11. BIZ, 2 December 1893 (no. 7), p. 2.
12. Otto (anon.), Die Verbrecherwelt von Berlin, p. 174.
13. Ibid., pp. 175–77.
14. Large, Berlin, pp. 9–10.
15. Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, p. 77.
16. Hamilton, My Yesterdays, p. 13.
17. Brunn, Metropolis Berlin, pp. 34–35.
18. Vizetelly, Berlin Under the New Empire, 1: 181.
19. Edinburgh official James Pollard lauded the Berlin City Council in a series of newspaper essays later published as A Study in Municipal Government.
20. Twain, The Complete Essays of Mark Twain, pp. 87–89. For the travel literature comparing Berlin and Chicago see Jazbinsek and Thies, eds., Embleme der Moderne. In 1903 Berlin sociologist and university professor Georg Simmel published his seminal essay “The Metropolis and Mental Life,” which fittingly provided inspiration for the American school of urban sociology at the University of Chicago.
21. Craig, Germany, pp. 38–60.
22. Richie, Faust’s Metropolis, pp. 142–52.
23. Hall, Cities in Civilization, p. 377.
24. Richie, Faust’s Metropolis, pp. 144–45.
25. Werner Hegemann, Das steinerne Berlin: Geschichte der größten Mietskasernenstadt der Welt (Berlin, 1930).
26. Bebel, Aus meinem Leben, vol. 2, p. 125.
27. LAB, A Rep. 000-02-01: no. 2020, fol. 55; no. 2022, fols. 3r–v.
28. Pollard, A Study in Municipal Government, pp. 35–39; Goschler, Rudolf Virchow.
29. Huard, Berlin comme je l’ai vue, p. 30.
30. Read and Fisher, Berlin, p. 128; Large, Berlin, p. 26.
31. While Berlin’s constabulary was reorganized several times throughout the nineteenth century, its basic structure had been established by 1850 and remained largely unaltered up to 1933. See the excellent study by Jens Dobler, Zwischen Duldwigspolitik und Verbrechensbekämpfung, (Frankfurt, 2008).
32. Fosdick, European Police Systems, p. 27.
33. The best accounts come from French observers intrigued by the reputation of Berlin’s homosexual community. In his 1904 study, Oscar Méténier offered his French readers a brief description of the Berlin task force assigned to monitoring the homosexual community: see Vertus et Vices allemands, pp. 112–13. Two French journalists, Henri de Weindel and F. P. Fischer, published a more extensive study in 1908 that periodized the development of Berlin’s policing policies. See L’Homosexualité en Allemagne, pp. 81–96. See also Ostwald, Männliche Prostitution, p. 18.
34. Dobler, Zwischen Duldungspolitik und Verbrechensbekämpfung, pp. 35–36.
35. Paul Lindenberg, “Das Berliner Criminalmuseum und das Verbrecheralbum,” Leipziger Illustrierte Zeitung, 25 May 1895 (no. 2708), pp. 611–13; Dobler, Zwischen Duldungspolitik und Verbrechensbekämpfung, pp. 150–52.
36. See the essays in Jane Caplan, ed., Documenting Individual Identity, and especially Jane Caplan, “ ‘This or That Particular Person’: Protocols of Identification in Nineteenth Century Europe,” pp. 63–98.
37. Dobler, Zwischen Duldwigspolitik und Verbrechensbekämpfung, pp. 219–37.
38. During the 1869 trial of the alleged sexual deviant Carl von Zastrow, who was convicted of raping and mutilating a young boy, Berlin press reports mentioned the Päderastenlist maintained by the police.
39. Ibid., pp. 146–56.
40. Quoted from The Cloister (New York, 1969), pp. 12–13. Michael Meyer dates the Berlin ball to February 23, 1893; see Strindberg: A Biography (Oxford, 1985), p. 245.
41. Moll’s subtitle, Mit Benutzung amtlichen Materials (With the use of official documents), indicated his access to official police documents from the Berlin police headquarters, for which he explicitly thanked Hüllessem. See Die conträre Sexualempfindung, pp. vii–viii. The work was published in a third edition by 1899. Moll completed his medical degree under Rudolf Virchow at the University of Berlin. At the beginning of the twentieth century, he was considered a leading German psychiatrist. See Sigusch, ed., Geschichte der Sexualwissenschaft, p. 209.
42. Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia sexualis, p. 428.
43. Dobler, Zwischen Duldungspolitik und Verbrechensbekämpfung, pp. 249–56.
44. The titles are too numerous to review here, but of particular note are the fifty volumes in Hans Ostwald’s “Großstadt-Dokumente,” devoted primarily to Berlin’s seamy underbelly and published between 1904 and 1908. See Thies, Ethnograph des dunklen Berlin.
45. In the book’s foreword, Moll thanked Glaser—identifying him by the pseudonym “N. N.”—as an “Urning” and expert. See Die conträre Sexualempfindung, pp. vii–viii, and Friedländer, “Aus dem homosexuellen Lebens Alt-Berlins,” pp. 61–62.
46. Joux, Die Enterbten des Liebesglückes, pp. 99–100, 123–24, 173, 178–79, 204, 221–26. See also Lehmstedt, Bücher für das “dritte Geschlecht,” pp. 47–50.
47. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, pp. 682–83.
48. Flexner, Prostitution in Europe, p. 31.
49. Friedländer, “Aus dem homosexuellen Leben Alt-Berlins,” p. 56.
50. Although Hannemann gave up the address in 1912, he opened a second bar in a new location in 1913, and had moved again by 1919 to a third venue, which he ran until at least 1928. Die Fanfare 39 (1924), and Anon., Das perverse Berlin, p. 130.
51. Anon., Das perverse Berlin, pp. 133–34.
52. Anon., Das perverse Berlin, p. 133–34; Dobler, Zwischen Duldungspolitik, pp. 373–74.
53. Anon., Das perverse Berlin, p. 139.
54. Ostwald, Männliche Prostitution, p. 85.
55. Anon., Das perverse Berlin, pp. 35–36.
56. Kleine Presse, 15 October 1905 (no. 243).
57. Anon., Das perverse Berlin, pp. 112–14.
58. Szittya, Das Kuriositäten-Kabinett (Constance, 1923), p. 67.
59. Friedländer, “Aus dem homosexuellen Leben Alt-Berlins,” p. 64; Dobler, Zwischen Duldungspolitik, pp. 373–74.
60. See Ulrichs, Memnon (Leipzig, 1868), pp. 77–78.
61. See Friedländer, “Aus dem homosexuellen Leben Alt-Berlins,” pp. 45–63.
62. Otto, Die Verbrecherwelt von Berlin, p. 175; Moll, Conträre Sexualempfindung, p. 84; Lindenberg, Berliner Polizei und Verbrechertum, pp. 105–06; Joux, Die Enterbten des Liebesglückes, p. 183; Hirschfeld, Berlins drittes Geschlecht, pp. 103–11; Ostwald, Männliche Prostitution, pp. 9–12.
63. “Polizei-Verordnung über öffentliche Lustbarkeiten,” Ministerial-Blatt für die gesammte innere Verwaltung in den Königlich Preußischen Staate 45, no. 8 (1884): 213; Friedrich Retzlaff, Vorschriften über den Geschäftsbetrieb der Immobilien-Makler, Trödler, Gesindevermieter und Stellenvermittler, Theater-Agenten… (Recklinghausen, 1906), pp. 39–40.
64. Friedländer, “Aus dem homosexuellen Leben Alt-Berlins,” pp. 60–61.
65. Dobler, Zwischen Duldungspolitik und Verbrechensbekämpfung, pp. 348–54.
66. Konstantin Grell, “Männliche Prostitution,” Die Kritik: Wochenschaue des öffentlichen Lebens 2, no. 30 (27 April 1895): 788.
67. The article is reprinted in Ostwald, Männliche Prostitution, pp. 65–68.
68. BMp, 17 October 1899 (no. 244).
69. Méténier, Vertus et Vices allemands, pp. 85–87.
70. Schoenaich (pseudo.), Mein Damaskus, p. 76.
71. Friedel, Briefe über die Galanterien von Berlin, pp. 171–72.
72. Otto, Die Verbrecherwelt von Berlin, pp. 173–76; Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, pp. 696–97.
73. Flexner, Prostitution in Europe, 1914), p. 31.
74. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, p. 698.
75. Hiller, Leben gegen die Zeit, vol. 2, pp. 27–28.
76. LAB A Pr. Br. Rep. 030 Nr. 18659—“Benutzung der Wege und Plätze im Tiergarten und Besprengung derselben” (unfol.).
77. A policy adapted from the French and described as “regulationism.” See Corbin, Women for Hire: Prostitution and S
exuality in France After 1850 (Cambridge, 1978).
78. Evans, Tales from the German Underworld and “Prostitution, State and Society in Imperial Germany”; Krafft, Zucht und Unzucht; Schulte, Sperrbezirke; Roos, Weimar through the Lens of Gender.
79. See LAB, Pr. Br. Rep 30, tit. 28, no. 731, “Allgemeine Deinstangelegenheiten 1877–1900,” which includes the pamphlet “Die Organisation der Berliner Criminal-Polizei,” fols. 359r–362v.
80. Hiller, Leben gegen die Zeit, pp. 27–28; Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität, pp. 581, 591; Lücke, “Das ekle Geschmeiß,” pp. 157–72.
81. BMp, 6 January 1904 (no. 4).
82. Ibid.
83. Anon., Das perverse Berlin, p. 141.
84. Näcke, “Ein Besuch bei den Homosexuellen in Berlin,” pp. 244–63.
85. Vw, 20 August 1905 (no. 194).
86. DW, 15 May 1905 (no. 134).
87. Der Montag, 14 May 1906 (no. 20).
88. Hirschfeld, Berlins drittes Geschlecht, p. 66.
89. TR, 20 March 1898 (no. 79).
90. McLaren, Sexual Blackmail.
91. Dobler, Zwischen Duldungspolitik, pp. 210–16.
92. Wilhelm Stieber and Hans Schneikert, Praktische Lehrbuch der Kriminalpolizei (Potsdam, 1921), p. 31.
93. Tresckow, Von Fürsten und anderen Sterblichen, pp. 114–16.
94. See Vw, 30 October 1902 (no. 254), and 15 November 1902 (no. 268); Tresckow’s account is in Von Fürsten und anderen Sterblichen, pp. 126–29. The literature on the Krupp family and this scandal is voluminous: consider William Manchester, The Arms of Krupp, 1587–1968 (Boston, 1964) or Norbert Muhlen, The Incredible Krupps (New York, 1959).
95. BTb, 29 August 1905 (no. 438); Die Zeit am Montag, 11 September 1905 (no. 37).
96. See Vierteljahrsberichte des Wissenschaftlich-humanitären Komitees 2, no. 4 (July 1911): 373.
97. BTb, 2 November 1904 (no. 258).
98. See Die Zukunft, 2 December 1905 (vol. 52), pp. 311–15; 16 December 1905, pp. 410–12. See also Tresckow, Von Fürsten und anderen Sterblichen, p. 162; Ostwald, Männliche Prostitution, p. 19; Monatsbericht des Wissenschaftlich-humanitären Komitees 4, no. 11 (November 1905): 18, note 19; and JfsZ 8 (1906): 912–17.
99. The best newspaper reports and commentary on Hasse’s case include NZ, 4 January 1905 (no. 8); BMp, 2 March 1905 (no. 52); BVZ, 3 March 1905 (no. 173). The case is also discussed in Ostwald, Männliche Prostitution, pp. 21–27.
100. Ackermann’s father had served in the Reichstag and also as president of the second chamber of the Saxon Diet. Ackermann himself was a decorated veteran of the Franco-Prussian War, and enjoyed close ties to the Royal Wettin Court in Dresden and to conservative Saxon political elites. His wife’s brother, Dr. Otto Mehnert, was president of the second chamber of the Saxon Diet (like Ackermann’s father) and privy councilor to the Saxon king. BVZ, 22 December 1904 (no. 600); Vw, 17 March 1905 (no. 67).
101. BMp, 24 November 1904 (no. 276); TR, 11 December 1904 (no. 581).
102. BMp, 2 October 1906 (no. 230).
103. BTb, 16 January 1911 (no. 28).
104. BVZ, 24 August 1909 (no. 393).
105. NdAZ, 11 November 1904 (no. 266).
106. NZ, 9 February 1907 (no. 67).
107. BVZ, 5 May 1906 (no. 208); NdAZ, 6 May 1906 (no. 105); BMp, 5 May 1906 (no. 104).
108. BTb, 20 July 1910 (no. 362).
109. BTb, 21 January 1908 (no. 36).
110. BTb, 21 August 1905 (no. 424); see also the description of Café Kranzler in “Die Kranzlerecke,” Die große Glocke, 20 March 1907 (no. 12).
111. Vw, 7 December 1906 (no 285).
112. BTb, 16 December 1913 (no. 637).
113. BMp, 2 June 1899 (no. 127).
114. NZ, 24 September 1909 (no. 447).
115. DW, 23 April 1905 (no. 117); BLA, 9 May 1905 (no. 221); Vw, 3 June 1905 (no. 128).
116. DP, 23 April 1908 (no. 190).
117. BTb, 15 January 1909 (no. 25).
118. Vw, 11 June 1905 (no. 135).
119. BBC, 23 May 1912 (no. 239).
120. BVZ, 30 December 1909 (no. 609).
121. BTb, 18 May 1913 (no. 246).
122. BTb, 2 July 1910 (no. 330).
123. DW, 23 April 1905 (no. 117); BLA, 9 May 1905 (no. 221); Vw, 3 June 1905 (no. 128); Vw, 11 June 1905 (no. 135); BLA, 9 January 1907 (no. 14); DTz, 4 May 1910 (no. 205); BTb, 16 January 1911 (no. 28); BTb, 11 October 1913 (no. 517).
124. Vw, 11 June 1905 (no. 135); BLA, 4 April 1908 (no. 175); Tresckow, Von Fürsten und anderen Sterblichen, pp. 42, 67–68, 103.
125. DW, 23 April 1905 (no. 117).
126. BLA, 6 March 1914 (no. 123).
127. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, p. 897.
128. Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Berlin, 1906–12.
129. Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Berlin, 1876–1918.
130. Hirschfeld, Berlins drittes Geschlecht, p. 133.
131. Ostwald, Männliche Prostitution, p. 18.
132. Die Freundschaft, January 1920 (no. 2–3). See also Dobler, “Dr. Heinrich Kopp.”
133. A second bar, Little Salvator’s, a few blocks south of Seeger’s Restaurant, was closed by the police in 1892 for attracting male patrons who prostituted themselves in women’s clothing. The locale appears to have been targeted as a center for prostitution, however, and not as a homosexual locale per se. See JfsZ 2 (1900): 330; 3 (1901): 559. See also Dobler, Zwischen Duldungspolitik, pp. 362–63.
134. GStPrK: I. HA Rep. 77, Ministerium des Innern, tit. 423, no. 102, fol. 6.
135. Ibid., fols. 7r–8v.
CHAPTER THREE The First Homosexual Rights Movement and the Struggle to Shape Identity
1. Hirschfeld provided an account of the meeting in his memoir published in installments in Die Freundschaft (1922–23) and reprinted as Von einst bis jetzt, p. 54. Jens Dobler argues that Hüllessem might have attended the meeting in Zwischen Duldungspolitik (Frankfurt, 2008), p. 246. See also Dobler, “Nicht nur Verfolgung” and “Zum Verhältnis der Sexualwissenschaft und der homosexuellen Emanzipationsbewegung zur Polizei in Berlin,” pp. 329–36. For other accounts of the meeting, see Lehmstedt, Bücher für das “dritte Geschlecht,” pp. 75–77; and Keilson-Lauritz, Die Geschichte der eigenen Geschichte, pp. 30–31.
2. Steakley, “Per scientiam ad justitiam.”
3. See the biographical sketches of Bloch and Eulenburg in Sigusch and Grau, eds. Personenlexikon, 52–61, 148–57.
4. For Hirschfeld’s calculations of the number of potential sexual variations, see Transvestites: The Erotic Drive to Cross-Dress, pp. 224–27.
5. Keilson-Lauritz, Die Geschichte der eigenen Geschichte, pp. 40–60.
6. Krafft-Ebing, Der Conträrsexuale vor dem Strafrichter, p. 3.
7. Lehmstedt, Bücher für das “dritte Geschlecht,” pp. 117–19.
8. Ibid., pp. 118–25.
9. See the SHC newsletter, Monatsbericht des Wissenschaftlich-humanitären Komitees 3, no. 11 (1 November 1904): 7–8.
10. Lehmstedt, Bücher für das “dritte Geschlecht,” pp. 77–85.
11. Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, p. 974.
12. Stark, Banned in Berlin, pp. 22–35.
13. Lehmstedt, Bücher für das “dritte Geschlecht,” p. 147.
14. Spohr published four of Carpenter’s works in German translation, including Homogenic Love in 1895—see ibid., pp. 58–61, 202–03.
15. Myers, Censorship and the Control of Print in England and France, 1600–1910, pp. 245–46.
16. British Medical Journal 1 (24 June 1893): 325.
17. Quoted from Ellis’s autobiography, My Life: Autobiography of Havelock Ellis (Boston, 1939), p. 367.
18. Burnet, “Some Aspects of Neurasthenia.”
19. Myers, Censorship and the Control of Print in England and France, 1600–1910; Stora-Lamarre, L’enfer de la IIIe République.
20. Artieres, “What Criminals Think about Criminology,” pp. 363–75.
21.
Revenin, Homosexualité et prostitution masculines à Paris 1870–1918, pp. 180–89.
22. KI, Hirschfeld Scrapbook, box 2, folder 6, “Monatsbericht Januar 1903”; Monatsbericht, 1 March 1906 (no. 3); and 1 November 1906 (no. 11).
23. KI, Hirschfeld Scrapbook, box 3, folder 1, no. 145, “11. Halbjahrs-Konferenz des wissenschaftlich-humanitären Komitees” (ms., 30 pages).
24. Ibid., pp. 3–9.
25. Ibid., pp. 10–11.
26. Ibid., pp. 17–18, 20–21.
27. Ibid., pp. 19–20.
28. Ibid., pp. 21.
29. Ibid., pp. 21–22.
30. Hirschfeld, “Das Ergebnis der statistischen Untersuchungen über den Prozentsatz der Homosexuellen,” JfsZ 6 (1904): 109–78.
31. See the press clippings reprinted in Monatsbericht, 1 January 1905 (no.1).
32. Herzer, Magnus Hirschfeld, pp. 56–76.
33. Collections of the various petitions can be found at GStA PK, I. HA Rep. 84a, no. 8097, fols. 119r–120v; BAB R-8071, no. 1; and KI, Hirschfeld Scrapbook, box 1, folder 1, nos. 9, 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d.
34. Kerbs and Reulecke, eds. Handbuch der deutschen Reformbewegungen 1880–1933.
35. Kauffeldt and Cepl-Kaufmann, Berlin-Friedrichshagen.
36. Bab, Die Berliner Boheme, p. 33.
37. See Carlson, Anarchism in Germany, and also Fähnders, Anarchismus und Literatur.
38. For Mackay’s biography, see Solneman, Der Bahnbrecher John Henry Mackay; Kennedy, Anarchist der Liebe; also Riley, Germany’s Poet-Anarchist John Henry Mackay.
39. Fähnders, Anarchismus und Literatur.
40. LAB, A Pr. Br. Rep. 030, tit. 95 [Vereine], no. 15317, “Bund für Menschenrechte. 1904–1906.”
41. Keilson-Lauritz, Die Geschichte der eigenen Geschichte, p. 68.
42. Brand offers his own account of this incident in Der Eigene 3, no. 8–9: 292. See also Herzer, “Max Spohr, Adolf Brand, Bernhard Zack.”
43. The best recent work on German nudism is Möhring, Marmorleiber: Körperbildung in der deutschen Nacktkultur (1890–1930).
44. UT HRC: Ives, George. 1.1. Correspondence, General: Brand, Adolf.
45. Keilson-Lauritz, “Adolf Brand und der Eigene.”
46. Marchand, Down from Olympus.
47. Bab, Die Gleichgeschlechtliche Liebe (Lieblingsminne).
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