by Marion Meade
228 “The next day”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 142.
228 “In the dead of winter”: Herbert Bosham, pp. 358-359.
229 “After Henry’s departure”: Eyton, p. 85. - .
230 “In July, the bishop”: Materials, vol. 5, p. 197.
231 “In August 1165”: Gerald of Wales. DPI, p. 290.
231 “Later it would be recalled”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1, p. 267.
231 “In Angers. Eleanor”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 1, p. 329.
232 “The Poitevins”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 205.
232 “In fact. some Poitevin”: Materials, vol. 6, p. 266.
232 “In early March”: Eyton, p. 91.
232 “Once back on the Continent”: Ibid., pp. 92—97.
233 “Crossing the Channel”: Ibid., p. 108.
233 “There, on Christmas Eve”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 1, p. 325. Robert of Torigni (p. 233) places John’s birth a year later, in 1167. This seems to be an error, because at the time that Eleanor would have had to conceive in order to give birth in December 1167, she was in England and Henry on the Continent.
The Court of Love
234 “Her crisped locks”: The Ballad of Fair Rosamond, in Child, vol. 7, pp. 283—291.
234 “Rosamond Clifford”: Archer, p. 531.
235 “In the densely forested park”: Child, vol. 7. pp. 283—291.
235 “The first association”: Heltzel, p. 100.
235 “Except for this particular chronicle”: In a ballad written about 1685, Queen Eleanor’s Confession, she makes a deathbed confession of Rosamond’s murder to Henry and William Marshal, who have disguised themselves as friars.
235 “Gerald of Wales”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 165.
236 “A chronicler tells”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 257.
236 “Rosamond was then interred”: Ralph of Higden, p. 53.
238 “To that end”: Pipe Roll 13 Henry II, pp. 2-3.
239 “One account claims”: Eyton, p. 109.
239 “At Winchester”: Ibid., p. 112.
240 “Girding himself”: Robert of Torigni, pp. 235-236.
241 “As a result”: Guillaume le Maréchal, I. 1869-88.
243 “He opened the parley”: William of Canterbury, p. 73.
245 “On the whole matter”: Herbert Bosham, p. 418.
245 “Finally, he turned to Louis”: Alan of Tewkesbury, p. 347.
245 “Turning to the archbishop”: Herbert Bosham, p. 423.
247 “Life expectancy”: Holmes, pp. 226-227.
247 “In the opinion of one chronicler”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 145.
249 “It is believed that John”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 373.
250 “In her time”: Creekmore, p. 40.
251 “The inferiority of the female”: Adams, p. 199.
253 “There is little”: Andreas Capellanus, pp. 81-82.
254 “The remnants of the royal family”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1, p. 334.
255 “In early August”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi, vol. 1, p. 6.
255 “And in that year”: Edward Grim, p. 435.
255 “In July”: Materials, vol. 7, pp. 326-333.
255 “In the end”: English Historical Documents, p. 756.
256 “He would even ignore”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 116.
256 “As he set out”: Herbert Bosham, p. 478.
256 “He had brought with him”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 122.
257 “Their evil accusations”: Ibid., p. 127.
257 “Exasperated, the king”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 161.
257 “I have nourished”: Materials, vol. 2, p. 429.
257 “Nor was it noticed”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 162.
257 “Once admitted”: Edward Grim, p. 431.
257 “Stop your threats”: Materials, vol. 2, p. 432.
257 The murder of Becket: Ibid., pp. 433-438.
259 “While the body”: Ibid., p. 15
259 “At the messenger’s”: Arnulf, bishop of Lisieux, Letter to Pope Alexander, in English Historical Documents, p. 770.
259 “At Winchester”: William Fitz Stephen, p. 149.
260 “Almost everyone”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 165.
261 “Once Marie’s husband”: Walter Map, p. 282.
261 “To Gerald of Wales”: Ibid., p. 281.
262 “Possibly she accepted”: Ralph of Higden, p. 31.
262 “The Young King”: Guillaume le Maréchal, 1.1956-8.
262 “He was beautiful”: Walter Map, p. 178.
262 “On another occasion”: Robert of Torigni, p. 253.
263 “He may have been noble”: Walter Map, p. 179.
263 “Baseness of temper”: Ibid.
263 “Foolishly liberal”: Robert of Torigni, p. 305.
263 “He was a restless”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 234.
263 “He was tall in stature”: Itinerary of Richard I, trans. in Hassall, p. 100.
264 “Gerald of Wales”; Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 177.
264 “Roger of Hovedon”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi vol. 1, p. 297.
264 “Afterwards between you and your son”: Jordan Fantosme, p. 203.
265 “For those who kept track”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1, p. 368.
The Wheel of Fortune Turns
266 “Anything that smacked”: Guillaume le Maréchal, 1.2399.
267 “Henry did not care”: Ibid., 1. 2637-95.
268 “Gervase of Canterbury”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 242.
268 “The anonymous chronicler”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi, vol. 1, p. 42.
268 “William of Newburgh”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 171.
268 “Richard Fitzneale”: Richard Fitzneale, pp. 65-66.
271 “Louis replied”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 170.
271 “Soon after”: Ibid.
271 “Apparently undisturbed”: Pipe Roll 19 Henry II, p. 55.
271 “Pious queen”: Migne, vol. 207, pp. 448-449.
272 “In that spring of 1173”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 243.
273 “On the twenty-ninth”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1, p. 368.
274 “Only a few months earlier”: Richard le Poitevin, in Delisle, vol. 12, p. 419.
274 “The sole annalist”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 242.
275 “A twentieth-century historian”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 170, n. 2.
275 “On Whitsunday”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 1, p. 379.
276 “Eleanor was carried”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1. p. 380.
276 “Lord, if in my heart”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 1, p. 382.
277 “His footsteps”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 248.
277 “Brien, what news”: Jordan Fantosme, p. 369.
278 “Furthermore, King Henry”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi. vol. 1, pp. 77-79.
278 “The king and his four sons”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 1, p. 396.
279 “Tell me, Eagle”: Richard le Poitevin, in Delisle, vol. 12, p. 420.
281 “During that year”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1, p. 404.
281 “The winter was so severe”: Robert of Torigni, p. 270.
281 “Entries in the Pipe Rolls”: Pipe Roll 23 Henry II, p. 166.
281 “For 2 cloaks”: Pipe Roll 24 Henry II, p. 128.
281 “In 1117, the chroniclers”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1, p. 456.
282 “Gerald of Wales”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, pp. 165-66, 232.
282 “Had he not publicly”: Gerald of Wales, De Vita Galfredi, p. 368.
282 “Philip and his young friends”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici, vol. 1, p. 240; Robert of Torigni, pp. 282-83.
283 “Said the martyr”: Robert of Torigni, pp. 282—83.
283 “The coronation was rescheduled”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 1, p. 518.
283 “On September 18”: William of Tyre, vol. 2, p. 45.
283 “In perhaps a more impartial”: William of Newburgh, vol.
1, p. 223.
284 “His imprisonment of Eleanor”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 282.
284 “Ralph of Diceto”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 1, p. 399.
285 “Henry the young king”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2, p. 43.
286 “The troubadour Bertran de Born”: Clédat. p. 44.
287 “While Geoffrey expressed”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 2, pp. 18-19.
288 “War was in his heart”: Walter Map. p. 180.
288 “Where is your filial”: Peter of Blois, in Migne, vol. 207, p. 110.
288 “It was said that the Young King”: Walter Map, p. 179.
289 “On Saturday, June 11”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 26.
289 “What news”: Geoffrey of Vigeois, in Delisle, vol. 18, pp. 218—219.
289 “Dismissing those who had crowded”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 27.
289 “She asked Agnellus”: Ralph of Coggeshall, pp. 272-273.
290 “In 1184, she received”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici, vol. 1, p. 305.
290 “Apparently, her household”: Pipe Roll 30 Henry II, p. 39.
290 “We know that she spent Easter”: Pipe Roll 30 Henry II, p. 70.
290 “Reveling in her freedom”: Ibid., p. 135.
291 “Ordered to attend”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici, vol. 1, pp. 319—320.
291 “No expense”: Pipe Roll 31 Henry II, p. 44.
292 “Arming his castles”: Roger of Hovedon. vol. 2. pp. 50-51.
292 “Those who cast their eyes”: Ibid., pp. 36-50.
292 “On his orders”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici, vol. 1, p. 338.
293 “I wonder, he once mused”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 293.
294 “William of Newburgh claimed”: William of Newburgh. vol. 1. p. 235.
294 “When he refused to yield”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici vol. 1. p. 350.
294 “His body was laid”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 235.
294 “Overcome, Philip Augustus”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 176.
296 “Despite Henry’s age”: Ibid., pp. 256-257.
296 “Now. cried Richard”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 435.
297 “O God, he cried”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 283.
297 “By God’s legs”: Guillaume le Maréchal, 1. 8837-47.
298 “Marshal, sweet gentle sir”: Ibid., 1. 8955—90.
298 “As Richard advanced”: Gerald of Wales, DPI p. 296.
298 “When Roger returned”: Guillaume le Maréchal, 1.9051—2.
299 “Is it true”: Ibid., I. 9083-4.
299 “Say no more”: Gerald of Wales, DPI. p. 295.
299 “In the final hours”: Ibid., p. 297.
299 “One could not tell”: Guillaume le Maréchal, 1.9294—8.
299 “Then he knelt”: Gerald of Wales. DPI, p. 305.
299 “At that moment”: Ibid. There is no need to place any credence in this detail. According to Broughton (p. 88) the belief that the wounds of a slain man will bleed afresh at the approach of the murderer was widespread in the twelfth century, and by applying this belief to Richard, the chroniclers were simply demonstrating the strained relations between father and son. Actually, it was not Richard who destroyed Henry but the Young King and John.
299 “It was, a chronicler said”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici, vol. 2, p. 71.
Autumn and After
300 “But Eleanor, perhaps using”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 2, p. 67.
301 “With a sagacity”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 112.
301 “Only William of Newburgh”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 293.
302 “Roger of Wendover”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2, p. 77.
302 “In the midst of her journeying”: Around this time she must have received news that her daughter Matilda had died on July 28.
302 “So complete was his security”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 2, p. 68.
302 “Briefly, Richard and Eleanor”: John’s betrothed, Princess Alice of Maurienne, had died.
302 “Through the nave”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 117.
303 “Three days of festivities”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2, p. 81.
303 “When Abbot Samson”: Jocelin of Brakelond, p. 46.
304 “The king, people said”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 306.
304 “Although Gerald of Wales’s”: Gerald of Wales, De Vita Galfredi, p. 420.
305 “Already along the coast”: Richard of Devizes, p. 394.
305 “Whoever shall kill”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Ricardi, vol. 1, pp. 110-111.
306 “To judge from the charters”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 268.
306 “His contemporaries”: Itinerary of Richard I, trans. in Hassall, p. 100.
306 “Already people called him”: Hill and Bergin, vol. 1, p. 111. The practice of calling brave men lions was not limited to Richard Lionheart. His great-grandfather Henry I had been called the Lion of Justice; Duke Henry of Saxony was also known as the Lion, and so was King William of Scotland.
308 “Eleanor distrusted him”: Gerald of Wales, De Vita Galfredi, p. 379.
309 “There was no fault”: Richard of Devizes, p. 402; Ambrose, in Stone, p. 26.
310 “Many know what I wish”: Richard of Devizes, p. 402.
310 “Declared Philip violently”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 195.
311 “And as if all this”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2, p. 101.
312 “Calling together the bishops”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 231.
312 “Pretending to be a woman”: Ibid., p. 236.
312 “Sitting on a rock”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2. p. 113.
313 “That day the crusading camp”: Ambrose, in Stone, pp. 40-41.
314 “Grossly offended”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 514.
314 “Ten days after the fall”: Stubbs, Gesta Regis Henrici, vol. 2, pp. 182- 183.
315 “On January 20, 1192”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 257.
315 “Fearing that the light-minded youth”: Richard of Devizes, p. 432.
315 “All the great men”: Ibid.
316 “Sweet Lord”: Ambrose, in Stone, p. 159.
317 “On December 28”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, pp. 278-279.
317 Anselm’s story: Ralph of Coggeshall, pp. 53—60.
320 “In the meantime, Eleanor”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1, p. 515.
320 “Her attitude was probably”: Roger of Hovedon. vol. 2, p. 281.
320 “His death, it was decided”: The mark was not a coin but a unit of account equivalent to eight ounces of silver or 120 silver pennies.
321 “The kingdom was stripped”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 399.
321 “From Haguenau”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, pp. 290—291.
321 “It is said that I”: Halliwell-Phillipps, pp. 7—9.
321 “He was always cheery”: Ralph of Coggeshall, p. 58.
322 “Feeble the words”: Richard Coeur de Lion, Sirventes, trans. in Norgate, Richard the Lion Heart, p. 278.
322 “I am all defiled”: Wood, vol. 1, pp. 14-23.
323 “Quick to realize”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 286.
324 “On February 4”: Ibid., p. 310.
324 “Her eldest son”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 2, p. 114.
324 “Once Richard’s release”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 297.
324 “With Richard, she made”: Ibid., p. 316.
324 “Not until May 12”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 1. p. 527.
324 “Think no more of it”: Guillaume le Maréchal, 1. 10365—419.
325 According to the chronicles”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 325.
326 “We know that on one occasion”: Pipe Roll 9 Richard I, 98; Round, Cal. Doc., p. 388.
327 “When finally Philip”: Gerald of Wales, DPI, p. 290.
328 “A surgeon of sorts”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 453.
328 “With an old friend”: Round, Cal. Doc., p. 472.
328 “He bequeathed”: Nichols, p. 11.
328 �
�What evil”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 453.
328 “On Tuesday, April 6”: Ralph of Coggeshall, p. 96.
329 “For his greed”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 454.
The Last Battle
330 “Ranulph de Glanville”: De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae and Le Trés Ancien Coutumier de Normandie. trans. in Warren, King John, p. 49.
331 “On the evening of April 10”: Guillaume le Maréchal, I. 11877—908.
331 “Hostis naturae”: William of Newburgh, vol. 1, p. 402.
331 “Henry had wanted”: Ibid., p. 235.
332 “During Richard’s last hours”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 334.
333 “While these matters”: Magna Vita, pp. 288-291.
333 “Finally, on Easter Sunday”: Ibid., pp. 291—295.
334 “Unheeding of her age”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 457.
335 “On May 27”: Ralph of Coggeshall, p. 99; Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 458.
335 “Toward the end of April”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 335.
335 “From her ducal inheritance”: Round. Cal. Doc., pp. 472—473.
336 “Justice was dispensed”: ]bid., p. 335.
336 “Petronilla”: Neither Petronilla’s later life nor the date of her death is recorded.
337 “At La Rochelle”: Richard, vol. 2, p. 239.
337 “In July, she swallowed”: Oeuvres de Rigord, vol. 1, p. 146; Richard, vol. 2, p. 353.
338 “Unable to stand”: Roger of Hovedon. vol. 2, p. 463.
339 “At the conclusion”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 2. p. 92.
339 “Eleanor’s chests”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 472.
341 “There was something about the child”: Blanche of Castile. the mother of Saint Louis, became regent of France during her illustrious son’s youth.
341 “While she was staying”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 480.
342 “Early in 1200”: Ralph of Diceto. vol. 2, p. 170.
342 “On seeing that the king”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 483.
343 “At the beginning of October”: Ralph of Diceto, vol. 2, p. 170.
344 “By the middle of March”: Roger of Wendover, vol. 2, p. 201.
344 “But John had no such intention”: Hardy, Rotuli Chartarum, pp. 102—103.
346 “It was not until July 19”: Roger of Hovedon, vol. 2, p. 500.
346 “Using the Lusignans”: Gervase of Canterbury, vol. 2, p. 93.