37. From Aldridge's correspondence: Melville to Aldridge, 1 and 30 July 1980, Aldridge to Lennart Jeppsson, 25 August 1980, and Melville to Lennart Jeppsson, 1 September 1980, all in Aldridge Files, Geology Department, University of Leicester, UK (hereafter cited as Aldridge Files); R. W. Huddleston, “Comments on the proposed amendments to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature concerning paranomenclature,” Bull. Zool. Nomen. 37 (1980): 143–44, and later correspondence in that journal.
38. Pander Society quoted by Melville inBull. Zool. Nomen. 38 (1981): 43, 46; Aldridge and von Bitter, “Pander Society,” 3.
39. Sweet to Melville, 30 September 1980, Aldridge Files.
40. Melville to Sweet, 10 October 1980, Aldridge Files.
41. Melville in Bull. Zool. Nomen. 38 (1981): 42, also 238.
42. W. C. Sweet and P. C. J. Donoghue, “Conodonts: Past, present and future,” J. Paleont. 75 (2001): 1174–84.
9. THE PROMISED LAND
1. Bischoff and Ziegler, “Conodontenchronologie,” 10 (see ch. 6, n. 9); Müller, “Taxonomy, evolution” (see ch. 7, n. 20); M. Lindström, “Conodont provincialism and paleoecology – a few concepts,” in C. R. Barnes (ed.), Conodont Paleoecology, 3–9, 3, (see also vii); Lindström interview; Müller, “Zur Kenntnis,” 1334 (see ch. 7, n. 9); K. J. Müller and E. M. Müller, “Early Upper Devonian (Independence) conodonts from Iowa, Part 1,” J. Paleont. 31 (1957): 1069–1108, 1077; W. Youngquist, R. W. Hawley, and A. K. Miller, “Phosphoria conodonts from southeastern Idaho,” J. Paleont. 25 (1951): 356–64; Huckriede, “Conodonten” (see ch. 7, n. 27); Müller, “Taxonomy, nomenclature” (see ch. 4, n. 14); Lindström, “Lowermost Ordovician” (see ch. 5, n. 13); Lindström, Conodonts (see ch. 6, n. 2), 66–97; M. Lindström, “Two Ordovician conodont faunas found with zonal graptolites,” Geol. Foren. Stockholm Forhandl. 79 (1957): 161–78.
2. H. S. Ladd and J. W. Hedgpeth (eds.), Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleoecology, GSA Memoir 67; S. P. Ellison Jr., “Economic applications of paleoecology,” in Alan M. Bateman (ed.), Economic Geology: Fiftieth Anniversary Volume (Urbana, Ill.: Economic Geology Publishing, 1955), 867–84, 868.
3. P. E. Cloud Jr., “Paleoecology – retrospect and prospect,” J. Paleont. 33 (1959): 926–62. On theorizers, Ager, Principles, vii (see ch. 7, n. 23).
4. D. L. Clark, “Paleoecology,” in R. A. Robins et al. (eds.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part W, Supplement 2 Conodonta (Lawrence: GSA/University of Kansas. 1981).
5. R. C. Moore, “Modern methods of paleoecology,” Bull. AAPG 41 (1957): 1775–1801. See also Ellison, “Economic applications,” 867.
6. C. B. Rexroad, “Conodonts from the Chester Series in the type area of southwestern Illinois,” Illinois Geol. Survey Rep. Inv. 199 (1957); Rexroad, “Conodont homeomorphs” (see ch. 7, n. 4); C. B. Rexroad and M. K. Jarrell, “Correlation by conodonts of Golconda Group (Chesterian) in Illinois Basin,” Bull. AAPG 45 (1961): 2012–17.
7. Lindström, “Two Ordovician.”
8. Sweet, pers. comm., 21 April 2005; W. C. Sweet, C. A. Turco, E. Warner, and L. C. Wilkie, “The American Upper Ordovician Standard 1. Eden conodonts from the Cincinnati region of Ohio and Kentucky,” J. Paleont. 33 (1959): 1029–68.
9. Sweet and Bergström, “Pratt Ferry,” 1214 (see ch. 8, n. 5); S. M. Bergström, “Conodont biostratigraphy of the Middle and Upper Ordovician of Europe and Eastern North America,” in W. C. Sweet and S. M. Bergström (eds.), Symposium on Conodont Biostratigraphy, GSA Memoir 127, 83–161.
10. Bergström and Sweet, “Lexington Limestone” (see ch. 8, n. 11). Ziegler reviewed this paper in 1966.
11. Bergström, “Conodont biostratigraphy,” 88. Also contributions in this same volume by Sweet, Ethington, and Barnes (165). Kohut and Sweet, “American Upper Ordovician,” 1460, 1464, 1467 (see ch. 8, n. 26); Webers, Minnesota, 18 (see ch. 8, n. 13).
12. P. C. Sylvester-Bradley, “Dynamic factors in animal palaeogeography,”
in F. A. Middlemiss, P. F. Rawson, and G. Newall (eds.), Faunal Provinces in Space and Time, Special Issue 4 (Liverpool: Seel House Press, 1971), 1–18, 16. On agreeing, see Middlemiss and Rawson in same volume (200).
13. Schopf, Models, 10 (see ch. 2, n. 45).
14. Glenister and Klapper, “Upper Devonian,” 786 (see ch. 7, n. 15).
15. E. C. Druce, “Devonian and Carboniferous conodonts from the Bonaparte Gulf basin, northern Australia,” Aust. Bur. Miner. Resour. Geol. Geophys. Bull. 98 (1969): 1–242; Pander Society Newsletter 34 (2002): 1. Druce ceased working with conodonts in 1979 and became an international figure in the stamp-collecting world.
16. G. Seddon, “Frasnian conodonts from the Sadler Ridge-Bugle Gap area, Canning basin, Western Australia,” J. Geol. Soc. Aust. 16 (1970): 723–53.
17. Pander Society Newsletter 4 (1970): 10.
18. The back reef proved to begenerally without conodonts.
19. E. C. Druce, “Upper Paleozoic conodont distribution (abstract),” GSA Abstracts with Programs 2 (1970): 386.
20. G. Seddon, “Devonian biofacies in the Canning Basin, Western Australia (abstract),” Abstr. GSA Proc. 4th Ann. Mtg. N. Cent Sec. (1970): 404–405; E. Druce, “Upper Paleozoic and Triassic conodont distribution and the recognition of biofacies,” in F. H. T. Rhodes (ed.), Conodont Paleozoology, GSA Special Paper 141, 191–237, 210.
21. G. Seddon and W. C. Sweet, “An ecologic model for conodonts,” J. Paleont. 45 (1971): 869–80.
22. Druce, “Upper Paleozoic and Triassic,” 211.
23. W. Ziegler, M. Lindström, and R. McTavish, “Monochloracetic acids and conodonts-a warning,” Nature 230 (1971): 584–85. This method was based on the use of monochloracetic acid rather than plain acetic acid. See also chapter 12.
24. G. K. Merrill, “Facies relationships in Pennsylvanian conodont faunas (abstract),” Texas J. Sci. 14 (1962): 418; G. K. Merrill, Allegheny (Pennsylvanian) Conodonts (Abstract), GSA Special Paper 115, 147–48 (1967); C. L. Cooper, “Role of microfossils in interregional Pennsylvanian correlations,” J. Geol. 55 (1947): 261–70, 270; G. K. Merrill, “Pennsylvanian conodont paleoecology,” in F. H. T. Rhodes (ed.), Conodont Paleozoology, GSA Special Paper 141, 239–74 (244 cites master's student D. A. Drake as first dis covering the relationship). Merrill's two “genera” were Cavusgnathus (dominant in shales) and, a “plexus” of similar forms that could be treated as a single biological entity, Idiognathodus-Streptognathodus.
25. F. H. T. Rhodes and D. L. Dineley, “Devonian conodont faunas from southwest England,” J. Paleont. 31 (1957): 353–69, 356; R. L. Ethington, “Conodonts of the Ordovician galena formation,” J. Paleont. 33 (1959): 257–92, 271; Druce, “Pennsylvanian conodont,” 194.
26. Harris quoted in J. McPhee, In Suspect Terrain (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1983), 122–23.
27. J. W. Valentine, “Plate tectonics and shallow marine diversity and endemism, an actualistic model,” System. Zool. 20 (1971): 253–64; J. W. Valentine and E. M. Moores, “Plate tectonic regulation of faunal diversity and sea-level: A model, Nature 228 (1970): 657–59.
28. C. R. Barnes, C. B. Rexroad, and J. F. Miller, “Lower Paleozoic conodont provincialism,” in F. H. T. Rhodes (ed.), Conodont Paleozoology, GSA Special Paper 141, 157–90.
29. L. E. Fåhræus, “Conodontophorid ecology and evolution related to global tectonics,” in C. R. Barnes (ed.), Conodont Paleoecology, Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 15, 11–26, 12.
30. C. R. Barnes and L. E. Fåhræus, “Provinces, communities and the nektobenthic habit of Ordovician conodontophorids,” Lethaia 8 (1975): 133–49.
31. C. R. Barnes (ed.), Conodont Paleoecology, Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 15, vii.
32. L. Jeppsson, “Autecology of Late Silurian conodonts,” in C. R. Barnes (ed.), Conodont Paleoecology, Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 15, 105–18. The inspiration was B. Kurtén, “On the variation and population dynamics of fossil and recent mammal populations,” Acta Zoologica Fennica 6 (1953):
122; Jeppsson interview.
33. R. J. Aldridge, “Comparison of macrofossil communities and conodont distribution in the British Silurian,” in C. R. Barnes (ed.), Conodont Paleoecology, Geological Society of Canada Special Paper 15, 91–104, 92.
34. K. Weddige and W. Ziegler, “The significance of Icriodus: Polygnathus ratios in limestones from the type Eifelian,” in C. R. Barnes (ed.), Conodont Paleoecology, Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 15, 187–99.
35. L. E. Fåhræus and C. R. Barnes, “Conodonts as indicators of palaeogeographic regimes,” Nature 258 (1975): 515–18.
36. M. A. Buzas, in Paleobiology 3 (1977): 330–32.
37. D. Raup and S. M. Stanley, Principles of Paleontology, 2nd ed. (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1978), x; J. W. Hedgpeth, “Review: Structure and classification of paleocommunities,” Paleobiology 3 (1977): 110–14.
38. G. Klapper and J. E. Barrick, “Conodont ecology; pelagic versus benthic,” Lethaia 11 (1978): 15–23.
39. S. M. L. Pohler and C. R. Barnes, “Conceptual models in conodont paleoecology,” Courier Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg 118 (1990): 409–40; G. Klapper and J. G. Johnson, “Endemism and dispersal of Devonian conodonts,” J. Paleont. 54 (1980): 400–455; C. A. Sandberg and R. Dreesen, “Late Devonian icriodontid biofacies models and alternate shallow-water conodont zonation,” in D. L. Clark (ed.), Conodont Biofacies and Provincialism, GSA Special Paper 196, 143–69.
10. THE WITNESS
1. McPhee, Suspect Terrain, 6–7, 45–46 (see ch. 9, n. 26); Sweet, pers. comm., 21 April 2005.
2. A. G. Epstein, J. B. Epstein, and L. D. Harris, “Conodont color alteration – an index to organic metamorphism,” U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap. 995 (1977): 4; A. G. Epstein, J. B. Epstein, and L. D. Harris, “Incipient metamorphism, structural anomalies, and oil and gas potential in the Appalachian basin determined from conodont color,” GSA Abstracts with Programs 6 (1974): 723–24; A. G. Epstein, J. B. Epstein, and L. D. Harris, “Conodont color alteration – an index to diagenesis of organic matter,” AAPG and SEPM, Ann. Mtg. Abstracts 2 (1975): 21–22.
3. W. Alvarez, T.rex and the Crater of Doom (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); L. Alvarez et al., “Extrater restrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction,” Science 208 (1980): 1095–1108.
4. D. M. Raup, The Nemesis Affair (New York: Norton, 1986), 64, 112; W. Glen (ed.), The Mass-Extinction Debate (Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1994).
5. Walliser interview; O. Schindewolf, “Neokatastrophismus?” Deutsch Geologische Gesellschaft Zeitschrift Jahrgang 114 (1962): 430–45; N. D. Newell, “Paleontological gaps and geochronology,” J. Paleont. 36 (1962): 592–610; N. D. Newell, “Crisis in the history of life,” Scientific American 208, no. 2 (1963): 1–16; F. H. T. Rhodes, “Permo-Triassic extinction,” in W. B. Harland et al. (eds.), The Fossil Record (London: Geological Society of London, 1967), 57–76; D. J. McLaren, “Time, life and boundaries,” J. Paleont. 44 (1970): 801–15.
6. O. H. Walliser, “Pleading for a natural D / C boundary,” Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg 67 (1984): 241–46.
7. O. H. Walliser, “Natural boundaries and commission boundaries in the Devonian,” Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg 75 (1985): 401–408. This was part of his Moscow presentation.
8. McLaren, “Time,” 812–13; D. J. McLaren, “Bolides and biostratigraphy,” GSA Bull. 94 (1987): 313–24; R. S. Dietz, “Astroblemes,” Sci. Am. (August 1961): 50–58.
9. McLaren, “Time,” 812; D. J. McLaren, “Frasnian-Famennian extinctions,” in L. T. Silver and P. H. Schultz (eds.), Geological Implications of Impacts of Large Asteroids and Comets on the Earth, GSA Special Paper 190, 477–89, 482.
10. Müller and Hinz, “Upper Cambrian,” 4; J. F. Miller, “Conodont fauna of the Notch Peak Limestone (Cambro-Ordovician) House Range, Utah,” J. Paleont. 43 (1969): 413–39; D. L. Clark and R. A. Robison, “Oldest conodonts in North American,” J. Paleont. 43 (1969): 1044; Clark, “Early Permian Crisis.”
11. D. L. Clark, “Extinction of conodonts,” J. Paleont. 57 (1983): 652–61, was stimulated by the debate surrounding Leigh Van Valen's evolutionary law. L. Van Valen, “A new evolutionary law,” Evolutionary Theory 1 (1973): 1–30; D. L. Clark, “Conodonts: The final fifty million years,” in R. J. Aldridge (ed.), Conodont Palaeobiology (Chichester, UK: Horwood, 1987), 165–73.
12. Fåhræus, “Conodontophorid” (see ch. 9, n. 29).
13. O. H. Walliser, “International Palaeontological Association General Assembly, Paris, 10th July 1980,” Lethaia 13 (1980): 288; O. H. Walliser (ed.), Global Events and Event Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1996), 7.
14. A body setup by the IUGS (International Union of Geological Sciences) and UNESCO in 1972; O. H. Walliser, “Global events and evolution: First IPA research programme,” Lethaia 15 (1982): 198.
15. McLaren, “Bolides”; A. Boucot, “Does evolution take place in an ecological vacuum?” J. Paleont. 57 (1983): 1–30; O. H. Walliser, “Geologic processes and global events,” Terra Cognita 4 (1984): 17–20; J. J. Sepkoski Jr., “Mass extinctions in the Phanerozoic oceans: A review,” in J. J. Sepkoski (ed.), Geological Implications of Impacts of Large Asteroids and Comets on the Earth, GSA Special Paper 190, 283–90; Glen, Mass Extinction, 50–53.
16. Walliser, “Patterns,” 16; P. E. Play-ford et al., “Iridium anomaly in the Upper Devonian of the Canning Basin, Western Australia,” Science 226 (1984): 437–39.
17. Walliser, “Natural,” 402, 405; C. A. Sandberg, J. R. Morrow, and W. Ziegler, “Late Devonian sea-level changes, catastrophic events and mass extinctions,” in C. Koeberl and K. G. MacLeod (eds.), Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond, GSA Special Paper 356, 473–87, 475.
18. Walliser, “Natural,” 406.
19. C. W. Sandberg, W. Ziegler, and R. Dreesen, “Abrupt conodont biofacies changes redate and delimit the Frasnian (Late Devonian) extinction even in Euramerica (abstract),” Terra Cognita 7 (1987): 209–10.
20. W. Ziegler and H. R. Lane, “Cycles in conodont evolution and Devonian to mid-Carboniferous,” in R. J. Aldridge (ed.), Conodont Palaeobiology (Chichester, UK: Horwood, 1987), 147–63.
21. C. W. Sandberg et al., “Late Frasnian mass extinction: Conodont event stratigraphy, global changes and possible causes,” Cour. Forsch-Inst. Senckenberg 102 (1988): 263–307; C. W. Sandberg, W. Ziegler, and R. Dreesen, “Late Frasnian mass extinction: Associated sea-level changes reflected by conodont faunas and biofacies,” Cour. Forsch-Inst. Senckenberg 102 (1988): 253–54.
22. O. H. Walliser et al., “On the Upper Kellwasser Horizon (boundary Frasnian/ Famennian),” Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg 110 (1989): 247–56.
23. L. Jeppsson, “Aspects of Late Silurian conodonts,” Fossils and Strata 6 (1974): 1–54.
24. For example, L. Jeppsson, D. Fredholm, and B. Mattiasson, “Acetic acid and phosphate fossils – a warning,” J. Paleont. 59 (1985): 952–56.
25. L. Jeppsson, “Sudden appearances of Silurian conodont lineages – provincialism or special biofacies?” in D. L. Clark (ed.), Conodont Biofacies and Provincialism, GSA Special Paper 196, 103–12.
26. A. G. Fischer, “Climatic oscillations in the biosphere,” in M. H. Nitecki (ed.), Biotic Crises in Ecological and Evolutionary Time (San Diego: Academic Press, 1981), 103–31, 105,127; A. G. Fischer and M. A. Arthur, “Secular Variations in the Pelagic Realm,” in H. E. Cook and P. Enos (eds.), Deep-Water Carbonate Environments (Tulsa: SEPM Special Publication 25, 1977), 19–50.
27. P. Wilde and W. B. N. Berry, “Destabilization of the oceanic density structure and its significance to marine “extinction’ events,” Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimat., Palaeoecol. 48 (1984): 143–62.
28. L. Jeppsson, “Lithological and conodont distributional evidence for episodes of anomalous oceanic conditions during the Silurian,” in R. J. Aldridge (ed.), Conodont Palaeobiology (Chichester, UK: Horwood, 1987), 129–45.
29. L. Jeppsson, “An oceanic model for lithologi
cal and faunal changes tested on the Silurian record,” J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 147 (1990): 663–74; R. J. Aldridge, L. Jeppsson, and K. J. Dorning, “Early Silurian oceanic episodes and events,” J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 150 (1993): 501–13.
30. Jeppsson's many publications record the progressive elaboration of his model. He gives his best summary in L. Jeppsson, “Silurian oceanic events: Summary of general characteristics,” in E. Landing, andM. E. Johnson (eds.), Silurian Cycles, New York State Museum Bulletin 491, 239–57 (1998). See also L. Jeppsson, “The anatomy of the Mid-Early Silurian Ireviken Event and a scenario for P-S events,” in C. E. Brett and G. C. Baird (eds.), Paleontological Events (New York: Columbia University Press 1997), 451–92.
11. THE BEAST OF BEAR GULCH
1. Lindström, Conodonts, 117.
2. H. W. Scott, “Discoveries bearing on the nature of the conodont animal,” Micropaleontology 51 (1969): 420–26. On disappointing the audience, Pander Society Letterz (July 1968): 11.
3. Scott in 1969 reflecting on his recent discoveries in an unpublished lecture, “Concerning Devonian conodont assemblages from Germany,” Box 1, Un published MSS Folder, Scott Papers.
4. Scott, “Discoveries,” 423.
5. Scott, “Concerning”; F.-G. Lange, “Conodonten-Gruppenfunde aus Kalken des tieferen Oberdevon,” Geol. et Palaeontol. 2 (1968): 37–57; Scott, “Aconodontacanthodian association,” c. 1969, Unpublished MSS Folder, Scott Papers.
6. W. G. Melton Jr., “The Bear Gulch Limestone and the first conodont bearing animals,” 21st Annual Field Conference, Montana Geological Society, September 1972, 65–68; H. W. Scott, “New specimens of Conodontochordata, Cycloidea and associated animals from the Bear Gulch Formation, Montana,” n.d., Box 1, Unpublished MSS Folder, Scott Papers.
7. Melton, “Bear Gulch,” 66.
8. Ibid.; Pander Society Letter 3 (September 1969): 9; Scott to Norbert Cygen, 8 September 1969, Box 1, Correspondence Re: Conodont Animal, Scott Papers. The Correspondence Re: Conodont Animal archive folder holds an almost complete record of the correspondence surrounding the discovery of the Bear Gulch animals. I have mentioned key actors in the main text and maintain the narrative timings in these copious letters for the most part. For this reason I do not give specific reference to each letter here. All unreferenced remarks and story elements come from this correspondence. S. J. Gould, “Nature's great era of experiments,” Natural History July (1983): 12–22, 12. See also Pander Society Letter 3 (1970):7 and W. G. Melton Jr., “The Bear Gulch fauna from central Montana,” Proceedings of the North American Paleontological Convention, vol.1 (Lawrence, Kans.: Allen Press, 1970), 1202–1207.
The Great Fossil Enigma Page 46