by John McQuaid
in processed foods, 192, 194, 202
sensitivity to, 34, 57–58, 68
umami as substitute for, 234
Sassanid dynasty, 112
Savoriness. See Umami
Schultz, Wolfram, 127
Science magazine, 55
Scientific method, 2, 155, 242
Scoville, Wilbur, 176–78
Scoville units, 161–63, 170, 172, 176–78, 181, 185
Sea anemones, 49
Searle pharmaceutical company, 131
Secarz, Lior Lev, 237–39
Secor, Stephen, 41
Senegal, 43
Senomyx, 207–8
Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology (Boring), 2
Sesquiterpenes, 90
Seven Years War, 193
Sex, 6, 21, 95, 119–20, 125, 176
cravings for, 110
deviant or inappropriate, disgust in response to, 139, 140
and pleasure centers of brain, 122
Sheep, 78, 86–89, 103
Shepherd, Gordon, 92, 94
Shepherd-Barr, Kirsten, 94
Siam, 169
Siberia, volcanic eruptions in, 23–24
Sicily, 113
Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha), 110–11, 113, 118
Silk Road, 112, 238
Simner, Julia, 100–101
Singapore, National University of, 174
6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP), 58
Skinner, B. F., 120–21, 207
Skinner boxes, 207
Slave trade, 115, 116, 169
Smell, sense of, 2, 48, 49, 80, 90–96, 98–102, 164
brain structures involved in, 12, 92, 101–2, 127, 199
of children, 14
delicious, 209
disgust and, 139, 142, 151
evolution of, 18, 22–23, 26–27, 30, 34, 42, 79, 90
memory and, 23, 94, 139
receptors for, 9, 27, 42, 99
sex hormones and, 198
spices and, 238, 239
umami and, 234
See also Olfactory mechanisms
Smithsonian Institution, 166, 240
Human Origins Program, 44
Solanaceae, 164, 193
Sonoran Desert, 18
Soranzo, Nicole, 66
South Africa, 35
South America, 65
Soy-based foods, 78, 89, 96, 232, 233
umami in, 98, 235
Soylent, 211–13
Spain, 50, 63, 168–69, 191
colonies of, 114–15, 176, 193
cuisine of, 220
Spices, 105, 113, 168–70, 236–39
acidic, 105
See also Chili peppers
Spindle neurons, 147
Splenda, 131
Stanford University, 53, 205
Stem cells, 208–10
Stevia, 108
Stevia rebaudiana, 132
Still Life with Absinthe (van Gogh), 75
Stone Age tribes, 141, 142
Streptococcus, 87
Studies on Fermentation (Pasteur), 218
Sucralose, 131–32
Sucrose, 118, 130, 131
Sugar, 3, 107–19, 121–24, 126–32, 164, 189, 196, 200
amino acids combined with. See Maillard reactions
bitterness and, 50–52, 72
in fermentation process, 69, 80–82, 84–85, 89, 98, 217, 253
Sugar (cont.)
in food preservation, 156
for infants and children, 14, 87
overindulgence in, 107–9, 118–19, 128–30, 164, 192, 195, 197
pleasure response to, 110–11, 119–24, 126–28, 201, 207
refined, production of, 109–18, 168, 199
substitutes for, 108–9, 130–33, 207, 209
in synthetic meat, 210
See also Sweetness
Sustainable agriculture, 228
Sweating, 163, 174–75, 179, 187
Sweetness, 2–3, 8, 68, 77, 95, 99, 200, 202
aromas and, 99, 102, 171
bitterness balanced with, 51–53, 77, 99
evolutionary role of response to, 27, 34, 163
receptors for, 9, 11, 60–61, 98, 105, 129–30, 207
See also Sugar
Switzerland, 75, 76
Synapses, 15, 42, 94, 206
Symposium (Plato), 5
Synsepalum dulcificum, 105–6
Synesthesia, 99–100, 102
Syria, 238
Szechuan peppers, 180
Ta Henket, 84
Taino people, 114, 115, 168
Tapassu, 111
Tasmania, 109
Taste receptors, 4, 9, 70–71, 96–99, 105, 129, 175, 180, 195–98, 235
artificial sweeteners and, 130–31
DNA of, 9–11, 48, 60–63, 67, 69, 207
fat and, 12, 195
fMRI studies of, 11–12, 95
TAS2R38, 61, 66, 71
Tate & Lyle Corporation, 131
Terroir, 222, 224, 227, 243
Tewksbury, Jonathan, 165
Texas, University of, 26
Thailand, 191
cuisine of, 170, 173
Thaumatin, 132
Thaumatococcus danielli, 132
This, Hervé, 219–20
Thousand and One Nights, The, 113
Thresh, John Clough, 177
Thujone, 75–76
Tierra del Fuego, 138, 142, 154
Timaeus (Plato), 5
Tishkoff, Sarah, 67–68
Tofu, 78, 215
Tokyo Imperial University, 234
Tomatoes, 96, 132, 164, 232, 236, 241–42
Tongue map, 1–5, 8, 13, 60, 200
Toronto, University of, 56, 57, 148
Touch, sense of, 6, 7, 48, 98, 163, 179
disgust and, 137–39, 149, 153
evolution of, 34
of infants, 100
receptors for, 180, 195
Toxins, 49, 90, 143, 151, 164, 253n
Travel Channel, 151
Trigeminal nerve, 180
Trilobites, 18–23
Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), 151
Tryon, Thomas, 115–18
T2R1, 62
Tulane University, 124–25
Turkey, 84, 86, 88, 102
23andMe genetic testing service, 58
Twitter, 230
2-methylpropanal, 93
Uganda, 244
Ultimatum game, 148
Umami, 4, 95–98, 158, 215, 225, 228, 234–37
chemical version of, 97
DNA for, 207
evolution of, 34, 39, 90, 163
of processed foods, 192, 194, 202
receptors for, 60, 96–97, 235
virtual, 213
United Kingdom. See Britain
United States, 76
Army, Natick Laboratories, 200–202
Defense Department, 141
junk food in, 192
Patent and Trademark Office, 236
potato chips in, 190, 194
prisons in, 198
University College London, 66, 100
Uruguay, 135
Vanderbilt University, 89
Van Gogh, Vincent, 75–76
Vegetarianism, 116–17
Velosa, Gonzalo de, 115
Venezuela, 167
Vertebrates, evolution of, 21, 26, 69
Vezina, Gaetane, 57
Vietnam War, 200
Vikings, 152
Virtual reality, 213
Vision, 5, 6, 21, 48, 203
evolution of, 28–31, 35
Visual cortices, 31, 143, 195
Von Economo neurons, 147
Ward, Jamie, 100–101
Washington, University of, 165
Wasps, 80
Watson computer system, 233–34
West Virginia, soda tax in, 108
Wild children, 154–55
Wilde, Oscar, 75
Wine, 12, 20, 58, 156, 204, 222, 242–43
alcohol content of, 81, 98
in ancient world, 82–83, 102, 103, 112, 130
biochemistry of, 233
distilled, 77
fermentation of, 78–80, 89
in Mediterranean diet, 70
tastings, 4, 7
Wise, Roy, 123–24, 263n
Wooding, Stephen, 62
Woods, Nick, 162
World War II, 62, 189
Wormwood, 75
Wrangham, Richard, 41
Yahgan tribe, 135–38, 149, 151, 153, 154, 159
Yale University, 68, 129, 240
Yeasts, 19, 69, 82, 84–85, 98, 217–18, 225
baker’s, 79–80, 89
Yogurt, 78, 87, 89, 105, 203, 218
Yucatan Peninsula, meteor strike off, 28
Zapotec peoples, 183, 184
Zuker, Charles, 196
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