The Third Reich
Page 85
Hitler and, 160, 188, 220, 279
and Hitler as head of coalition government, 229–30
Hitler’s chancellorship and, 177–79, 218–26
Hitler’s meetings with, 206–8, 215–17, 219, 220
Hitler’s refusal to enter cabinet of, 176–80, 188–91
Hugenberg and, 215, 221
Jews associated with, 186
Marburg speech of, 278–80
Nazis and, 161–62
Night of Long Knives and, 281, 283–85
opposition to, 218–19
political violence and, 181
Reichstag dissolution plan of, 185, 196–97, 217
Reichstag fire and, 241, 243
resignation of, 197
resignation of cabinet of, 196
Ribbentrop’s meeting with, 219–20
Schleicher and, 159, 197, 207, 208, 214, 217, 220
schools and, 301
in Vatican negotiations, 263
Paris, 458–60, 530
Hitler in, 460
Pas-de-Calais, 530
Pastors’ Emergency League, 328
Paulus, Friedrich, 514, 515, 517–18
Peace Resolution, 22
Pearl Harbor, 501
People’s Court, 350, 534–35, 540, 541
Pétain, Philippe, 459, 460
Pfeffer von Salomon, Franz, 87, 116
Picasso, Pablo, 377
Piscator, Erwin, 293
Pius XI, Pope, 325
Pöhner, Ernst, 49
Poland, 362, 387–88, 408, 415, 421, 527, 534, 548
casualties in, 567
Danzig, 33, 424, 425, 429, 433, 435, 436, 438, 439, 442, 447
German invasion of, 424–49, 451, 452, 464, 471
German nonaggression pact with, 372, 424–25
German-Polish Friendship Treaty, 427
ghettos in, 445
Jews in, 425, 443–47
mass shootings of civilians in, 443–45
Soviet Union and, 425, 426, 429, 441
police, 240, 249, 265
auxiliary, 237–38, 268
Communist headquarters raided by, 240, 245–46
denunciations and, 355
Gestapo, see Gestapo
Göring’s control over, 234–36, 240, 241, 246, 270
Reichstag Fire Decree and, 243, 246
SA prisons and, 267
Popitz, Johannes, 535
Potempa, 181–82
Potsdam, 250–53, 258
Pripet Marshes, 472, 474
prisons:
official, 321
of SA, 246, 247, 261, 266–69
see also concentration camps
Probst, Christoph, 533, 535
Proctor, Robert E., 341
propaganda, see Nazi propaganda
property, 85, 86, 104, 136, 333
agricultural, 104, 258
Jews and, 258, 333, 337, 361
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, 503–4
Protestants, 118, 169, 173, 262, 263, 323, 327–28, 533
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 41, 335
Provisional Government, 22
Prussia, 23, 33, 47, 134, 135, 141, 152, 155, 156, 176, 215, 216, 221, 251, 261, 270, 299, 424, 425, 430, 442, 535
civil government purged in, 234, 235, 248
Gestapo in, 277
SA in, 268–69, 277
sterilization in, 338
Prussian Academy of Letters, 293
Prussian referendum, 134–35
Quirnheim, Albrecht Mertz von, 539
Raubal, Geli, 154
race:
ancestry research and, 337–38
Aryan, see Aryan race
breeding and, 304, 308, 334
eugenics and, see eugenics
Hitler on, 334–35, 387
pseudoscientific approach to, 336, 346
racial passports, 337, 340
racial studies, 342–43
radicalization of Nazi policy, 417
war linked to, 369
see also Jews
radio, 238, 308–9
Hitler’s speeches on, 232–33, 238, 309
Raeder, Erich, 386–88, 456–57, 464–65
Rath, Ernst vom, 362–63
Rathenau, Walther, 49
Ravensbrück, 321, 511
Red Flag, 125
Red Front, 88, 124, 125, 152, 155, 160, 161, 163
Regensburg, 552–53
Reich Agricultural League, 205, 206
Reich Association of German Industrialists, 236–37
Reich Church, 263, 327, 328
Reich Citizenship Law, 351
Reichenau, Walter von, 289, 480
Reich Flag Law, 350–51
Reichsbanner, 124, 152, 155, 160, 242
Reichsrat, 254
Reichstag (Nazi Germany), 250, 350–51, 378, 461, 565
first working session of, 253–54
Hitler’s speeches in, 291, 302–3, 419–20, 426–28, 438–39, 461–63
Night of Long Knives and, 286
Reichstag (Weimar Republic), 16–18, 175, 176, 203
electoral system and, 169
Göring assumes presidency of, 184–85
Hindenburg’s decree dissolving, 231
Hitler’s demand for elections for, 215
Nazis’ control of, 123–24
Papen’s desire to dissolve, 185, 196–97
Peace Resolution, 17
Reichstag fire, 240–46, 253
Reichstag Fire Decree, 243–44, 246
Reichswehr, 28, 32, 46, 129
Reich War Flag, 52
Reinhardt, Max, 293
religion, see Christianity
Remarque, Erich Maria, 132, 293, 299
Reynaud, Paul, 457
Rhineland, 33, 39, 85, 132, 272, 466
remilitarization of, 357, 378–79, 400, 440
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 215, 219, 375, 386, 389, 391, 478, 566
Anglo-German Naval Agreement and, 375, 376, 391
Anti-Comintern Pact and, 381, 386
Austria and, 393
Czechoslovakia and, 402, 404, 409, 412–14, 421, 422
and declarations of war against Germany, 440
Hitler and, 391
Hitler’s meeting with Papen at villa of, 215–16, 220
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 430–32, 434, 449, 481
Papen’s meeting with, 219–20
Poland and, 425, 435, 436
Soviet Union and, 430–32
Riefenstahl, Leni, 294, 315
Röhm, Ernst, 43–44, 47, 52, 57, 59, 61, 81–83, 87, 143, 154, 155, 182, 212, 215, 225, 233, 249, 265–67, 269, 275–76
age of, 171
appointed SA chief of staff, 128–29
Blomberg’s meeting with, 276–77
Frontbann of, 81–82
Hitler and, 276–77, 279, 281, 282–84
Hitler’s chancellorship and, 177–79
homosexuality of, 128
major role for SA envisioned by, 265, 276, 277
Night of Long Knives arrest and murder of, 280–88
Strasser and, 199, 280
Romania, 425, 480
Römer, Josef, 532
Rommel, Erwin, 458, 503, 520, 530–31
and conspiracy against Hitler, 538, 540–41
suicide of, 541
Roosevelt, Franklin, 361, 426, 469, 513, 549
death of, 557
Jews and, 426, 502
open letter to Hitler, 426–28
Rosenberg, Alfred, 41, 43, 44, 61, 74, 324, 329, 486–89, 566
age of, 171
The Myth of the Twentieth Century, 123, 324
as NSDAP caretaker, 69
Rostock, 512
Rotterdam, 466
RSHA (Reich Security Main Office), 442, 443, 483, 488, 505, 523
Rundstedt, Gerd von, 452, 454–55, 458, 495, 500, 530–31, 547
Ruppert, Crown Prince of Bavaria, 59
Russia, 34, 41, 85, 86, 210, 430
&n
bsp; see also Soviet Union
Rust, Bernhard, 298, 301–2
Ruthenia, 421, 423
Saar, 347–48, 451
Sachsenhausen, 321, 456, 523
Saefkow, Anton, 532
Schacht, Hjalmar, 139, 237, 255, 352, 382–84, 453
removed from post, 384, 391
Schicklgruber, Maria Ann, 1
Schirach, Baldur von, 305, 323
Schleicher, Kurt von, 108, 141–42, 159, 176–78, 196–98, 204, 211, 216–119, 222–24, 271, 391
as chancellor, 197, 203–9
Eastern Aid program and, 205–6
Hindenburg and, 206, 220
Hindenburg pressed for Reichstag dissolution by, 216–17
Hitler and, 217
Hugenberg and, 214
Nazis and, 157–60
Night of Long Knives murder of, 283, 286, 288
Papen and, 159, 197, 207, 208, 214, 217, 220
Reich Agricultural League and, 205, 206
resignation of, 220, 221
Strasser and, 198, 214
Schlieffen Plan, 453
Schlesinger, Sally, 365
Schmidt, Paul, 406, 408, 415, 440
Schmitt, Carl, 287
Schmorell, Alexander, 533–34
Schnitzler, Arthur, 8
Schoenberg, Arnold, 8
Scholl, Hans, 533–34
Scholl, Sophie, 533–35
Scholtz-Klink, Gertrud, 306, 307
Schönerer, Georg Ritter von, 9–12
schools, see education and schools
Schröder, Kurt von, 206–7, 218
Schulze-Boysen, Haro, 532–33
Schuschnigg, Kurt von, 391–97, 399, 400, 422
Schwarz, Franz Xavier, 190
sculpture, 295
SD (Security Service), 249, 269, 447, 504
Jews and, 358, 360, 368
Poland and, 437–38
Sea Lion, 464–65, 468, 469, 470
Sebastopol, 515
Security Staff, see SS
Seeckt, Hans von, 53
Seisser, Hans Ritter von, 52–58, 63
Seldte, Franz, 135, 221, 222, 237
Seven Years War, 557
Seyss-Inquart, Arthur, 393, 394, 396–98, 566
Shirer, William, 382, 409–11, 438, 459–60
Shock Troop Adolf Hitler, 55, 60, 94
Sicily, 527
Silesia, 180–82, 193–94, 405, 437–38, 442
Sino-Japanese War, 501
Slovakia, 421, 423
Smolensk, 495
Sobibor, 508
Social Democratic Party (SPD), 10–11, 15–17, 22, 23, 48, 92, 94, 104, 107, 109, 118, 120–24, 133, 134, 152, 162, 167, 169, 171, 175, 180–81, 193, 203–5, 213, 234, 247, 254, 259
anti-Semitism and, 167
and elections of 1932, 141, 144, 168
and elections of 1933, 274
Hindenburg’s decree suppressing, 234
Hitler’s view of, 11, 18–20
Nazi government’s suppression of, 234, 240, 247, 251, 261
Jews and, 10–11
Reichsbanner, 124, 152, 155, 160, 242
Reichstag fire and, 242
splitting of, 16
Storm Troopers and, 240, 254–55
underground of (Sopade), 261, 274, 304, 349, 359, 375, 385–86, 396, 401, 405, 424
World War I and, 15
Socialism, 85, 86
Soviet Union, 380, 386, 388, 429–32
Anti-Comintern Pact and, 381, 386
Battle of Stalingrad, 515–18, 520, 521, 535, 556
casualties in, 567
Czechoslovakia and, 401, 403, 416
French pact with, 377–78
German invasion of, 469–90, 493–502
Germans’ massacres in, 483–87
Germans’ plans for administration of territories in, 486–89
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 430–32, 434, 449, 481
Poland and, 425, 426, 429, 441
Red Army, 432–33, 441, 449, 471–74, 476, 480, 495, 497, 499, 501, 514, 527, 549–50, 555, 556, 565
in World War II, 451, 469–90, 503, 513–21, 527, 530, 549–51, 555–60, 562, 564–67
Spain, 377, 379, 380, 386
Speer, Albert, 295, 310, 314–15, 329, 399, 431, 460, 522, 542, 557, 558, 561–62, 566
sports, 307
SS (Security Staff), 94, 117, 226, 249, 265, 268, 269, 303, 318, 488, 489, 504
ban on, 155–56, 160
Catholic Church and, 323, 326
concentration camps brought under direction of, 320
Einsatzgruppen, 442–46, 480–81, 483, 485, 488, 489, 527
Gestapo and, 357
as government ministry, 357–58
Hitler and, 287
Jews and, 357, 358, 363, 367, 448, 480, 481, 483, 485, 492–93
Night of Long Knives and, 287, 288
plots against, 539
power of, 270, 288, 357
SA and, 277, 287, 288
in Stettin, 275
Stahlhelm, 106, 135, 144, 220–22, 226, 235, 237, 262
Stalin, Joseph, 416, 429–33, 448, 449, 481–82, 495, 514–15, 517, 549
Stalingrad, 515–18, 520, 521, 535, 556
Stauffenberg, Claus Schenck von, 537–39, 451
Stegmann, Wilhelm, 212–13, 217
Steiner, Felix, 559
Stennes, Walter, 116–17, 127–29
sterilization, 336, 338–40, 343–46
Storm Troopers (SA; Brown Shirts), 43, 44, 52, 72, 81–82, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97, 127–29, 135, 163, 167, 171, 175, 222, 233, 235, 248, 262, 265, 266, 275–76, 303, 347
All Quiet on the Western Front and, 132–33
army and, 276–77, 280, 288
ban on, 155–56, 158, 160
in Beer Hall Putsch, 54, 55, 57–60
in Berlin, 116, 117, 222
book burning and, 300
Communists and, 240, 245–46, 254–55
efforts to reign in, 267–69
and elections of 1930, 118
and elections of 1932, 183, 193
elitism of, 184
Enabling Act and, 254, 258
financial difficulties of, 183, 201, 266
Franconian, 217
growth of, 129
Hitler and, 44, 81, 82, 87, 117, 127–28, 135, 155–56, 181–82, 249–50, 258, 264, 268, 269, 275–76, 280, 282–89
and Hitler’s appointment as chancellor, 226, 229
Hitler Youth and, 302
“independent actions” of, 255
Jews and, 167, 240, 255, 256, 348, 354–55, 363, 400
in Köpenick violence, 266–67
labor unions and, 260
loss of power and influence of, 288–89
makeshift prisons of, 246, 247, 261, 266–69
May Day and, 259
mobilizations for takeover, in 1932, 177–80
music and, 297
Night of Long Knives purge of, 280–89
Potempa murder and, 181–82
Reichstag fire and, 244
resentment and rebellion among, 116–17, 127–28, 182–84, 202, 203, 212, 217, 225
Röhm appointed chief of staff for, 128–29
Röhm’s vision for major role of, 265, 276, 277
rumors spread about Putsch planned by, 280–81, 285–87
“second revolution” called for by, 266, 268, 275, 277, 278, 286
Social Democrats and, 240, 254–55
SS and, 277, 287, 288
Stegmann’s revolt in, 217
Stennes’ revolt in, 116–17, 127–28
tensions between Nazi party and, 183–84, 193–94, 212, 217, 266
terror campaigns, violence, and hooliganism of, 124–27, 152, 160–61, 167, 180–84, 193–94, 212, 237, 240, 246–47, 249–50, 254–55, 258, 266–70, 275, 281, 286, 289, 318, 349, 367
uniforms of, 94, 184
at Wessel’s funeral, 126
Strasser, Gregor, 61, 71–72, 74, 82–84, 110, 114–15, 128, 137, 142, 147, 149, 154, 1
76, 178, 189, 190, 198–201, 211–14
age of, 171
Goebbels and, 85–88, 111–12, 199, 200, 211–14
Göring and, 199
as head of propaganda, 89, 91, 92, 97, 104
Himmler and, 97
Hitler and, 198–201, 211–14
murder in Night of Long Knives, 283, 286
NSDAP program revised by Goebbels and, 85–86
resignation and departure from politics, 200–202, 214
Röhm and, 199, 280
Schleicher and, 198, 214
withdrawal from NSDAP, 112
Strasser, Otto, 84
Goebbels and, 111–12
Strauss, Richard, 294
Streicher, Julius, 42, 60, 61, 69, 72, 74, 83, 137, 166, 212, 255, 313, 316, 359, 566
Stegmann and, 217
Strength Through Joy (Kraft durch Freude), 310–11
Stresa Front, 373–77
Stuckart, Wilhelm, 504
students, 258, 297–302, 533
Jewish, 258, 367–68
Sudetenland, 315, 401–16, 420, 421, 423, 424, 535, 536
Stürmer, 42, 166, 336
swastika, 37, 239, 263, 303, 312, 314, 350
Sweden, 456
Tannenberg Memorial, 289
Temps, 230
Thälmann, Ernst, 144, 149
Theresienstadt, 506, 524
Third Reich, see Nazi Germany
Thomas, Georg, 452, 475, 542
Thorak, Josef, 295
Thule Society, 17, 30
Thuringia, 279
Thyssen, Fritz, 46, 132, 138, 139
Time, 296
Timoshenko, Semyon, 514–15
Tiso, Jozef, 421, 436
Tivoli Program, 17
Toller, Ernst, 25
Tooze, Adam, 385
Torgler, Ernst, 245–46
total war, 468, 554
Goebbels’ speech on, 518–20, 534
Treaty of Rapallo, 430
Treaty of Versailles, see Versailles Treaty
Treblinka, 508, 524, 527
Tresckow, Henning von, 536, 538, 540–42
Troost, Paul Ludwig, 132, 295
Trotsky, Leon, 198
Turnip Winter, 18
Ufa, 293
Uhrig, Robert, 532
Ukraine, 470, 472, 474, 480, 484, 487, 493, 497
United States, 469, 470, 481, 501
in air attacks on Germany, 513
casualties from World War II, 567
entry into World War II, 501–2
Jewish organizations in, 255
Pearl Harbor attack, 501
universities, 297–302, 533
USPD (Independent Social Democratic Party), 16, 22, 25
vacation trips, 310
Valkyrie plan, 538–39
van der Lubbe, Marinus, 241–42, 244–46
Versailles Treaty, 29, 32–35, 38, 46, 48, 50, 70, 71, 78, 99, 107, 319, 357, 370–72, 374–76, 395, 417, 423, 424, 427, 430
Czechoslovakia and, 387, 401, 409
military restrictions in, 33, 38, 158, 272–73, 307, 357, 370–72, 375–76
Victor Emmanuel III, King, 528
Vienna, 8