Battle Cry of Freedom

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Battle Cry of Freedom Page 121

by James M. McPherson


  and Dred Scott case, 176, 177–78

  and Freeport doctrine, 183–84

  Populist movement, 453

  Port Gibson, battle of, 629

  Port Hudson, Union capture of, 637–38, 668, 683, 703, 769

  Port Republic, battle of, 458, 460

  Port Royal, battle of, 371

  Porter, David Dixon: in Vicksburg campaign, 586–88, 627

  and battle of Fort Fisher, 820

  escorts Lincoln to Richmond, 846

  Porter, Fitz-John: in Seven Days' battles, 463–67, 470

  and John Pope, 524

  at 2nd Bull Run, 528–29, 531, 533

  cashiered, 529 and n

  at Antietam, 543–44

  on Emancipation Proclamation, 559

  Prairie Grove, battle of, 668

  Prentiss, Benjamin M, 408–10

  Price, Sterling: commander of Missouri rebel militia, 291–92

  at Wilson's Creek, 350–51

  capture of Lexington, 352

  retreats, 353–54

  at Pea Ridge, 404

  battles of Iuka and Corinth, 515, 516, 522–23, 534

  in Arkansas, 668

  invasion of Missouri in 1864, 784, 786–88

  Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 78–79

  Prisoners of war, exchange cartel, 791

  breakdown of, over issue of Confederate refusal to exchange black prisoners, 566–67, 650, 792–93, 798–800

  Confederate treatment of black captives, 793–96

  conditions in prisons, 796–98

  controversies about, 800–802

  mortality of prisoners, 802 and n. See also An-dersonville prison

  Proslavery argument, 56–57

  response to Uncle Tom's Cabin, 90

  and wage slavery theme, 98–99

  mudsill theme, 196–98

  Pryor, Roger, 273

  Quantrill, William, 292, 784, 785

  Lawrence massacre, 786

  death of, 788

  Quitman, John, and filibustering, 105, 106, 108–10

  Radical Democratic party, 716

  Railroads: and antebellum economic growth, 12–13, 22, 29, 31, 189

  and southern economy, 91, 93–95

  and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 121–22

  issue of transcontinental r.r., 189, 193–94, 220, 225, 450–52

  strategic importance of in war, 287, 294, 299, 512, 516

  Confederate deficiencies, 318–19

  vulnerability to guerrilla and cavalry raids, 512–15

  northern military construction of, 514–15, 527

  deterioration in South, 619

  rail transfer of Longstreet's divisions to Georgia, 671

  rail transfer of 11th and 12th Corps to Chattanooga, 675

  construction of transcontinental r.r. begins, 818

  Rains, George W., 320 and n

  Rawlins, John A., 588

  Raymond, Henry, 610, 769–70

  Raymond (Miss.), battle of, 630

  Read, Thomas B., 780

  Reagan, John, 647

  Rebel yell, 344

  Reconstruction: Lincoln's 1863 proclamation of amnesty and, 698–99

  and conflict between Lincoln and radicals, 700–702, 717

  experiment in Louisiana, 703–9, 712

  and Wade-Davis bill, 706, 708

  Lincoln vetoes, 712–13

  his willingness to compromise with Congress, 843–44

  Lincoln's last speech on, 851–52

  Rector, Henry, 282

  Red River campaign, 722–23

  Reeder, Andrew, 146–47

  Religion: and nativism, 7, 32–33, 135

  and slavery, 8, 88–91

  and education, 20–21

  and 1857 Panic, 191. See also Catholics Second Great Awakening

  Republican party: and free-labor ideology, 27–28

  and internal improvements, 29

  constituency of, 30–31, 805

  on polygamy, 45

  birth of, 126, 129, 135, 140, 144

  and nativism, 137–43, 154–55, 221

  and Kansas, 149–53

  and black rights, 159–60, 224–25, 227

  and slavery during Civil War, 494, 699

  as war party, 690

  historic achievement of 13th Amendment, 839–40. See also Elections entries

  Slavery in the territories

  Resaca, battle of, 744–45

  Revere, Paul, 316

  Reynolds, John, 653–54

  Rhett, Robert Barnwell, 257, 258, 835

  Richardson, William A., 121–22

  Richmond: martial law in, 434

  bread riot of 1863 in, 617–18

  fall of, 846–47

  Richmond Examiner: on 1860 election, 232

  on Lee in western Virginia, 302–3, 462

  urges offensive military strategy, 337

  supports martial law, 434

  denounces "extortion," 441

  on trading with enemy, 621

  on Lee's invasion of Pennsylvania, 648

  on loss of Atlanta, 775

  opposes arming of slaves, 835

  on Lee's endorsement of arming slaves, 837

  Richmond Whig: and 1848 election, 63

  on 1st Manassas, 347

  on British recognition, 388

  criticism of Davis, 428

  criticism of martial law, 434

  on R. E. Lee, 490

  on fight to last ditch, 824

  opposes arming and freeing of slaves, 834

  Rifle, development of, and Civil War tactics, 474–77

  Riots: against blacks in North in 1862, 507

  New York draft riots, 609–11, 686, 687

  bread riots in Confederacy, 617–19

  Roanoke Island, battle of, 372–73

  Rock, John, 841

  Roebuck, John, 651

  Roman Catholics, see Catholics

  Rosecrans, William S., 813

  in western Virginia, 299–303

  in Corinth campaign, 416

  battles of Iuka and Corinth, 522–23

  battle of Stones River, 577, 579–83, 645

  Tulla-homa campaign, 646, 667–68, 669

  captures Chattanooga, 670

  at Chickamauga, 671–74

  besieged by Bragg, 675

  relieved of command, 676

  Ruffin, Edmund, 208, 273, 347, 665

  Russell, Lord John: and question of British recognition of Confederacy, 384, 388, 389, 552

  on blockade, 385

  mediation moves in 1862, 555–56

  and Laird rams, 682

  Sabine Crossroads, battle of, 723

  St. Albans (Vt.), raid by rebel agents, 764

  St. John, Isaac M., 320 and n

  Saltonstall, Leverett, 265

  Sanborn, Franklin B., 204, 207

  Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, 3, 50, 108

  Saunders, Romulus M., 104

  Savage's Station, battle of, 468

  Saxton, Rufus, 710, 842

  Sayler's Creek, battle of, 848

  Schofield, John M.: in Georgia campaign, 744, 752, 754

  and battle of Franklin, 811–12

  Schurz, Carl, 223, 328

  Scott, Dred, 170, 171, 174, 175, 176, 202. See also Dred Scott v. Sandford

  Scott, Thomas, 324

  Scott, Winfield: and Mexican War, 3–4

  presidential candidate, 4, 59, 117–19, 131

  as general in chief, in secession crisis, 249–50, 266

  and Fort Sumter, 267–70

  urges Lee to remain loyal, 281

  organizes defense of capital, 285–86

  and western Virginia, 299

  disabilities of, 313

  opposes dispersal of regulars among volunteer regiments, 327–28

  "Anaconda Plan" of, 333–34, 335, 818

  relations with McClellan, 359–60

  Secession: southern threats of before 1861, 67–70, 85, 86–87, 158, 165–67, 178, 212, 229–31

  threat
of fulfilled, 234–35

  as revolution, 237–41

  weakness of southern unionism, 239, 255

  correlation of, with slaveholding, 242, 255, 283–84

  and nonslaveholders, 242–44

  as pre-emptive counterrevolution, 245–46, 861

  northern response to, 246–50

  compromise proposals, 250–54

  upper South rejects, 255

  and upper South states after Sumter, 276–84

  Second Great Awakening, 43

  and abolitionism, 8, 35, 88

  Seddon, James A., 646, 647

  on treatment of captured black soldiers, 566, 795

  resigns, 821

  Sedgwick, John, 542, 644

  Semmes, Raphael, 5, 314, 316, 547

  Seneca Falls woman's rights convention, 36

  Seven Days' battles, 464–71, 475, 477, 478, 812

  consequences of, 490–91, 499–500, 524, 655

  Seven Pines, battle of, 461–62, 464, 477, 576

  Seward, William H.: on education, 29

  indicts slavery, 39

  and 1848 election, 63

  influence with Taylor, 67

  on Compromise of 1850, 70, 74

  Higher Law speech, 72–73

  and 1852 election, 117–18

  and 1854 elections, 126

  and nativism, 131, 137

  on slavery in Kansas, 145

  in 1856 election, 155, 160

  on Dred Scott case, 178–79

  irrepressible conflict speech, 198

  and John Brown, 211–12

  and 1860 election, 216–21, 227

  on threats of secession, 230

  on Buchanan and coercion, 248

  on secession, 252, 253

  and conciliation, 255–56, 272

  named sec. of state, 260

  and Lincoln's inaugural address, 261–63

  on Fort Sumter, 268

  April fool's memo, 270–71

  and McClellan, 364

  warns Britain against recognizing Confederacy, 384, 388–89

  and Trent crisis, 390–91

  on internal security, 436

  and the call for troops in 1862, 491

  on the Emancipation Proclamation, 504, 505

  and European mediation moves, 555

  cabinet crisis of Dec. 1862, 574–75

  on capture of Atlanta, 775

  at Hampton Roads peace conference, 822–23

  lobbies for 13th Amendment, 839

  Seymour, Horatio, 685

  opposes emancipation, 560, 592

  opposes conscription, 602, 609

  and 1864 election, 771

  Seymour, Thomas, 771

  Shadrach (fugitive slave), 82–83

  Shannon, Wilson, 147, 148, 161

  Sharpsburg, battle of, see Antietam

  Shaw, Lemuel, 207

  Shaw, Robert Gould, 686–87

  Shenandoah Valley: Jackson's campaign, 425, 454–60, 466

  Sigel's campaign, 722, 724

  Hunter's campaign, 737–39

  Sheridan's campaign, 777, 858

  destruction of resources in, 778, 784, 848

  battle of Cedar Creek, 779–81

  Shepley, George F., 703–4

  Sheridan, Philip H.: in Corinth campaign, 416

  battle of Perryville, 519–20

  at Stones River, 580

  comes east as cavalry commander, 718

  battle of Yellow Tavern, 728, 731

  at Cold Harbor, 733

  Trevilian Station raid, 737, 739

  goes to Shenandoah Valley, 758

  attacks Early at Winchester and Fisher's Hill, 777

  lays waste to Shenandoah Valley, 778–79, 784, 815

  battle of Cedar Creek, 779–81, 858

  returns to Petersburg front, 844

  battle of Five Forks, 845

  pursues Lee, 847

  at Appomattox, 848

  Sherman, John: and 1859 speakership fight, 200–201

  senator, 329

  on growing emancipation sentiment, 496

  and war finance, 594

  Sherman, William Tecumseh, 329, 483, 501, 785

  and march to the sea, 198, 325, 806, 808–11, 815, 816

  transfer from Kentucky, 305

  at 1st Bull Run, 341, 344 and n

  at Shiloh, 408–9, 412–13

  Corinth campaign, 416, 488

  on vulnerability of railroads, 575

  Vicksburg campaign, 577–78, 586–87

  Chickasaw Bluffs assault, 579

  denounces trade with enemy, 622

  1863 Vicksburg campaign, 627–31, 635, 637–38

  goes to Chattanooga, 675

  fighting in Chattanooga, 677–78

  commander of western theater armies, 718

  Atlanta campaign, 719, 722, 723, 743–56

  capture of Atlanta, 774–75, 776

  philosophy of war, 786, 809

  and soldier vote in Indiana, 804

  march through Carolinas, 825–28, 838, 844

  and the burning of Columbia, 829

  battle of Bentonville, 830

  Order No. 15 (land for freedmen), 841–42

  army of, in Grand Review, 853

  qualities of generalship, 857

  Shields, James, 457–60

  Shiloh, battle of, 405–13, 471, 478, 483, 580

  consequences of, 414–15, 416, 418

  Shoup, Francis, 834

  Sickles, Daniel E.: political general, 328

  at Chancellorsville, 641, 644

  at Gettysburg, 657–60

  Sigel, Franz, named general, 328

  at Wilson's Creek, 351

  at Pea Ridge, 405

  at 2nd Bull Run, 642

  Shenandoah Valley campaign of, 722–23, 734

  battle of New Market, 724

  Sims, Thomas, 83, 83–84n

  Slave trade, African: closing of, 37

  movement to reopen, 102–3

  illegal trading, 103

  Slavery: economics of, 6–8, 33, 39, 96–102

  as divisive sectional issue, 7–8, 28, 38–41, 54

  and southern literacy, 20, 40

  relation to caste and class in South, 199–200

  correlation with secession, 242, 255, 283–84

  as issue in Civil War, 311–12

  North and, 354–58

  McClellan on, 363–64

  and North during 1862, 494–500, 502–10

  as stumbling block to British recognition of Confederacy, 552–53

  and 20–Negro draft exemption in South, 611–12

  as issue in Confederate debate over arming blacks, 831–37. See also Emancipation

  Proslavery argument

  Slavery in the territories: issue of, 4, 8, 41, 46, 51–72

  and Compromise of 1850, 70–77

  drive for annexation of new slave territory, 103–16, 194–95

  in Kansas, 116, 144–53, 162–69

  and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 122–26

  Lincoln on, 127–30

  and 1856 election, 154–62

  Dred Scott case, 171, 175–80

  as issue in Lincoln-Douglas debates, 182–84, 186–87

  and federal slave code controversy, 195, 214

  and 1860 election, 227

  and secession, 241, 253

  Slidell, John: supports filibustering, 109, 195

  and Trent affair, 367, 389–91, 444

  and French policy in Mexico, 553–54

  expects French recognition, 555, 650

  Smalls, Robert, 564

  Smith, Adam, 96

  Smith, Caleb, 219n, 260, 270

  Smith, Edmund Kirby: and invasion of Kentucky, 516–20, 524, 534, 838

  and treatment of captured black soldiers, 566

  command of trans-Mississippi Department, 668

  Smith, Gerrit, 86, 204, 207

  Smith, Joseph, 43–44

  Smith, Truman, 125

  Smith, William F., 740


  Sons of Liberty: and antiwar activities, 762, 763

  exaggerated notions about, 764–65

  arrests of, 781, 782

  Lincoln on, 783

  Soulé Pierre, 107–8, 110, 112, 113

  South: contrasts with North, 39–41, 860

  antebellum political power of, 53, 54n

  and antebellum economic matters, 91–102, 192–93, 195–96

  Cavalier thesis, 197

  Civil War wrenches to a new direction, 860–61. See also Confederate States of America

  proslavery argument

  Secession

  Slavery

  South Mountain, battle of, 537

  Southern Commercial Conventions, 93, 100

  support reopening of slave trade, 102–3

  and annexation of new slave territory, 104, 113–14

  Southern Literary Messenger: on Uncle Tom's Cabin, 90

  Cavalier thesis, 197

  and Jefferson Davis, 428

  Spaulding, Elbridge G., 445–46

  Speed, Joshua, 353

  Spotsylvania, battle of, 728–33, 735, 812

  Stanton, Edwin M., 506

  as Buchanan's attorney-general, 266

  Lincoln's war secretary, 324

  and General Stone, 363

  fears C.S.S. Virginia, 376

  creates Union ram fleet, 417

  relaxes internal security, 436

  suspends recruiting, 437

  and McClellan's Peninsula campaign, 464, 468

  and new enlistments in 1862, 492–93

  disgust with McClellan, 504

  and western strategy, 511

  and railroad logistics, 514

  McClellan attacks, 525

  and 2nd Bull Run, 532

  wants McClellan's removal, 533

  McClellan wants Stanton's removal, 569

  sends Dana west, 589

  prods Rosecrans, 669

  and transfer of troops to Chattanooga, 675

  and breakdown of p.o.w. exchange, 792–93

  and southern prisons, 797

  reduces prisoner rations, 798

  on Thomas, 813

  and land for freedmen, 841

  administrative talents of, 857

  Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 36

  Star of the West (ship), 266

  Stearns, Charles, 203–4

  Stearns, George L., 204, 207

  Stephens, Alexander H., 185n

  and election of 1848, 59

  and Taylor administration, 66, 67–69

  Compromise of 1850, 74, 86

  on filibustering, 109, 114

  in 1852 election, 118

  and Kansas-Nebraska Act, 125

  on Le-compton debate, 168

  and Dred Scott case, 172

  on Democrats in 1860, 215

  as conditional unionist, 237

  fears war, 238

  slavery as cornerstone speech of, 244

  elected Confederate vice president, 258–59

  on cotton as lever of foreign policy, 383

  opposes martial law, 435

  mission to Washington in 1863, 650

  mission aborted, 664

  opposition to Davis, 692–94

 

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