.Tyrkova-Williams Diary and Letters, 877–78 (Maklakov to Tyrkova-Williams, November 14, 1943). Maklakov put the last sentence into quotes because it is (with an immaterial variation) taken from a poem by N. A. Nekrasov, “Sasha”: “Delo vekov popravliat nelegko.”
CHAPTER 15: WAR—AND THE MAD CHAUFFEUR
1.Dominic Lieven, The End of Tsarist Russia (New York: Viking, 2014), 304–7, 324.
2.Leopold Haimson’s 1964 and 1965 articles appeared to suggest a view that a revolutionary outcome such as that of October 1917 was inevitable regardless of the war, but his 2000 take on the subject was far more nuanced, stressing the proposition that the effect of the war was not to “conceive” but merely to “accelerate” polarization that was well under before the war. Leopold Haimson, “The Problem of Social Stability in Urban Russia, 1905–17, Part I,” Slavic Review 23 (1964), 619–42; Haimson, “The Problem of Social Stability in Urban Russia, 1905–17, Part II,” Slavic Review 24 (1965), 1–22; Haimson, “‘The Problem of Political and Social Stability in Urban Russia on the Eve of War and Revolution’ Revisited,” Slavic Review 59 (2000), 848–75.
3.See, e.g., Bakhmetev-Maklakov Correspondence, 3:38 (Maklakov to Bakhmetev, September 25, 1923).
4.Michael Melancon, The Lena Goldfields Massacre (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2006), 107.
5.GDSO, Third Duma, 5th Sess., pt. 3, April 18, 1912, cols. 2757–73.
6.Vladimir Kokovtsov, Out of My Past (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1935), 454–55.
7.Lieven, The End of Tsarist Russia, 114–15, 294.
8.Michael Cherniavsky, ed., Prologue to Revolution: Notes of A. N. Iakhontov on the Secret Meetings of the Council of Ministers, 1915 (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967), 7.
9.A. Ia. Avrekh, Tsarizm i IV Duma, 1912–1914 gg. [Tsarism and the Fourth Duma, 1912–1912] (Moscow: Izdaletsvo Nauka, 1981), 93. The “divine discontent” reference is a nod to Ralph Waldo Emerson.
10.GDSO, Fourth Duma, 2nd Sess., pt. 4, May 12, 1914, col. 506.
11.V. I. Burtsev, “Arest pri tsare i arest pri Lenine,” Novyi Zhurnal, no. 69 (1962), 170, 180–85, 192–93.
12.Raymond Pearson, The Russian Moderates and the Crisis of Tsarism, 1914–1917 (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1978), 29–31; V. A. Maklakov, Iz Vospominanii (New York: Chekhov Publishing House [Izdatelstvo imeni Chekhova], 1954), 260.
13.Norman Stone, The Eastern Front, 1914–1917 (London: Penguin, 1998), 122–93.
14.Maklakov, La Chute, 66–67.
15.Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, The February Revolution (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1981), 28–29.
16.GDSO, Fourth Duma, 4th Sess., pt. 1, August 1, 1915, cols. 291–94, 339–43; ibid., August 8, 1915, cols. 530–34.
17.Ibid., August 28, 1915, cols. 1123–24.
18.S. P. Melgunov, Na putiakh dvortsovomu perevorotu (zagovory pered revoliutsiei 1917 goda) [On the way to a palace coup (plots before the revolution of 1917)] (Paris: Librairie “La Source,” 1931), 39n*.
19.Sezdy i konferentsii, 3:170 (Kokoshkin), 194–95 (party resolution); Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 29–30.
20.Protokoly, 3:152 (August 19, 1915). See also Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 53–54.
21.Tyrkova-Williams Diary and Letters, 883 (letter to Ariadne Tyrkova-Williams, January 8, 1944).
22.Russkie Vedomosti [Russian news], September 27, 1915, 2, trans. by George Katkov, Russia 1917: The February Revolution (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), 178–79.
23.Pearson, The Russian Moderates, 71.
24.Katkov, Russia 1917, 179. See also Melgunov, Na putiakh dvortsovomu perevorotu, 93.
25.Tyrkova-Williams Diary and Letters, 399 (letter dated March 16, 1944).
26.Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 34–39; Bernard Pares, The Fall of the Russian Monarchy: A Study of the Evidence (New York, 1939), 265.
27.Pearson, The Russian Moderates, 136–37.
28.Semion Lyandres, “Progressive Bloc Politics on the Eve of the Revolution: Revisiting P. N. Miliukov’s ‘Stupidity or Treason’ Speech of November 1, 1916,” Russian History/Histoire Russe 31, no. 4 (Winter 2004), 447–64; see also Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 54.
29.V. A. Maklakov, “Libo my, libo oni” [We or they], in V. A. Maklakov, Rechi: Sudebniia, Dumskiia i Publichniia Lektsii, 1904–1926 [V. A. Maklakov, Speeches: Judicial, Duma and public lectures, 1904–1926] (Paris: Izdanie Iubileinogo Komiteta, 1869–1949), 205–12.
30.A. Ia. Avrekh, Raspad treteiiuskoi sistemy [The Fall of the June 3 System] (Moscow: Nauka, 1985), 119–20.
31.Martin Gilbert, The First World War (New York: Holt Paperbacks, 2004), 306.
32.V. Maklakov, “Zakonnost v Russkoi zhizni” (“The Rule of law in Russian life”), Vestnik Evropy (May 1909), 238, 260–61.
33.Melgunov, Na putiakh dvortsovomu perevorotu, 195.
34.GARF, fond 63, opis 47, delo 511(1), ll. 31–32. F. A. Gaida states that the person approached was Duma Chairman Rodzianko, but the letter does not say that, and Gaida offers no source for the proposition. See Gaida, Liberalnaia oppozitsiia na putiakh vlasti (1914–vesna 1917 g.) [The liberal opposition on the path to power (1914–Spring 1917)] (Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2003), 259; see also Marina Aleksandrovna Ivanova, “Rol V. A. Maklakova v Obshchestvenno-politicheskoi zhizni Rossii” [The role of V. A. Maklakov in the social-political life of Russia] (PhD thesis, Rossiiskii Universitet Druzhby Narodov, 1997), 142 (discussing another apparently unsubstantiated claim that Rodzianko was the subject).
35.See Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 173–74, 190–97.
CHAPTER 16: THE KILLING OF RASPUTIN
1.V. A. Maklakov, “Delo ob ubiistve Rasputina: V. A. Maklakov o svoem uchastii v zagovore” [The Rasputin murder case: V. A. Maklakov on his role in the plot], Illiustrirovannia Rossiia, no. 12 (358) (March 19, 1932), 1–6.
2.Prince Felix Youssoupoff, Rasputin: His Malignant Influence and His Assassination, trans. Oswald Rayner (London: Jonathan Cape, 1934 [reissue of 1927 edition]); Vladimir Mitrofanovich Purishkevich, The Murder of Rasputin, ed. Michael E. Shaw, trans. Bella Costello, with a reprint of Maklakov’s introduction to the original (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1985).
3.See Youssoupoff, Rasputin, 128 (receiving the truncheon), 181 (battering the body).
4.Maklakov, Introduc
tion, in Purishkevich, The Murder of Rasputin, 60.
5.Ronald C. Moe, Prelude to the Revolution: The Murder of Rasputin (Chula Vista, CA: Aventine Press, 2011), 570; Edmund Levin, A Child of Christian Blood: Murder and Conspiracy in Tsarist Russia: The Beilis Blood Libel (New York: Schocken Books, 2014), 263–66.
6.Maurice Paléologue, An Ambassador’s Memoirs (New York: Octagon, 1972), 3:188–89.
CHAPTER 17: FEBRUARY 1917
1.Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, The February Revolution (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1981), 229. See generally ibid., 215–31 (events of February 23).
2.Ibid., 310.
3.Ibid., 227.
4.V. Maklakov, “Kanun revoliutsii” [The eve of the revolution], Novyi Zhurnal, no. 14 (1946), 306, 308–9.
5.Ibid., 309–10. See also Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 255–56.
6.Ibid., 265.
7.Vasily Shulgin, Dni * 1920 [Days * 1920] (Moscow: Sovremenika, 1989), 167–71; Maklakov, “Kanun revoliutsii,” 310.
8.Ibid. Paléologue confirms the encounter, though not the specific comment. He emphasizes that he had said to Maklakov that if a crisis should be precipitated he [Maklakov] would undoubtedly “be called on to play a part. In that case, let me beg of you not to forget the fundamental obligations the war has laid on Russia.” Maklakov replied, “You can count on me.” Maurice Paléologue, An Ambassador’s Memoirs (New York: Octagon, 1972), 3:216–17.
9.Compare Maklakov, “Kanun revoliutsii,” 310, with Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 274 (naming Savich, Balashov, and Dmitriukov but not Tereshchenko).
10.Maklakov, “Kanun revoliutsii,” 310.
11.Ibid., 310–11.
12.Ibid., 311–12.
13.Maklakov’s account (ibid., 312) appears to mix up dates. Rodzianko on Saturday the 25th spontaneously adjourned the Duma to the 27th (Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 256), but Maklakov specifies Sunday the 26th for the adjournment order.
14.Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 268–74.
15.Ibid., 276–80; Maklakov, “Kanun revoliutsii,” 312–13; Semion Lyandres, The Fall of Tsarism: Untold Stories of the February 1917 Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 90, 98–99.
16.Maklakov, “Kanun revoliutsii,” 313–14.
17.The “Senioren Konvent” or “Sovet stareishin.”
18.Its “Uchrezhdenie.”
19.Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 276, 349–53; Andrei Borisovich Nikolaev, Gosudarstvennaia duma v Fevral’skoi revoliutsii: Ocherki istorii [The State Duma in the February Revolution: Historical notes] (Riazan: Izdatel P. A. Tribunskii, 2002), 27–31; Lyandres, The Fall of Tsarism, 91–92, 99.
20.Melissa Kirschke Stockdale, Paul Miliukov and the Quest for a Liberal Russia, 1880–1918 (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1996), 241.
21.Leonard Schapiro, The Russian Revolutions of 1917: The Origins of Modern Communism (New York: Basic Books, 1984), 45. See also Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 352–53 (speaking of the creation of the Duma Committee as “noncommittal”).
22.Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 367–69; Nikolaev, Gosudarstvennaia duma v Fevralskoi revoliutsii, 77; Schapiro, The Russian Revolutions of 1917, 45–46; N. G. Dumova, Kadetskaia partiia v period pervoi mirovoi voiny i Fevralskoi revolutsii [The Kadet party in the period of the First World War and the February Revolution] (Moscow: Nauka, 1988), 96.Nikolaev says that the Duma Committee also appointed Kerensky a commissar, but acknowledges that no such appointment is listed in the records and reports no activity by Kerensky as commissar. Nikolaev, Gosudarstvennaia duma v Fevral’skoi revoliutsii, 77–78.
23.Ibid., 110.
24.Ibid., 77–78.
25.V. A. Maklakov, Iz Vospominanii (New York: Chekhov Publishing House [Izdatelstvo imeni Chekhova], 1954), 259–61; Nikolaev, Gosudarstvennaia duma v Fevralskoi revoliutsii, 78, 85; B. Maklakoff, “La Russie de 1900 à 1917, Vers la Révolution: Le Dénouement,” Revue de Paris 5 (1924), 511–12. Maklakov mentions only Adzhemov as a fellow commissar; perhaps their shared Kadet background made them the most aggressive.
26.See, e.g., Sarah Badcock, “Structures and Practices of Power: 1917 in Nizhegorod and Kazan’ Provinces,” in Russia’s Home Front in War and Revolution, 1914–22, eds. Sarah Badcock, Liudmila G. Novikova, and Aaron B. Retish (Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers, 2015), 355–81; Ilya V. Gerasimov, Modernism and Public Reform in Late Imperial Russia: Rural Professionals and Self-Organization, 1905–30 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 168–84.
27.Richard Pipes, The Russian Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1990), 300; see also Stockdale, Paul Miliukov, 243.
28.Semion Lyandres, “Conspiracy and Ambition in Russian Politics before the February Revolution of 1917: The Case of Prince Georgii Evgenevich Lvov,” Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography 8 (2015), 99–133; S. P. Melgunov, Na putiakh dvortsovomu perevorotu (zagovory pered revoliutsieĭ 1917 goda) [On the way to a palace coup (plots before the Revolution of 1917)] (Paris: Librairie “La Source,” 1931), 177–78.
29.Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 520.
30.Ibid., 523; George Katkov, Russia 1917: The February Revolution (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), 391; Lyandres, The Fall of Tsarism, 162, 164–65. See also ibid., 182 (Matvei Skobelev, a Menshevik, in a 1917 interview, asserts without detail or identification of his source that Maklakov “turned [the ministry] down” in favor of Kerensky).
31.Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 526–27; Raymond Pearson, The Russian Moderates and the Crisis of Tsarism, 1914–1917 (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1978), 171.
32.Georgii Adamovich, Vasilii Alekseevich Maklakov: Politik, Iurist, Chelovek [Vasily Alekseevich Maklakov: Politician, jurist, human being] (Paris, 1959), 205. Apart from Rodzianko and Maklakov, another interesting case is the nonselection of Ivan Efremov, a Progressive whom some had evidently contemplated for internal affairs but who had often clashed with Miliukov in the Progressive Bloc. Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 528; Pearson, The Russian Moderates, 171.
33.Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 526–27, 539–41. See also The Russian Provisional Government 1917—Documents, eds. R. P. Browder and A. F. Kerensky (Stanford, 1961), 1:191. It contains the text of a directive by Kerensky, dated March 2, 1917, confirming the instructions of deputy minister Chebyshev, of the tsarist government, who acted on instructions of Adzhemov and Maklakov.
34.See Bakhmetev-Maklakov Correspondence, 3:373 (Maklakov to Bakhmetev, December 19, 1927); see also Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 427 (predicting immediate counter-revolution if the Soviet had formed a government).
35.Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 425. This and the preceding paragraph draw heavily on Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 379–427.
36.Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 319; Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 558–59.
37.Compare Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 319, with Katkov, Russia 1917, 408.
38.Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 319–20.
39.Mark V. Vishniak, “Sovremennye Zapiski”: Vospominaniia redaktora [“Contemporary Notes”; Recollections of the Editor] (St. Petersburg: Izdatelstvo Logos, 1993), 194. Nina Berberova, not a completely reliable witness, says that when word spread that Mikhail had declined the throne, Maklakov exclaimed, “All is lost.” Liudi i Lozhi [People and lodges] (Moscow: Progress-Traditsiia, 1997), 298–99.
40.Maklakoff, “Le Dénouement,” 524.
41.Maklakov, La Chute, 13.
42.V. D. Nabokov recounts the events surrounding the drafting of Mikhail’s manifesto but does not address the issue of how the grand duke could grant the authority he purports to grant. See V. D. Nabokov, V. D. Nabokov and the Russian Provisional Government, 1917, eds. Virgil D. Medlin and Steven L. Parsons (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976), 49–55.
43.Maklakoff, “Le Dénouement,” 530.
44.V. A. Maklakov, Vlast i obshchestvennost na zakate staroi Rossii (Vospominaniia sovremenika) [State and society in the twilight of old Russia (Recollections of a c
ontemporary)] (Paris: Izdanie zhurnala “Illustrirovanaia Rossiia,” 1936), 559. See also Maklakov, La Chute, 13 (“A new ‘autocracy,’ with complete confusion of powers was established—an absolute power henceforth belonging to ten people chosen in secret party meetings in the Duma’s palace.”). I have not seen any contemporaneous writing of Maklakov voicing this criticism, but Vishniak’s comment that he lost hope in the February Revolution by the end of March 3, plus the priority that he had long given to rule-of-law and similar institutional concerns (e.g., the focus on his attack on the field courts martial), suggest that this was not just hindsight.
45.Witold S. Swarowski, “The Authorship of the Abdication Document of Nicholas II,” Russian Review 30, no. 3 (July 1971), 277–86.
46.Ibid., 278–79.
47.Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 520.
48.Nikolaev, Gosudarstvennaia duma v Fevral’skoi revoliutsii, 227–28.
49.See Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, “The Duma Committee, the Provisional Government, and the Birth of ‘Triple Power’ in the February Revolution,” in A Companion to the Russian Revolution, ed. Daniel Orlovsky (Chichester, UK, and Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, forthcoming 2018); Lyandres, “Conspiracy and Ambition in Russian Politics before the February Revolution of 1917,” 99, 132–33; Lyandres, The Fall of Tsarism, 285–90.
50.Hasegawa, “The Duma Committee”; Pearson, The Russian Moderates, 149.
51.Maklakoff, “Le Dénouement,” 529.
52.Ibid., 530.
53.Ibid., 517–19; B. Maklakoff, “La Russie de 1900 à 1917, Vers la Révolution: Le Dénouement,” Revue de Paris 6 (1924), 609, 610–13. See also Hasegawa, The February Revolution, 364 (describing the appearance of Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich [the tsar’s cousin] with the crew of the ship of the First Guard Regiment at the Tauride Palace on February 28, and declaration of his allegiance to the Duma); Pipes, The Russian Revolution, 289 (describing groups of workers, soldiers, intellectuals, and officers marching to the Tauride Palace between February 27 and March 1, including a detachment of the Corps of Gendarmes singing the “Marseillaise” and sporting red flags).
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