28 Sutton, ‘Sir Thomas Cook’, p. 101–02.
29 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Provenance’, p. 89 n. 87.
30 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Provenance’, p. 89; Hicks, ‘Case of Sir Thomas Cook’, p. 94.
31 Sutton, ‘Sir Thomas Cook’, p. 89–90.
32 E.W. Ives, ‘Markham, Sir John (b. after 1399, d. 1479)’, ODNB, 2004.
33 ‘Household of Queen Margaret of Anjou’, p. 141; Kendall, Richard the Third, p. 79. Kendall also increases the fine from 8,000 marks to a whopping £8,000.
34 Hicks, ‘Case of Sir Thomas Cooke’, p. 95–96; Crawford, The Yorkists, p. 83.
35 Holland, ‘Cook’s Case’, p. 29; Hicks, p. 96.
36 Holland, ‘Cook’s Case’, pp. 34–35.
4 Murder at Coventry
1 Great Chronicle, p. 208.
2 Crowland, p. 115.
3 Weightman, p. 37, 39; Lander, Government and Community, p. 245; Pollard, Warwick, p. 60.
4 Pollard, Warwick, p. 60; Michael Hicks, ‘Neville, George (1432–1476)’, ODNB, 2008.
5 For what follows, see Excerpta Historica, pp. 171–222.
6 Anglo, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Feats of Arms’, p. 275.
7 Anglo, ‘Anglo-Burgundian Feats of Arms’, p. 282.
8 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. I, pp. 424–25, 428–29.
9 Pollard, Warwick, p. 60.
10 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. I, p. 430.
11 Hicks, Warwick, p. 265.
12 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. I, p. 443; Hicks, Warwick, p. 265.
13 For what follows see Phillipps, pp. 327–38; Marche, vol. III, pp. 106–07; Excerpta Historica, 223–39.
14 PL, no. 330, part I, p. 539.
15 PL, no. 330, part I, p. 539.
16 PL, no. 236, part I, p. 396.
17 Marche, vol. III, p. 199.
18 PL, no. 330, part I, p. 539; Michael K. Jones, ‘Beaufort, Edmund, Styled Third Duke of Somerset (c.1438–1471)’, ODNB, online edition, May 2009.
19 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. I, p. 481.
20 Kleineke, pp. 95–96.
21 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. 1, p. 454; Anales Rerum Anglicarum, pp. 789–90; Great Chronicle, p. 207.
22 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. I, pp. 481–82.
23 Hicks, Wars of the Roses, p. 190.
24 Dockray, ‘Yorkshire Rebellions’, p. 255; Ashdown-Hill, ‘Walsingham’, p. 4.
25 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. I, p. 482–83.
26 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. I, p. 492; Ashdown-Hill, p. 14.
27 Dockray, ‘Yorkshire Rebellions’, pp. 252–54; Pollard, Warwick, p. 65; Hicks, Warwick, pp. 275–76.
28 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. I, p. 493–95;
29 Warkworth, p. 46–51.
30 Ross, Edward IV, p. 71; R.A. Griffiths, ‘Herbert, William, First Earl of Pembroke (c.1423–1469)’, ODNB, January 2008.
31 Michael Hicks, ‘Stafford, Humphrey, Earl of Devon (c. 1439–1469)’, ODNB, January 2008.
32 Rosemary Horrox, ‘Fogge, Sir John (b. in or before 1417, d. 1490)’, ODNB, January 2008.
33 Ross, Edward IV, p. 80.
34 Pollard, Warwick, p. 65.
35 For what follows see Lewis, pp. 100–04; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 130–32.
36 For what follows see Harrod, pp. 32–36.
37 Lewis, p. 101; Ross, Edward IV, p. 132; Warkworth, pp. 6–7.
38 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. 1, p. 497 n. 4; Waurin, vol. 5, p. 580.
39 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. 1, p. 493; Waurin, vol. 5, p. 580.
40 Coventry Leet Book, p. 346; Waurin, vol. 5, p. 580.
41 Moreton, p. 64.
42 TNA: KB 27/836 m. 61d.
43 History of the County of Derby, vol. 2, pp. 80–81.
44 Eton College Archives: ECR 60/3/2; Waurin, vol. 5, p. 581.
45 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. 1, p. 498 n. 2.
46 Milan, 16 August 1469, no. 173.
47 Hicks, Warwick, p. 277.
48 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. 1, pp. 500–01.
49 Kleineke, p. 99.
50 Kleineke, pp. 99–100; Ross, Edward IV, p. 135.
51 Moreton, p. 63–65.
5 Witchcraft and Sorcery
1 CPR, 1467–77, pg. 190.
2 Sutton, ‘Sir Thomas Cook’, p. 103.
3 For Joan, see ‘Captivity of a Royal Witch’.
4 For Eleanor see Griffiths, King and Country, pp. 233–52; Freeman, ‘Sorcery at Court’.
5 Sutton, ‘Sir Thomas Cook’, p. 103; Pascual, ‘Jaquetta of Luxembourg’, p. 85.
6 Warkworth, p. 7; TNA: KB 27/836 m. 61d.
7 Leland, ‘Witchcraft and the Woodvilles’, p. 272.
8 Rotuli Parliamentorum, vol. VI, p. 232. This source gives the date as 20 January; CPR, 1467–77, pg. 190 gives the date as 19 January.
9 CPR, 1467–77, pg. 190.
10 Rotuli Parliamentorum, vol. VI, p. 232. Thomas Wake does not seem to have suffered for his role in accusing the duchess or in murdering her husband and son; he died in 1476. Hampton, ‘Roger Wake of Blisworth’, p. 156.
11 PROME, January 1485, item 1 [5]. The issue of whether Elizabeth might have used astrology to forecast Richard’s death, as hinted at in a letter by the soon-to-be king, will be dealt with in Chapter 11.
12 Hughes, Arthurian Myths and Alchemy, p. 196.
13 Pascual, ‘Jacquetta of Luxembourg’, p. 87.
14 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Richard III’s Books, pp. 224–25, 236,
15 Hughes, Arthurian Myths and Alchemy, pp. 172–73; Rous, Rous Rolls, no. 18.
16 Coventry Leet Book, p. 393.
17 Fabyan, p. 654.
18 Hampton, ‘Witchcraft and the Sons of York’, pp. 173–75.
19 Carson, p. 118.
20 Freeman, ‘Sorcery at Court and Manor’, p. 346.
21 Freeman, ‘Sorcery at Court and Manor’, p. 346, 349, 350.
6 Exile and Sanctuary
1 PL, no. 245, part I, p. 410.
2 Hicks, Warwick, p. 280.
3 Moreton, ‘Anthony Woodville’, pp. 64–65.
4 Warkworth, p. 9.
5 TNA: KB 27/836 m. 61d; Scofield, Edward IV, vol. I, p. 522.
6 Hicks, Warwick, pp. 287–89.
7 Hicks, Warwick, p. 287; Scofield, Edward IV, pp. 521, 526–27.
8 TNA: KB 27/836 m. 61d.
9 Ross, Edward IV, p. 146
10 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. I, p. 530 (citing Lettres de Louis XI, IV, 131).
11 Hicks, Warwick, p. 296.
12 Haward, p. 179; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 152–53; Coventry Leet Book, pp. 358–59. Edward’s younger brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, probably arrived in Holland at a later date. Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard Was Late’, pp. 616–17.
13 Sharpe, London and the Kingdom, vol. III, pp. 385–86; Chronicles of London, p. 182; Warkworth, p. 13; PL, no. 345, part I, p. 564.
14 Original Letters, second series, vol. I, pp. 141–42.
15 Scofield, ‘Elizabeth Wydevile in the Sanctuary at Westminter, 1470’, p. 91; Scofield, Edward IV, vol. I, p. 546.
16 Chronicles of London, p. 183; Scofield, Edward IV, vol. 1, p. 546; Hicks, Edward V, p. 54.
17 CPR 1467–1477, p. 228.
18 Hammond, Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, p. 52–54; Calmette and Perinelle, pp. 321–23.
19 Hammond, Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, p. 58; Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV, pp. 2–3.
20 Haward, p. 179.
21 Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV, p. 17.
22 Kleineke, ‘Gerhard von Wesel’s Newsletter’, p. 80; Anchiennes Chroniques, vol. III, p. 211; Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV, p. 34.
23 Hammond, Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, p. 74.
24 Kleineke, p. 81
25 Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV, p. 21–23.
26 Hammond, Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, pp. 105–07.
27 The following is taken from Hammond, Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, pp. 107–08; Scofield, Edward IV, vol. 1, pp. 591–92.
28 Hist
orie of the Arrivall of Edward IV, p. 37.
29 Crowland, p. 129.
30 Political Poems and Songs, vol. II, pp. 278–79.
31 Hammond, Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, pp. 108–13.
32 Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV, p. 38.
7 A Woodville Abroad
1 PL, no. 373, part I, pp. 566–67.
2 Grummitt, p. 154; Scofield, Edward IV, vol. II, p. 4.
3 PL, no. 350, part I, p. 570; no. 262, part I, p. 440; no. 266, part I, p. 446.
4 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. II, pp. 31–32, 33–34; CPR, 1467–1477, p. 339; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 206–07; PL, no. 269, part. I, p. 450.
5 Ames and Herbert, vol. 1, p. 61.
6 TNA: C 142/1/36 (Cambridge); C 142/1/37 (Hertford); C 142/1/38 (Norfolk); C 142/1/39 (Suffolk).
7 ‘Household of Queen Margaret of Anjou’, p. 182 n.1.
8 TNA: C 142/1/36 (Cambridge); C 142/1/37 (Hertford); C 142/1/38 (Norfolk); C 142/1/39 (Suffolk).
9 PL, no. 90, part I, p. 165.
10 PL, no. 574, part II, p. 175.
11 See Chapter 1.
12 Coronation of Elizabeth of Wydeville, p. 46.
13 Harvey, p. 81.
14 Griffiths, p. 707, n.108.
15 English Chronicle, p. 96.
16 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. I, p. 92.
17 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. I, p. 92; English Chronicle, p. 98.
18 Pidgeon, part 2, pp. 30, 35.
19 Manuscripts of the Corporations of Southampton and Kings Lynn, pp. 224–25.
20 Crawford, Household Books, pt. I, pp. 281, 480–82; Crawford, Yorkist Lord, pp. 41–42, 156.
21 Myers, ‘Household of Queen Margaret of Anjou’, p. 288.
22 Pidgeon, part 2, p. 35. The heirs in 1485 were John de Vere, Earl of Oxford, returned home after a long exile and imprisonment, and William Tyndale. James Ross, John de Vere, p. 91.
23 Blomefield, vol. 9, p. 26. As Blomefield confuses Anthony’s brother Richard with his brother Edward, and has Anthony attempting to make a Scottish marriage several years after the match in question was suggested, his account is not entirely trustworthy; however, the identity of Anthony’s mistress does not appear to have been questioned. H.T. Evans identifies Gwenllian as William’s daughter and as Anthony’s mistress but does not name Gwenllian’s mother. Evans, p. 142 n.7.
24 Barnwell, p. 32. Barnwell gives no source for the deed.
25 Alasdair Hawkyard, ‘Poyntz, Sir Robert (b. late 1440s, d. 1520)’, ODNB, January 2008; TNA: E 315/486/57.
26 PROB 11/8; Pidgeon, part 2, p. 43.
27 Pidgeon, ‘Antony Wydeville’, part 2, p. 41.
28 See Appendix. Poyntz himself would remain loyal to his wife’s Woodville relations; he joined the rebellion against Richard III a few months after Anthony’s death and fought for Henry Tudor at Bosworth in 1485.
29 Calendar of Papal Registers, 1476. 5 Kal, May (27 April), St. Peter’s, Rome (f. 99v.).
30 TNA: PROB 11/8; Pidgeon, pp. 43, 45.
31 Edward’s younger brother Richard had been born at Shrewsbury on 17 August 1473.
32 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. II, p. 5; H.T. Evans, p. 116.
33 Lowe, ‘Patronage and Politics’, pp. 556–61.
34 PL, no. 273, part 1, p. 456.
35 For what follows see Orme, ‘The Education of Edward V’.
36 Mancini, pp. 67–69; Lowe, Patronage and Politics, pp. 553–54; Ives, 216–25.
37 Friedrichs, p. 222.
38 Hicks, ‘Changing Role of the Wydevilles’, p. 83.
39 Lowe, ‘Patronage and Politics’, p. 553.
40 For what follows see Ross, Edward IV, pp. 205–38; Scofield, Edward IV,vol. II, pp. 113–51.
41 Edward V’s French Expedition, pp. 1V–2R, 7–10, 15–19.
42 Ross, Edward IV, p. 237.
43 Milan, 1 October 1475, no. 315.
44 Prologues and Epilogues of William Caxten, p. 38.
45 Calendar of Papal Registers, vol. 13, Lateran Regesta 762: 1475–76, 1716; 5 Kal. May (27 April), f. 99v.
46 Milan, 7 March 1476, no. 324.
47 PL, no. 298, part 1, p. 494.
48 Venice, 10 May 1476, no. 454.
49 Venice, 13 May 1476, no. 455.
50 Milan, 9 June 1476, no. 339, 11 June 1476, no. 340.
8 Pomp and Printing
1 TNA: C 140/42/49.
2 Calendar of Close Rolls, 1476–1485, p. 194.
3 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Royal Funerals, p. 4 & n.6.
4 For the following see English Historical Literature, pp. 382–88.
5 The Duchess of Exeter’s Lancastrian husband, Henry Holland, seriously wounded at the battle of Barnet, was a prisoner in the Tower. The future Richard III, who would execute three of the guests and force two of the others into sanctuary in 1483, was not named among those at table.
6 Hicks, Edward V, p. 63.
7 Vale, ‘Louis de Bruges’, p. 119. Sir Guichard d’Angle was made Earl of Huntingdon in 1377.
8 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Royal Funerals, p. 4 & n.6.
9 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. II, p. 60.
10 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. II, p. 117.
11 Shaw, Knights of England, pp. 136–37. Poignantly, Thomas Vaughan, chamberlain to Prince Edward, was also made a Knight of the Bath; he and his fellow knight, Richard Grey, would die together at Pontefract eight years later.
12 Excerpta Historica, pp. 371–72, 373
13 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. II, p. 163.
14 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Reburial, pp. 7–28.
15 Griffiths in Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Royal Funerals, pp. 47–49.
16 For Caxton’s arrival in England and the chronology of his publications, see Hellinga, Caxton in Focus, pp. 80–83.
17 Hellinga, Caxton in Focus, pp. 42–43.
18 Hellinga, Caxton in Focus, p. 84.
19 A. W. Pollard, Fifteenth Century Prose and Verse, p. 204. For translators in the fifteenth century, see Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Choosing a Book’, pp. 68–69.
20 Ames and Herbert, vol. 2, p. 65.
21 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard III’s Books: XI Ramon Lull’s Order of Chivalry’, p. 297.
22 Prologues and Epilogues, pp. 20–22.
23 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard III’s Books’, pp. 113–14; Hellinga, Caxton in Focus, pp. 84–86.
24 Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard III’s Books’, p. 114. The Duke of Clarence may have been a patron of Caxton’s before the printer moved to England. Hellinga, p. 31.
25 Hellinga, p. 77; Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard III’s Books’, p. 297.
26 For what follows see Illustrations, pp. 27–40. For Anne Mowbray’s background see Colin Richmond, ‘Mowbray, John (VII), fourth Duke of Norfolk (1444–1476)’, ODNB, 2006.
9 The Downfall of a Duke
1 The dispute has been covered extensively, especially by Michael Hicks. A good summary can be found in his ‘Descent, Partition and Extinction’, pp. 327–33.
2 Hicks, Anne Neville, p. 104.
3 Crowland, p. 133.
4 Hicks, Anne Neville, p. 143; Clarke, ‘English Royal Marriages’, p. 1023. The dispensation was discovered only recently and thus is spoken of as being nonexistent in a number of sources published before 2005.
5 PL, part I, p. 447, no. 267.
6 Hicks, ‘Descent, Partition and Extinction’, p. 328; False, Fleeting, Perjur’d Clarence, p. 116.
7 PL, part I, p. 464, no. 277; Hicks, False, Fleeting, Perjur’d Clarence, pp. 121–22.
8 Hicks, False, Fleeting, Perjur’d Clarence, pp. 128, 130, 138.
9 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. II, pp. 184–86; Ross, Edward IV, pp. 250–51, Commynes, vol. II, p. 8.
10 Halliwell, Letters of the Kings of England, vol. I, p. 147.
11 Lander, Crown and Nobility, pp. 247–48; Hicks, False, Fleeting, Perjur’d Clarence, pp. 137–39; Scofield, Edward IV, vol. II, pp. 186–88.
12 Charles Ross, Edward IV, pp. 240–42; Hicks, Clarence,
133–37; Scofield, Edward IV, vol. II, pp. 188–90.
13 PROME, January 1478, Appendix, item 1.
14 Crowland, pp. 145–47.
15 Ross, Edward IV, pp. 242–43; Hicks, False, Fleeting, Perjur’d Clarence, 200–04; CPR, 1476–85, p. 115.
16 Mancini, pp. 63–65.
17 Pollard, ‘Elizabeth Woodville and Her Historians’, p. 156.
18 Mancini, p. 97.
19 PROME, January 1484, item 1 [5].
20 Commynes, vol. II, pp. 63–64.
21 Kendall, pp. 147, 259–60, 532 n.8, 555–56. Notably, Kendall cites Richard’s letter of instructions regarding the Earl of Desmond, discussed in Chapter 3, to support his claim that the Woodvilles procured Clarence’s death, despite the fact that Richard’s letter regarding Desmond never mentions the Woodvilles, explicitly or implicitly.
22 Levine, Tudor Dynastic Problems, p. 30 & n. 66.
23 Kendall, p. 259; Foedora vol. 12, p. 66; Stonor Letters and Papers, vol. II, p. 41–42; CPR, 1476–85, p. 102.
24 CPR, 1476–85, pp. 553–54.
25 Charles Ross, Edward IV, pp. 253–54; Scofield, Edward IV, vol. II, p. 245 & n. 4.
26 CPR, 1476–85, pp. 553–54, 565–66, 571.
10 Before the Storm
1 For what follows see Scofield, Edward IV, vol. II, pp. 251–53.
2 Records of the Parliament of Scotland.
3 York House Books, vol. I, p. 196.
4 Scofield, Edward IV, vol. II, p. 253.
5 For what follows see Griffiths in Sutton and Visser-Fuchs, Royal Funerals, pp. 47–53.
6 Kendall, pp. 197, 254.
7 Calendar of Papal Registers, vol. 13, 7 January 1482.
8 John A.F. Thomson, ‘Woodville, Lionel (c. 1454–1484)’, ODNB September 2011.
9 PL, vol. I, p. 645, no. 403.
10 Davis, William Waynflete, p. 33.
11 Calendar of Papal Registers, vol. 13, 14 July 1479.
12 English Historical Documents, p. 903.
13 Morant, History and Antiquities of the County of Essex, vol. I, p. 252.
14 Pidgeon, ‘Anthony Wydeville’, part 2, p. 20; Scott, part 2, p. 170
The Woodvilles: The Wars of the Roses and England's Most Infamous Family Page 27