becomes chief of staff, 718
and removal of Sigel, 724
and the Crater, 760
Sherman's march to the sea, 808
Halstead, Murat, 214
Hamilton, Alexander, 433
Hamlin, Hannibal, 220, 574, 717
Hammond, James H.: sectional champion, 57
and rural values, 98
on Lecompton, 166
King Cotton and mudsill speech, 196, 383
Hammond, William, 482, 483, 484
Hampton, Wade, 318, 341–42, 739, 828
Hampton Roads peace conference, 822–24, 838, 851
Hancock, Winfield Scott: in Mexican War, 5
at Gettysburg, 655, 660, 663
at Spotsylvania, 728–30
at Cold Harbor, 735
on Petersburg front, 759
Hardee, William J., 583, 828, 829
Harper's Ferry: John Brown raid, 201–6
Virginia militia seizes, 279, 319
capture of by Jackson in 1862, 536–38, 544
Harrison, William Henry, 218
Hartford, U.S.S., Farragut's flagship, 420
at Mobile Bay, 761
Hatteras Inlet, Union capture of, 370, 372, 376
Haupt, Herman, 527, 532
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 36
Hay, John, 675, 766
Helper, Hinton Rowan, 199–200, 242
Henry, Judith, 341
Heroes of America,, 613, 695–96, 698
Hickok, "Wild Bill," 404
Hicks, Thomas, 285, 287
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth: attempted rescue of Burns, 119–20
and John Brown, 204, 207–8
commands black regiment, 564–65
Hill, Ambrose Powell, 276
and Seven Days' battles, 464, 466–67, 469
Cedar Mountain, 525–26
at Antietam, 544
gains corps command, 648
at Gettysburg, 653–54, 656–57, 661
breaks down in Wilderness campaign, 734
Hill, Benjamin H., 229
Hill, Daniel Harvey, 276
and Malvern Hill, 470
on Gaines' Mill, 476
battle of South Mountain, 537
and Antietam, 541
Hindman, Thomas C., 668
Hines, Thomas C., 763–64, 765
Holcome, James, 766–67
Holden, William W., peace advocate and gubernatorial candidate, 695–98, 767
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 541, 590, 734
and Lincoln, at Fort Stevens, 757
Holt, Joseph, 266, 782–83
Holt, Michael, 225
Holt, R. S., 229
Homestead Act: defeated by South, 126, 189, 193–94, 195
endorsed by Republican platform, 220, 225
passed during war, 450–51
Hood, John Bell, 276
at Gaines' Mill, 467
at Chickamauga, 672, 674
in Atlanta campaign, 745, 747
named to command army, 752–53
battles around Atlanta, 754–55
evacuation of Atlanta, 774, 809
attacks Sherman's supply line, 807–8
invades Tennessee, 809, 811
battle of Franklin, 812–13
and Nashville, 813–15
army scattered, 828
Hooker, Joseph: in Mexican War, 5
at Antie-tam, 541
and ambition for top command, 584, 585
and Chancellorsville, 639–45, 650, 669, 724
and Gettysburg campaign, 646, 647, 649
replaced by Meade, 651–52
goes to Chattanooga, 675–76
battle of Lookout Mountain, 677–78
evaluation of, 857
Hooper, Samuel, 446, 594
Hotchkiss, Jedediah, 456
Hotze, Henry, 548, 549, 651
Howard, Oliver O.: at 1st Bull Run, 341
at Chancellorsville, 641–42
at Gettysburg, 654
named commander of Army of the Tennessee, 754
Howe, Elias, 19
Howe, Samuel Gridley, 204, 207
Howells, William Dean, 210
Huger, Benjamin, 468
Hughes, John, 132–33, 507
Hunley, Horace, and C.S.S. Hunley, 314
Hunt, Henry J., 662
Hunter, David: emancipation edict revoked by Lincoln, 499, 503
Shenandoah Valley campaign of, 737–39, 756, 758
Hunter, Robert M. T., 56
and slavery in Kansas, 122, 145
favors Davis for C.S.A. president, 259
at Hampton Roads peace conference, 822–24
Huse, Caleb, 320
Imboden, John D., 501
Immigrants and immigration: and nativism, 7, 22, 32–33, 130–35
and population growth, 9–10, 23
politics of, 30–32, 136
underre-presentation of, in Union army, 606–7
impressment of supplies in South, 616–17, 693, 696
Indians: victims of U.S. expansion, 6, 45–46, 48
Indian regiments in Civil War, 404–5, 668
Inflation: in Confederacy, 438–40, 447
and Confederate shortages, 440–42
in Union, 447–50
food shortages and, 612–13, 615
Irish Americans: and nativism, 7, 32–33, 131, 138, 139, 141
and temperance, 134
and blacks, 137
growing antiwar opposition of, in North, 493–94
riots by, 507
underrepre-sentation in Union army, 606
and New York draft riots, 609–10
Iron Brigade, 803
at 2nd Bull Run, 528
at Antietam, 540n
at Gettysburg, 654
Island No. 10, Union capture of, 415, 417
Iuka, battle of, 522–23
Iverson, Alfred, 240
Jackson, Andrew, 68, 119, 166, 418, 707
bank veto, 27, 173, 192
and nullification, 249
Jackson, Claiborne Fox, and the struggle for Missouri, 290–93
Jackson, Thomas J. ("Stonewall"), 276, 429, 554, 654, 722, 812, 850, 857
at 1st Manassas, 342, 344
Shenandoah Valley campaign, 425, 453–60, 624, 648, 671, 779
and Seven Days' battles, 464–71
and battle of Cedar Mountain, 524–26
at 2nd Manassas, 527–32, 858
and Antietam campaign, 536, 538
after Antietam, 569
at Fredericksburg, 571–72
at Chancellorsville, 640–42
death of, 642, 645, 716, 728
Jackson (Miss.), Union capture in Vicksburg campaign, 629–30, 638
James, Frank, 292, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788
James, Henry, 89
James, Jesse, 292, 784, 785, 787, 788
Jaquess, James, 767–68
Jefferson, Thomas, 9, 41, 48, 51, 98, 116, 184, 187, 244, 280
Jews: scapegoats for inflation in Confederacy, 441–42
trading between the lines, and Grant's "Jew order," 622–23
Johnson, Andrew: Tennessee unionist, 304
Crittenden-Johnson resolutions, 312, 354
military governor of Tennessee, 511
and black troops, 565
vice-presidential nomination, 717
Johnson, Herschel, 694
Johnson, Samuel, 311
Johnston, Albert Sidney, 276, 366, 857
in Mexican War, 5
commander in Kentucky, 367, 393–94
loss of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, 398–402, 404
criticism of, 405, 414
Shiloh campaign and battle, 406–10
Johnston, Joseph E., 276, 857
in Mexican War, 5
strategic ideas, 336
and 1st Manassas, 339–46
in Virginia theater, 361, 363, 367
feud with Davis, 365–66
evacuates Manassas, 423
and Seven Pines, 461–62
named commander of western department, 575–76
tries to resign, 577
and dissension in Army of Tennessee, 583
and Vicksburg campaign, 626, 629–38, 646, 677, 740
reinforces Bragg, 671
succeeds Bragg as army commander, 681, 719
focal point of anti-Davis sentiment, 691
in 1864 Atlanta campaign, 722, 723, 743–52, 754
relieved of command, 753
and Sherman's Carolinas campaign, 827–28, 829, 844
restored to command, 828
battle of Bentonville, 830
Lee hopes to join, 847
evaluation of, 857
Jomini, Antoine Henry, 331–32, 338, 394
Jones, Charles C., Jr., 41
Jones, John B.: denounces Jews, 441
on inflation and hunger, 612–13
on Vicksburg and Gettysburg, 665
on Chickamauga and Chattanooga, 681
depressed by battle of Nashville, 815
and revival of war spirit, 825
Jonesborough, battle of, 774
Juarez, Benito, 553–54, 683
Julian, George W., 87
on nativism, 137–38
abolitionism of, 227
emancipation speech in Congress, 495–96
Kansas: issue of slavery in, 116, 123, 128, 144–45, 204, 205
border ruffians, 146–47
violence in, 148–50, 191, 203
and John Brown, 152
as issue in 1856 election, 154–55, 160–61
and black exclusion, 159
Lecompton constitution, 162–69, 178, 181, 184, 193, 213, 226
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 109, 110, 141, 172
origins of, 121–24
passage of, 125
and 1854 elections, 126–29, 136–37
Kearny, Philip, 470
Kearny, Stephen Watts, 50
Kearsarge, U.S.S., 5, 547
Keitt, Lawrence, 168, 229
Kenesaw Mountain, battle of, 749–50
Kenner, Duncan F., 837–38
Kentucky: strategic and political importance of, 284
divided loyalties, 293, 342
neutrality, 294, 352–53
unionist victories, 295–96
brothers' war theme, 297
Kernstown, battle of, 425, 455
Key, Francis Scott, 287
Kirkwood, Samuel, 212
Knights of the Golden Circle, 116, 560, 599, 763
Know Nothings, 130, 191
origins and program of, 135–37
and Republican party, 137–38, 141–43, 155, 217, 218
in 1854 elections, 138–39
in Masachusetts, 139–40
in South, 140–41, 217. See also American party Nativism
Labor: and antebellum economy, 7, 10–11, 13–14
and "American system of manufactures," 17–19
protest and conflict, 21–26
and free-labor ideology, 27–29
and politics, 30
women and, 33–34
in Panic of 1857, 190–92
southern mudsill theme of, 196–97
Lincoln on, 198
and wartime inflation, 448–50
racial tensions and New York draft riots, 609–10
Lamar, Charles A. L., 103
Lamar, L. Q. C., 116, 310
Lamon, Ward H., 269
Lane, James, 292
Lane, Joseph, 222
Lawrence, Abbott, 21
Lawrence, Amos A., 120, 145
Lawrence (Kansas): sack of (1856), 148–49, 153
massacre at (1863), 786
Leavitt, Joshua, 62
Lecompte, Samuel, 148
Ledlie, James H., 759–60
Lee, Fitzhugh, 733
Lee, Robert E., 105, 276, 315, 351, 366, 554, 583, 617, 857
in Mexican War, 4–5
and John Brown at Harper's Ferry, 206
decision to join Confederacy, 280–82, 393
campaigns in western Virginia, 300, 302–3, 305, 488
South Atlantic defenses, 371
military adviser to Davis, 426–27, 455
urges conscription, 430
Seven Days' battles, 453, 463–71, 490, 511, 671
named commander of Army of No. Virginia, 462
tactics and casualties under his command, 472, 476
dislikes Pope, 501
maneuvers before 2nd Manassas, 524–26
and 2nd Manassas battle, 528–32, 858
invades Maryland, 534–39, 546, 555
battle of Antietam, 540–45, 568
retreats to Virginia, 545, 556, 561
Fredericksburg campaign, 570–72
Mud March, 584
on 1863 military outlook, 625
willingness to take risks, 627
invasion of Pa., 633, 646–52
Chancellorsville campaign and battle, 638–45
battle of Gettysburg, 653–63, 669
tries to resign, 665
retreats to Virginia, 666
maneuvers in Virginia, 681
purpose and strategy in 1864, 719, 721
and Grant's strategy, 722
and battle of Wilderness, 723–26
and Spotsylvania, 728–33
strategy of attrition, 734
and Cold Harbor, 735–37
sends Early to the Valley, 739, 777, 779
shift to Petersburg, 740–41, 743
opinion of Hood, 753
and siege of Petersburg, 756, 759, 778, 780, 808, 811, 826, 830
refuses to exchange black prisoners, 800
shortages of rations, 816
supplies drawn through Wilmington, 819
cut off by fall of Fort Fisher, 820
named general in chief, 821
restores Johnston to command, 828
endorses arming and freeing slaves, 836
Fort Stedman attack, 844–45
evacuates Petersburg and Richmond, 846
retreat to Appomattox, 847
surrender at Appomattox, 684, 848–50
heroic legend, 854
Lemmon v. The People, 180–81
Letcher, John, 279, 280
Letterman, Jonathan K., 484–85
Liberty: and antebellum labor protest, 23–26
and anti-bank sentiment, 27
northern and southern conceptions of, 40
South secedes in name of, 240–42, 283–84
and black slavery as basis of white liberty, 243–44
northern response, 244
Union as embodiment of, and North's fight for, 308–9
Confederacy as embodiment and South's fight for, 310–11, 860–61
Liberty party, 61, 62
Lincoln, Abraham, before Civil War: free-labor ideology of, 28, 198
and Mormons, 45
on Mexican War, 48
on slavery, 55, 127–29
in 1848 election, 63
and Uncle Tom's Cabin, 89–90
on filibustering, 115
in 1854 election, 127, 129–30
on nativism, 137, 141–42
debates with Douglas, 178, 181–88, 198
on Dred Scott decision, 178–81
house divided speech, 179
on John Brown, 212
election of in 1860, 217–25, 227–33
on threats of secession, 230–31
on southern unionism, 239
response to secession, 245, 247–50
opposes compromise, 252–54
on "voluntary reconstruction," 255–56, 272n
formation of cabinet, 259–61
inaugural address, 261–64
and Fort Sumter crisis, 267–74
Lincoln, Abraham, as wartime commander in chief: 279, 281, 362, 441
calls up militia, 274–75, 286, 291, 318, 322, 387
southern response to militia
call, 276–78, 282
and border states, 284–97
suspends writ of habeas corpus, 287, 433–34, 436, 560
and ex parte Merryman, 288–89
and east Tennessee unionism, 304–5, 456, 512–13, 522, 670
proclaims blockade, 313, 355
and Confederate privateers, 315–16
and political generals, 328
military strategy, 335–36, 350, 394–95
response to 1st Bull Run, 347–48
and Frémont in Missouri, 352–54, 356
and McClellan, 359–60, 364–65
discouragement of at end of 1861, 367–68
and Monitor, 374
and Grant, 396, 402, 414
McClellan's Peninsula campaign, 423–26, 454, 457, 460
and U.S. Sanitary Commission, 481, 482
reorganizes Union command in East, 488–89, 502
calls for new troops, 491, 555
removes Buell, 522
withdraws McClellan from Peninsula, 524–25
on Herman Haupt, 527
restores McClellan's command, 533–34
and Antietam, 539, 541, 559
urges McClellan forward, 568–69
relieves McClellan of command, 562, 570, 753, 754
and McClernand, 577–78
thanks Rosecrans for Stones River, 582–83
names Hooker to command Army of Potomac, 584–85
on Grant's drinking, 588–89
draft calls of, 601, 605
and trade between the lines, 620, 624–25
rescinds Grant's "Jew order," 622–23
on Grant's Vicksburg campaign, 638
on Chan-cellorsville, 645
and Stephens's mission, 650, 664
replaces Hooker with Meade, 651–52
and Gettysburg campaign, 653, 664
urges Meade to pursue Lee, 666–67
prods Rosecrans, 668–69
on Rosecrans in Chattanooga, 675
puts Grant in command at Chattanooga, 676
issue of peace negotiations, 694, 697
names Grant general in chief, 718
likes Grant's strategy, 722, 726
removes Sigel, 724
on northern over-optimism, 731
determination to fight to victory, 742–43
at Fort Stevens, 757
issues new call for troops, 758, 765
and peace issue in 1864, 761–62, 766–71
on Sons of Liberty, 783
and exchange of war prisoners, 791, 798–99
on southern treatment of black prisoners, 794
Sherman's march to the sea, 808, 811
policy of unconditional surrender, 816, 822, 824, 844
relieves Butler of command, 820
Hampton Roads peace conference, 822–24, 836
visits Richmond, 846–47
Lincoln, Abraham, as wartime political leader: and western Virginia, 298, 859
ability to express Union war aims, 309, 549
foreign policy, 389
and Trent affair, 390–91
leadership qualities compared with Davis's, 429, 857
and war finance, 442, 444, 447
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