White, Shane, Stephen Garton, Stephen Robertson, and Graham White. Playing the Numbers: Gambling in Harlem Between the Wars. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010.
Gutman, Herbert G. The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom 1750-1925. New York: Vintage Books, 1976.
Wilkerson, Isabel. The Warmth of Other Suns. New York: Random House, 2010.
Wolcott, Victoria W. “Mediums, Messages and Lucky Numbers: African-American Female Spiritualists and Numbers Runners in Interwar Detroit.” The Geography of Identity ed. Yaeger, Patricia. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1996.
“Poor Man’s Gambling: The Deadly Policy Shops and Its ‘Coon Row’ Gig.” Detroit Free Press, Jan. 4, 1887.
“Policy Playing Continues.” Detroit Free Press, March 30, 1903.
“‘Policy Game’ May Come Back: Colored Population of Detroit Is Interested in Resumption of Cheap Lottery.” Detroit Free Press, July 5, 1908.
“Two Negro Gambling Houses Are Raided.” Detroit Free Press, August 22, 1915.
Early, Gerald. Speech and Power, Volume 2. Hopewell: The Ecco Press, 1993.
Lewan, Todd and Barclay Delores. “Torn From the Land: A 3-Part Series.” Associated Press, December 2001.
“Death Notes Charge Police Bribery: Mother Kills Girl and Self.” Detroit News, August 7, 1939.
George, Felicia. Numbers and Neighborhoods: Seeking and Selling the American Dream in Detroit One Bet at a Time. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Wayne State University, 2015.
Ancestry.com: 1910 Census and 1930 Census.
Photograph of Grace McKinley walking her daughter Linda Gail McKinley to Fehr Elementary School, September 9, 1957. Nashville Public Library, Special Collections.
Beito, David T. and Linda Royster Beito. “The Grim and Overlooked Anniversary of the Murder of the Rev. George W. Lee, Civil Rights Activist.” History News Network.org, May 9, 2005.
“5 Million a Year Numbers Ring in Ford Plant Found.” Washington Post, July 3, 1948.
“More Ford Firings Loom in Gambling.” Los Angeles Times, September 23, 1947.
“Plant Rackets.” New York Times, December 14, 1951.
Arnesen, Eric. “‘Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America’ by Cameron McWhirter.” Chicago Tribune, November 18, 2011
Carlisle, John M. “Chancy Games People Play.” Detroit News, May 12, 1970.
Moore, Antonio. “The 5 Largest Landowners Own More Land Than All of Black America Combined.” HuffingtonPost.com, October 28, 2015.
Smith, Douglas. “Anti-Lynching Law of 1928.” Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, June 12, 2012.
“The Lynching of Emmett Till.” Black American OURStory, blackourstory.tumblr.com, April 6, 2015.
Wilson, August. Fences. New York: Samuel French, Inc., 86th edition, paperback, 2010.
“The Negro Woman: The Long Thrust Toward Economic Equality.” Ebony Magazine, August 1966.
Chapter Three
White, Shane, Stephen Garton, Stephen Robertson, and Graham White. Playing the Numbers: Gambling in Harlem Between the Wars. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010.
Jones, William P. The March on Washington. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2013.
Sugrue, Thomas. The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996
Smith, Suzanne E. Dancing in the Street: Motown and the Cultural Politics of Detroit. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.
George, Felicia. Numbers and Neighborhoods: Seeking and Selling the American Dream in Detroit One Bet at a Time. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Wayne State University, 2015.
Jefferson, Margo. Negroland. New York: Pantheon Books, 2015.
“41 Seized in Detroit’s Largest Gambling Raid.” Los Angeles Times, November 11, 1962.
“T-Men Hit Gotham Hotel Like Raging Football Team.” Michigan Chronicle, November 17, 1962.
“Police Will Continue Drive Against Numbers Operators.” Michigan Chronicle, November 24, 1962.
Remnick, David. “The Outsized Life of Muhammad Ali.” The New Yorker, June 4, 2016.
DisasterCenter.com—Michigan Population and Number of Crimes 1960–2015.
Al, Hilton. The Women. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1996.
“Stokely Carmichael Speaks on Black Power in Detroit, July 30, 1966.” Pan African News Wire, June 15, 2006.
Calamur, Krishnadev. “Muhammad Ali and Vietnam.” The Atlantic, June 4, 2016.
Baldwin, James. “Down at the Cross: Letter from a Region in My Mind.” The Fire Next Time. New York: Dell Publishing Co., Inc. 1963.
Reuss, Alejandro. “That ’70s Crisis.” Dollars & Sense, November 9, 2009.
Carter, D. Swanson. Numbers Gambling: The Negro’s Illegal Response to Status Discrimination in American Society. Master of Arts thesis, Department of Sociology, Wayne State University, 1970.
Chapter Four
Sugrue, J. Thomas. The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996
Smith, Suzanne E. Dancing in the Street: Motown and the Cultural Politics of Detroit. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.
History Channel, History.com, Vietnam War Timeline.
“Fountainebleau, Herald Agree On Dismissal.” Miami Herald, April 21, 1968.
PART II: HEY, YOU NEVER KNOW
Chapter Five
George, Felicia. Numbers and Neighborhoods: Seeking and Selling the American Dream in Detroit One Bet at a Time. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Wayne State University, 2015.
Shafton, Anthony. Dream-Singers: The African American Way with Dreams. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2002.
Wolcott, Victoria W. “Mediums, Messages and Lucky Numbers: African-American Female Spiritualists and Numbers Runners in Interwar Detroit.” The Geography of Identity ed. Yaeger, Patricia. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1996.
White, Shane, Stephen Garton, Stephen Robertson, and Graham White. Playing the Numbers: Gambling in Harlem Between the Wars. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010.
Ricke, Tom. “Numbers Runners Sell Dreams.” Detroit Free Press, March 3, 1972.
Simmons, Zena. “Detroit’s Flamboyant Prophet Jones.” Detroit News, September 12, 1997.
Zonite, Professor. The Original Lucky Three Wise Men Dream Book. Annapolis: Eagle Book Supply Inc., 1972 edition.
The Lucky Red Devil Dream Book, Annapolis: Britt’s Industries. 1981 Edition.
Carlton, Gustav G. Number Gambling: A Study of a Culture Complex. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 1940.
Gibson, Walter B. and Litzka R. Gibson. The Complete Illustrated Book of the Psychic Sciences. New York: Pocket Books, 4th printing, 1969.
Chapter Six
George, Felicia. Numbers and Neighborhoods: Seeking and Selling the American Dream in Detroit One Bet at a Time. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Wayne State University, 2015.
Smith, Suzanne E. Dancing in the Street: Motown and the Cultural Politics of Detroit. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Adcock, Larry and Ralph Nelson. “58 Arrested as Betting Ring is Smashed by FBI in Detroit.” Detroit Free Press, May 12, 1970.
Shanahan, Edward. “Wiretaps Credited in Numbers Raids.” Detroit Free Press, May 12, 1970.
Carlisle, John H. “FBI Seizes 58 in Record Betting Roundup.” Detroit News, May 12, 1970.
Carlisle, John H. “FBI Lists Names in Bets Raid.” Detroit News, May 12, 1970.
Davis, Bridgett. “Write from the Start: My Mother, Fannie Mae Robinson.” Bold as Love Magazine, May 12, 2013.
Helms, Matt. “Detroit Businesswoman Was Devoted to the City.” Detroit Free Press, July 22, 1997.
Ricke, Tom. “Numbers Runners Sell Dreams.” Detroit Free Press, March 5, 1972.
Ricke, Tom. “Numbers’ Golden Era Fades.” Detroit Free Press, Ma
rch 6, 1972.
Ricke, Tom. “Numbers Today: A Tough Job.” Detroit Free Press, March 7, 1972.
Carlisle, John M. “Chancy Games People Play.” Detroit News, May 12, 1970.
“Bankers, Not Runners Real Culprits, Says Detroit Judge Crockett.” Jet Magazine, May 4, 1972.
“New Jersey Lottery Goes Daily; Numbers Racket Is the Target.” Associated Press, November 24, 1972.
Dewey, James. “Voters OK State Lottery.” Detroit Free Press, May 16, 1972.
Vaz, Matthew. “’We Intend To Run It”: Racial Politics, Illegal Gambling, and the Rise of Government Lotteries in the United States, 1960–1985.” The Journal of American History, June 2014.
Michigan’s Official Website, Michigan.Gov/lottery. Michigan Lottery Through the Years.
Schuster, Gary F. “State’s 1st Lottery Drawing Set for Nov. 24 at Cobo Arena.” Detroit News, October 27, 1972.
Schuster, Gary F. “1st Winning Lottery Numbers.” Detroit News, November 24, 1972.
Annual State Lottery Report 1973, State of Michigan Bureau of State Lottery.
“Favorite People Present at Bridgett’s Sweet 16 Party.” Michigan Chronicle, June 5, 1976.
Chapter Seven
Smith, Suzanne E. Dancing in the Street: Motown and the Cultural Politics of Detroit. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Morrison, Toni. Conversations with Toni Morrison, editor, Danille Taylor-Guthrie, Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1994.
George, Felicia. Numbers and Neighborhoods: Seeking and Selling the American Dream in Detroit One Bet at a Time. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Wayne State University, 2015.
Bro, Harmon H. Edgar Cayce on Dreams. New York: Warner Books, 1968.
Baker, Jean-Claude and Chris Chase. Josephine: The Hungry Heart. New York: Random House, 1993.
Hertz, Daniel. “You’ve Probably Never Heard of One of the Worst Supreme Court Decisions.” Washington Post, July 24, 2014.
Young, Coleman and Lonnie Wheeler. Hard Stuff: The Autobiography of Coleman Young. New York: Viking, 1994.
1973 Annual Report, State of Michigan Bureau of State Lottery.
Photograph of Hermus Millsap, Michigan’s first million-dollar lottery winner, February 22, 1973. UPI.
Photograph of Christeen Ferizis, Michigan’s second million-dollar lottery winner, April 6, 1973. UPI.
1977 Annual Report, State of Michigan Bureau of State Lottery.
Ad for Michigan Daily 3 Lottery, Detroit Free Press, June 9, 1977.
Watson, Susan. “If You Dream of Winning, They’ve Got Your Number.” Detroit Free Press, June 12, 1977.
PART III: LIVING TAKES GUTS
Chapter Eight
1977 Annual Report, State of Michigan Bureau of State Lottery.
DisasterCenter.com—Michigan Population and Number of Crimes 1960–2015.
Stahl, Kenneth. The Great Rebellion: A Socio-economic Analysis of the Detroit Riot. Livonia: Stahl, 2009.
National Institutes of Health, Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools (RePORT), Research Timelines: Hypertension (High Blood Pressure), Fact Sheet.
Jangi, Sushrut, Dr. “Medicine Has a Long History of Failing Black People: Let’s Change That.” Perspective Magazine, November 2, 2016.
Chapter Nine
George, Felicia. Numbers and Neighborhoods: Seeking and Selling the American Dream in Detroit One Bet at a Time. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Wayne State University, 2015.
1978 Annual Report, State of Michigan Bureau of State Lottery.
Schultz, David Andrew. Property, Power, and American Democracy. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1992.
“State Welfare Cases Increase By 40,000.” Detroit Free Press, November 20, 1980.
DisasterCenter.com – Michigan Population and Number of Crimes 1960-2015
“Detroit Mayor’s Bid for Casinos on Island In River No Sure Bet.” Associated Press, July 28, 1988.
Woutat, Donald and William Vance. “Chrysler Swings US Aid Deal.” Detroit Free Press, May 11, 1980.
Burnstein, Scott. “The Drug Wars Part I.” The Gangster Report, July 2014.
Michigan’s Official Website, Michigan.Gov/lottery. Michigan Lottery Through The Years.
Rubenstein, Nathan. “The Daily Dream Machine.” Detroit News Magazine, May 27, 1979.
Brodersen, Elizabeth (publications editor). Words on Plays: Lackwanna Blues. American Conservatory Theater, 2002.
Stroot, Bradley. “Devils Night: On the Rebellious History of Halloween.” Mask Magazine, Maskmag.org, The Asylum Issue, October 2015.
Flanigan, Brian. “21 Locations Hit by Cops in Numbers Raid.” Detroit Free Press, November 10, 1982.
Russell, Kim. “What Percentage of Lottery Money Goes to Michigan Schools?” WXYZ.com, February 12, 2016.
Chapter Ten
Butterworth, Eric. The Universe Is Calling: Opening to the Divine Through Prayer. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.
Ferguson, David. “We Don’t ‘Lose’ Our Mothers—The Reality Is More Violent Than That.” The Guardian, March 3, 2016.
Robinson, Fannie D. 617 Crawford, novelette, unpublished.
EPILOGUE
Coy, Peter. “The Big Reason Whites Are Richer Than Blacks in America.” Bloomberg Businessweek, February 8, 2017.
About the Author
Bridgett M. Davis is also the author of two novels, Into the Go-Slow and Shifting Through Neutral. She is writer/director of the award-winning feature film Naked Acts and a creative writing professor at Baruch College, where she’s director of the Sidney Harman Writer-in-Residence Program. Her essays have appeared in the Washington Post, The Millions, Salon, and O, The Oprah Magazine. A graduate of Spelman College and Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism, she lives in Brooklyn with her family. Visit her website at bridgettdavis.com.
Also by Bridgett M. Davis
Into the Go-Slow
Shifting Through Neutral
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The World According to Fannie Davis Page 26