by Colin Pask
Perry, J. “On the Age of the Earth.” Nature 51 (1895): 224–27, 341–42, 582–85.
Phillips, T. “Fourier Analysis of Ocean Tides.” http://www.ams.org/samplings/feature-column/fcarc-tidesii1 (accessed March 20, 2014).
Physics Update. “Iron's Structure at Earth's core.” Physics Today (December 2010): 26.
Rousseau, C. “How Inge Lehmann Discovered the Inner Core of the Earth.” College Mathematics Journal 44 (2013): 399–408.
Ruddock, I. “Lord Kelvin, Science and Religion.” Physics World (February 2004): 56.
Smith, C., and M. Norton Wise. Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Thomson, Sir William (Lord Kelvin). “On the Age of the Earth.” Nature 51 (1895): 438–40.
———. “On the Secular Cooling of the Earth.” Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 23 (1862): 157–69.
———. “The Tides.” Evening Lecture to the British Association at the Southampton Meeting, Friday, August 25, 1882.
Thomson, Sir William (Lord Kelvin), and P. G. Tait. Principles of Mechanics and Dynamics (formerly titled Treatise on Natural Philosophy). New York: Dover, 1962. (A republication of the last revised edition of 1912.)
Umino, S., K. Nealson, and B. Wood. “Drilling to Earth's Mantle.” Physics Today 66 (August 2013): 36–41.
Wainwright, J., and M. Mulligan. Environmental Modelling: Finding Simplicity in Complexity. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2013.
Weintraub, D. A. How Old Is the Universe? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011.
Wikipedia. “Tide Predicting Machine.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide-predicting_machine (accessed March 18, 2014).
CHAPTER 5: THE SOLAR SYSTEM: THE FIRST MATHEMATICAL MODELS
Beer, A., and P. Beer, eds. Kepler, Four Hundred Years: Proceedings of Conferences Held in Honour of Johannes Kepler. Oxford: Pergamon, 1975.
Chabert, Jean-Luc, ed. A History of Algorithms. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999.
Gingerich, O. “The Great Martian Catastrophe and How Kepler Fixed It.” Physics Today 64 (September 2011): 50–54.
———. “Johannes Kepler.” in The General History of Astronomy. Vol. 2, Planetary Astronomy from the Renaissance to the Rise of Astrophysics Part A: Tycho Brahe to Newton. Edited by R. Taton and C. Wilson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
———. “Kepler.” In Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Edited by C. C. Gillespie. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975.
Hanson, N. R. “The Mathematical Power of Epicycle Astronomy.” Isis 51 (1960): 150–58.
Koyré, A. The Astronomical Revolution. London: Routledge, 2009.
Linton, C. M. From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Pedersen, O. “Scientific Accounts of the Universe from Antiquity to Kepler.” European Review 2 (1994): 125–40.
Ptolemy. Almagest. Translated and annotated by G. J. Toomer. London: Duckworth, 1984.
Thurston, H. Early Astronomy. New York: Springer, 1996.
Toomer, G. J. “Ptolemy.” In Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Edited by C. C. Gillespie. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975.
Van Brummelen, G. The Mathematics of the Heavens and the Earth: The Early History of Trigonometry. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009.
CHAPTER 6: THE SOLAR SYSTEM: INTO THE MODERN ERA
Cohen, I. B. “Newton's Determination of the Masses and Densities of the Sun, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Earth.” Archive for the History of Exact Sciences 53 (1998): 83–95.
Einstein, A. “The Foundations of the General Theory of Relativity.” In The Principle of Relativity. New York: Dover, 1952. (A translation by W. Perrett and G. B. Jeffery of Einstein's original, “Die Grundlage der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie,” Annalen der Physik 49 [1916]: 769.)
Fernie, J. D. “In Pursuit of Vulcan.” American Scientist 82 (1994): 412–15.
Grier, D. A. When Computers Were Human. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.
Grosser, M. The Discovery of Neptune. New York: Dover, 1979.
Halley, E. “A New Method of Determining the Parallax of the Sun.” Philosophical Transactions 29 (1716): 454–56. Translation from the Latin available at http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/HalleyParallax.html (accessed April 12, 2014).
Hanson, N. R. “Leverrier: The Zenith and Nadir of Newtonian Mechanics.” Isis 53 (1962): 359–78.
Kent, D. “The Curious Aftermath of Neptune's Discovery.” Physics Today 64 (December 2011): 46–51.
Linton, C. M. From Eudoxus to Einstein: A History of Mathematical Astronomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Lomb, N. Transit of Venus 1631 to the Present. Sydney: NewSouth, 2011.
Marsden, B. G. “Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Developments in the Theory and Practice of Orbit Determination.” In The General History of Astronomy. Vol. 2, Planetary Astronomy from the Renaissance to the Rise of Astrophysics Part B: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Edited by R. Taton and C. Wilson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Morando, B. “The Golden Age of Celestial Mechanics.” In The General History of Astronomy. Vol. 2, Planetary Astronomy from the Renaissance to the Rise of Astrophysics Part B: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Edited by R. Taton and C. Wilson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Pais, A. Subtle Is the Lord: The Science and Life of Albert Einstein. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Park, D. Classical Dynamics and Its Quantum Analogues. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1979.
Pask, C. Magnificent Principia: Exploring Isaac Newton's Masterpiece. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2013.
Pedersen, O. “Scientific Accounts of the Universe from Antiquity to Kepler.” European Review 2 (1994): 125–40.
Phillips, L. The Transit of Venus. http://brightstartutors.com/blog/2012/the-transit-of-venus (accessed March 4, 2014)
Ronan, C. A. “Edmond Halley.” In Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Edited by C. C. Gillespie. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975.
———. Edmond Halley: Genius in Eclipse. London: MacDonald, 1970.
Smith, R. W. “The Cambridge Network in Action: The Discovery of Neptune.” Isis 80 (1989): 395–422.
Standage, T. The Neptune File. London: Allen Lane Penguin, 2000.
Van Helden, A. “Measuring Solar Parallax: The Venus Transits of 1761 and 1769 and Their Nineteenth Century Sequels.” In The General History of Astronomy. Vol. 2, Planetary Astronomy from the Renaissance to the Rise of Astrophysics Part B: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Edited by R. Taton and C. Wilson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
———. Measuring the Universe: Cosmic Dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
Waff, C. B. “Predicting the Mid-Eighteenth-Century Return of Halley's Comet.” In The General History of Astronomy. Vol. 2, Planetary Astronomy from the Renaissance to the Rise of Astrophysics Part B: The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. Edited by R. Taton and C. Wilson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Woolf, H. The Transits of Venus: A Study of Eighteenth Century Science. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959.
CHAPTER 7: THE UNIVERSE
Barger, V. D., and M. G. Olsson. Classical Mechanics: A Modern Perspective. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 1995.
Burbidge, E. M., and G. R. Burbidge. “The Masses of Galaxies.” Ch. 3 in Galaxies and the Universe. Edited by A. Sandage, M. Sandage, and J. Kristian. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.
Burbidge, E. M., G. R. Burbidge, W. A. Fowler, and F. Hoyle. “Synthesis of the Elements in Stars.” Reviews of Modern Physics 29 (1957): 547–650.
Caldwell, R., and M. Kamionkowski. “Dark Matter and Dark Energy.” Nature 458 (2009): 587–89.
Coles, P. Cosmology: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 200
1.
Davies, Paul. The Goldilocks Enigma: Why is the Universe Just Right for Life? Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008.
Earman, J. “Lambda: The Constant that Refuses to Die.” Archive for History of the Exact Sciences 55 (2001): 189–220.
Einasto, J., A. Kaasik, and E. Saar. “Dynamic Evidence on the Massive Coronas of Galaxies.” Nature 250 (1974): 309–10.
Freedman, W. L., and B. F. Madore. “The Hubble Constant.” Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 48 (2010): 673–710.
Gardner, Martin. “WAP, SAP, PAP and FAP.” In The Night Is Large: Collected Essays 1938–1995. New York: St. Martin's, 1996.
Hansen, J. R. Enchanted Rendezvous: John C. Houbolt and the Genesis of the Lunar-Orbit Rendezvous Concept. Washington, DC: NASA Monographs in Aerospace History Series 4, 1995.
Harrison, E. R. Cosmology: The Science of the Universe. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
———. Darkness at Night: A Riddle of the Universe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987.
———. “The Dark Night-Sky Riddle: A “Paradox that Resisted Solution.” Science 226 (1984): 941–45.
———. “The Dark Sky Paradox.” American Journal of Physics 45 (1977): 119–24.
———. “Kelvin on an Old Celebrated Hypothesis.” Nature 322 (1986): 417–18.
Hoyle, Fred. Astronomy and Cosmology: A Modern Course. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1975.
———. Home is Where the Wind Blows: Chapters from a Cosmologist's Life. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books, 1994.
———. “On Nuclear Reactions Occurring in Very Hot Stars. The Synthesis of Elements from Carbon to Nickel.” Supplement 1. Astrophysics Journal 1 (1954): 121–46.
Hubble, E. “A Relation between the Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 15 (1929): 168–73.
Irion, Robert. “The Bright Face behind the Dark Side of Galaxies.” Science 295 (2002): 960–61.
Konopliv, A. S., et al. “Improved Gravity Field of the Moon from Lunar Prospector.” Science 281 (1998): 1476–80.
Kragh, H. “An Anthropic Myth: Fred Hoyle's Carbon-12 Resonance Level.” Archive for the History of Exact Sciences 64 (2010): 721–51.
Lambourne, R. J. A. Relativity, Gravitation and Cosmology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
Lee, T. E. Bizarre Lunar Orbits. NASA Science. http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006 (accessed May 22, 2014.)
Livio, M. “Mystery of the Missing Text Solved.” Nature 479 (2011): 171–73.
Ostriker, J. P., P. J. E. Peebles, and A. Yahil. “The Size and Mass of Galaxies, and the Mass of the Universe.” The Astrophysical Journal 193 (1974): L1–L4.
Roos, M. Introduction to Cosmology. 3rd ed. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 2003.
Roy, A. E. Orbital Motion. 4th ed. Bristol, UK: Institute of Physics Publishing, 2005.
Rubin, Vera C., and W. Kent Ford. “Rotation of the Andromeda Nebula from a Spectroscopic Survey of Emission Regions.” Astrophysical Journal 159 (1970): 379–92.
Rubin, Vera C. “Dark Matter in Spiral Galaxies.” Scientific American (1983): 96–108.
———. “The Rotation of Spiral Galaxies.” Science 220 (1983): 1339–44.
———. “Seeing Dark Matter in the Andromeda Galaxy.” Physics Today (December 2006): 8–9.
Van Allen, J. A. “Gravitational Assist in Celestial Mechanics—A Tutorial.” American Journal of Physics 71 (2003): 448–51.
Way, M., and H. Nussbaumer. “Lemaitre's Hubble Relationship.” Physics Today. Letters. (August 2011): 8.
Weinberg, S. The First Three Minutes. 2nd ed. New York: Basic Books, 1988.
CHAPTER 8: ABOUT US
Banavar, J. R., et al. “A General Basis for Quarter-Power Scaling in Animals.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (September 2010): 15816–20.
Brown, J. H., and G. B. West, eds. Scaling in Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. (This book contains many papers given at a symposium on scaling.)
Burton, R. F. Biology by Numbers: An Encouragement to Quantitative Thinking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Ciecka, J. E. “Edmond Halley's Life Table and Its Uses.” Journal of Legal Economics 15 (2008): 65–74.
Cohen, I. Bernard. The Triumph of Numbers. New York: W. W. Norton, 2005.
Cormack, A. M. “Early Two-Dimensional Reconstruction and Recent Topics Stemming from It.” Science 209 (1980): 1482–86.
———. “Representation of a Function by Its Line Integrals, with Some Radiological Applications.” Journal of Applied Physics 34 (1963): 2722–27.
———. “Representation of a Function by Its Line Integrals, with Some Radiological Applications. II” Journal of Applied Physics 35 (1964): 2908–13.
Epstein, C. L. Introduction to the Mathematics of Medical Imaging. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2003.
Glazier, D. S. “The 3/4-Power Law is Not Universal: Evolution of Isometric, Ontogenetic Metabolic Scaling in Pelagic Animals.” BioScience 56 (2006): 325–32.
———. “A Unifying Explanation for Diverse Metabolic Scaling in Animals and Plants.” Biological Reviews 85 (2010): 111–38.
Gordon, R., G. T. Herman, and S. A. Johnson. “Image Reconstruction from Projections.” Scientific American 233 (October 1975): 56–68.
Gregory, Andrew. Harvey's Heart: The Discovery of Blood Circulation. Duxford, UK: Icon Books, 2001.
Hald, A. “The Early History of Life Insurance Mathematics.” Ch. 9 in A History of Probability and Statistics and Their Application before 1750. New York: John Wiley, 1990.
Halley, E. “An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind, Drawn from Curious Tables of the Births and Funerals at the City of Breslaw; with an Attempt to Ascertain the Price of Annuities upon Lives.” Philosophical Transactions 17 (1693): 596–610.
Hardy, G. H. A Mathematician's Apology. Cambridge: Cambridge Canto Edition, 1992.
———. “Mendelian Proportions in a Mixed Population.” Science 28 (1908): 49–50.
Harvey, W. An Anatomical Disquisition on the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals, A Translation of the 1628 Original Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus. Chicago: Great Books of the Western World, Encyclopedia Britannica, 1990.
Kac, A. C. Principles of Computerized Tomographic Imaging. New York: IEEE, 1988.
Kopf, E. W. “The Early History of the Annuity.” http://www.casact.org/pubs/proceed/proceed26/26225.pdf (accessed June 2, 2014).
Lewin, C., and M. De Valois. “History of Actuarial Tables.” In The History of Mathematical Tables. Edited by M. Campbell-Kelly, M. Croaken, R. Flood, and E. Robson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Newman, J. R. The World of Mathematics. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1961. Vol. 3 contains excerpts from the work of Graunt and Halley.
Okasha, S. “Population Genetics.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/population-genetics/ (accessed December 18, 2013).
Prange, H. D., J. F. Anderson, and H. Rahn. “Scaling of Skeletal Mass to Body Mass in Birds and Mammals.” American Naturalist 113 (1979): 103–22.
Savage, V. M., et al. “The Predominance of Quarter-Power Scaling in Biology.” Functional Ecology 18 (2004): 257–82.
Schmidt-Nielsen, K. How Animals Work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.
———. Scaling: Why Is Animal Size So Important? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
Shepp, L. A., and J. B. Kruskal. “Computerized Tomography: The New Medical X-ray Technology.” American Mathematical Monthly 85 (1978): 420–39.
Spence. A. J. “Scaling in Biology.” Current Biology 19 (January 27, 2009): R57–R61.
Vogel, S. Life's Devices. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988.
Webb, S. From the Watching of Shadows: The Origins of Radiological Tomography. Bristol, UK: Adam Hilger, 1990.
West, J. B., and J. H. Brown. “Life's Universal Scaling Laws.” Physics Today (September 2004): 36–42.
Whitfield, J. In the Beat of a Heart: Life, Energy and the Unity of Nature. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry, 2006.
CHAPTER 9: LIGHT
Airy, G. B. “On the Diffraction of an Object-Glass with Circular Aperture.” Transactions of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 5 (1835): 283–91.
Boyer, C. B. The Rainbow: From Myth to Mathematics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.
Brush, S. G. “Early Estimates of the Velocity of Light.” Isis 33 (March 1941): 24–40.
———. “Prediction and Theory Evaluation: The Case of Light Bending.” Science 246 (December 1, 1989): 1124–29.
Cantor, G. N. Optics After Newton. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1983.
Casselman, B. The Mathematics of Rainbows. American Mathematical Society Monthly Essays. http://www.ams.org/samplings/feature-column/fcarc-rainbows (accessed June 27, 2014).
Cohen, I. B. “Roemer and the First Determination of the Velocity of Light (1676).” Isis 31 (April 1940): 327–79. This paper contains a facsimile of Roemer's original 1676 paper.
Daukantas, P. “Ole Roemer and the Speed of Light.” Optics and Photonic News (July 2009): 43–47.
Denny, M., and A. McFadzean. Engineering Animals: How Life Works. Cambridge, MA: Belknap, 2011. (See ch. 10 for photoreceptors and image sampling.)
Eddington, A. Space, Time and Gravitation: An Outline of the General Theory of Relativity. New York: Harper, 1959. (A reprint of the original 1920 edition.)
Einstein, A. “On a Heuristic Point of View about the Creation and Conversion of Light.” Annalen der Physik 17 (1905): 132–48. (This paper is reprinted in various books and in Einstein's collected papers.)
Feynman, R. P. The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Vol. 2, Mainly Electromagnetism and Matter. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1971.
———. QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985.
Gamow, G. Thirty Years That Shook Physics. New York: Dover, 1966.
Harman, P. M. The Natural Philosophy of James Clerk Maxwell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.