Orwellian doublethink: I am borrowing the use of the Orwell term doublethink from Judith Herman’s Trauma and Recovery.
Goddess Lady D: Goddess Lady D of Wisconsin, “Kidnapping Fantasy.” Retrieved in 2011 from http://myforce.org/Lady_D.html.
$250 million a year: Myra Panache, “The ‘Scarface’ of Porn,” The Panache Report. Retrieved in 2011 from http://panachereport.com/channels/more%20short%20stories/ScarfaceOfPorn.htm.
young children performing: “The Sexes: Child’s Garden of Perversity,” TIME, April 4, 1977. Retrieved from http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947868-2,00.html.
sold over-the-counter: Charlayne Hunter, “Four Seized for Smut Involving Children,” The New York Times, September 20, 1975, A27.
kiddie porn festival: “The Sexes,” TIME.
264 different monthly magazines: Washington Post, “Congress Is Urged to Join Battle on Pornography Using Children,” February 15, 1977, A7.
typical magazine cost: Ann Burgess and Marieanne Lindeqvist Clark, Child Pornography and Sex Rings (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1984).
SCARED SELFLESS
more than a million: United States Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth and Families: Child Maltreatment 2006 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2008).
“horror will recur”: Herman, Trauma and Recovery, 86.
“mind tells itself a story”: Jessica Ryen Doylen, “Psychiatrist on Jaycee Dugard: Bonding with Captors Is Mind’s Way of Safeguarding Itself,” Fox News, August 28, 2009. Retrieved from www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,544020,00.html.
“severe, sustained, and repetitive”: Frank Putnam, Diagnosis & Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder (New York: Guilford Publications, 1989), 49.
DID can also develop: C. L. Anderson and P. C. Alexander, “The Relationship Between Attachment and Dissociation in Adult Survivors of Incest,” Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes 59, no. 3 (1996): 240–254; and Malcolm West, Kenneth Adam, Sheila Spreng, and Sarah Rose, “Attachment Disorganization and Dissociative Symptoms in Clinically Treated Adolescents,” Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 46, no. 7 (2001): 627–631; and Ruth Blizard, “Disorganized Attachment, Development of Dissociated Self States, and a Relational Approach to Treatment,” Journal of Trauma and Dissociation 4, no. 3 (2003): 27–50.
imaginary companions: Rita Carter, Multiplicity: The New Science of Personality (New York: Little, Brown, 2008).
DID affects both genders: American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (Washington, D.C.; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), 294.
twenty-two-fold: Miriam Denov, “The Myth of Innocence: Sexual Scripts and the Recognition of Child Sexual Abuse by Female Perpetrators,” The Journal of Sex Research 40, no. 3 (September 2003): 303–14.
fairly irrefutable evidence: Guochuan Tsai, Don Condie, M. T. Wu, and W. Chang, “Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Personality Switches in a Woman with Dissociative Identity Disorder,” Harvard Review of Psychiatry 7, no. 2 (July 1999): 119–122; and Annedore Hopper, Joseph Ciorciari, Gillian Johnson, John Spensley, Alex Sergejew, and Con Stough, “EEG Coherence and Dissociative Identity Disorder,” Journal of Trauma and Dissociation 3, no. 1 (January 2002): 75–88.
“dubious diagnosis”: Retrieved from http://www.urbandictionary.com/author.php?author=Dr.+Fischer.
“the victim role”: Ibid.
TOMMY, CAN YOU HEAR ME?
Suicide: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (2013, 2011). Available from www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/ index.html.
REBEL WITHOUT A CORE
proclivity for violence: David Knopf, M. Jane Park, and Tina Paul Mulye, “The Mental Health of Adolescents: A National Profile, 2008,” National Adolescent Health Information Center, University of California, San Francisco (February 2008).
borderline personality disorder: American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2013), 766.
“selective prosecution or a witch hunt”: Lanning, Child Molesters, 130–31.
THE VILLAGE IDIOT
brief time in the camp: In noting the “relatively brief” time Primo Levi was imprisoned, I am referring to the length of time in proportion to the length of his life—eleven months out of sixty-seven years.
suffering from depression: There has been some controversy regarding whether Levi’s death was an accident or a suicide. It was well-known, however, that he was suffering from depression.
“Primo Levi”: This quote from Elie Wiesel is widely reproduced and is attributed to an article in the Italian newspaper La Stampa that was published on April 14, 1987. I could not, however, locate the actual article.
Holocaust survivors: Yoram Barak, Dov Aizenberg, Henry Szor, Marnina Swartz, Rachel Maor, and Haim Knobler, “Increased Risk of Attempted Suicide Among Aging Holocaust Survivors,” American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 13, no. 8 (2005): 701–704.
“all the optimisms fail”: As quoted in Art Spiegelman, MetaMaus: A Look Inside a Modern Classic, Maus (New York: Pantheon Graphic Novels, 2011).
severe depression: Cheryl Lanktree, John Briere, and Lisa Zaidi, “Incidence and Impacts of Sexual Abuse in a Child Outpatient Sample: The Role of Direct Inquiry,” Child Abuse & Neglect 15, no. 4 (1991): 447–53; and Julie Lipovsky, Benjamin Saunders, and Shane Murphy, “Depression, Anxiety, and Behavior Problems Among Victims of Father-Child Sexual Assault and Nonabused Siblings,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 4 (1989): 452–68.
suicidal ideation: Anne Rhodes, Michael Boyle, Lil Tonmyr, Christine Wekerle, Deborah Goodman, Bruce Leslie, Polina Mironova, Jennifer Bethell, and Ian Manion, “Sex Differences in Childhood Sexual Abuse and Suicide-Related Behaviors,” Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior 41, no. 3 (June 2011): 235–54.
Bulimia: Teresa Hastings and Jeffrey Kern, “Relationships Between Bulimia, Childhood Sexual Abuse, and Family Environment,” International Journal of Eating Disorders 15, no. 2 (1994): 103–111; and Howard Steiger and Maria Zanko, “Sexual Traumata Among Eating-Disordered, Psychiatric, and Normal Female Groups,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 5, no. 1 (March 1990): 74–86.
anxiety disorder: Ronald Kessler, Wai Tat Chiu, Olga Demler, and Ellen Walters, “Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of 12-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication,” Archives of General Psychiatry 62, no. 6 (June 2005): 617–27.
“cognitive distortions”: John Briere, Child Abuse Trauma: Theory and Treatment of the Lasting Effects (Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications, 1992), 23.
“foreshortened future”: American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2000), 468.
DAZE OF MY LIFE
psychological decompensation: American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2013), 294.
no memories of abuse: This information pertains to the first edition of The Courage to Heal: A Guide for Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse by Ellen Bass and Laura Davis, first published by Harper Perennial in 1988. Subsequent editions changed some of the language regarding memories of abuse.
repress and later recover the memory: American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
Kozakiewicz: Nicole Egan, “Abducted, Enslaved—and Now Talking About It,” People, April 16, 2007, 115.
misdiagnosed for years: According to the American Psychiatric Association, “The average time period from first symptom presentation to diagnosis [of DID] is 6-7 years.” American Psychiatric Asso
ciation, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 2000), 528.
SEARCHING FOR JUDD HIRSCH
unconditional positive regard: Carl Rogers, Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory (London: Constable, 1951).
therapists overrate their abilities: Deirdre Hiatt and George E. Hargrave, “The Characteristics of Highly Effective Therapists in Managed Behavioral Provider Networks,” Behavioral Healthcare Tomorrow 4 (1995): 19–22; and Jeffrey Sapyta, Manuel Riemer, and Leonard Bickman, “Feedback to Clinicians: Theory, Research, and Practice,” Journal of Clinical Psychology 61, no. 2 (2005): 145–153.
waking a tiger: Peter Levine and Ann Frederick, Waking the Tiger: Healing Trauma (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 1997).
ALL YOU NEED IS LOVE
psychiatric drug: Medco Health Solutions, Inc., “America’s State of Mind” (2011). Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s19032en/s19032en.pdf.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dr. Michelle Stevens, a psychologist, is the founder and director of Post-Traumatic Success, a nonprofit organization dedicated to educating and inspiring those affected by psychological trauma. She studied writing at New York University before earning her doctorate in psychology from Saybrook University, where her thesis was honored as the dissertation of distinction. Michelle has presented her research to the International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation and the Los Angeles County Psychological Association, from which she also received an award for outstanding research. She works with survivors around the globe, encouraging them to heal, grow, and fight for better lives.
michellestevensphd.com
twitter.com/drmstevens
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