PAGES 31–32:
In their country is an immense mountain called Saevo | Pliny, book 4, chapter 27.
‘But there is a consensus’ | Cited in Berggren & Jones, 79.
PAGE 32:
‘but since the setting out’ | Cited in Berggren & Jones, 19.
‘through drawing […] the entire’ | Cited in Berggren & Jones, 3.
PAGE 36:
Later Greek writers | Aujac, 134.
PAGES 37–38:
Hecataeus of Miletus | Aujac, 134.
Hecataeus was probably | Roller, 3.
But we can point to | Aujac, 136.
PAGES 38–39:
Diogenes wrote that Pythagoras | Pythagoras was right in thinking that the Earth was inhabited ‘all the way round’–people lived in Australia at the time.
And I laugh to see | Herodotus, The Histories. Translated by A. D. Godley (1920).
Democritus | Aujac, 137.
PAGE 40:
‘as the Lacedaemonians report’ | Herodotus, The Histories. Translated by A. D. Godley (1920).
The account is one of the earliest | Brotton, 32.
A scene in Aristophanes’ | Aristophanes, The Clouds, Translated by Peter Meineck (1998).
PAGE 41:
‘Secondly,’ said he, | Plato, Phaedo. Translated by Harold North Fowler (1966).
PAGE 42:
After passing between the Pillars of Hercules | Nansen, 33.
PAGE 46:
Aristotle (384–322 BC) summarised | Aujac, 144.
PAGE 47:
‘There are two inhabitable sections’ | Aristotle, Meteorology. The Revised Oxford Translation of Aristotle (1984).
‘They draw maps of the earth’ | Aristotle.
Alexander had learned | Aujac, 149.
Around the year 250 BC | Aujac, 154, Brotton, 35.
PAGES 52–53:
Shortly after this, Crates of Mallus | Aujac, 162.
Hipparchus of Nicaea | Aujac, 164.
‘Hipparchus’, Strabo wrote | Cited in Brotton, 39.
‘If the people who visited’ | Cited in Berggren & Jones, 62.
PAGE 53:
‘Marinus of Tyre seems to be’ | Cited in Berggren & Jones, 23.
PAGE 58:
‘East of the Cimbrian’ | Ptolemy, book 2, chapter 10.
HOLY GEOGRAPHY
PAGE 63:
Snorri Sturluson paces | Eskeland, 158.
The world was divided | Snorri Sturluson, The Prose Edda. Translated by Jean I. Young (1966).
PAGE 64:
‘I shall now wander’ | Orosius, 42.
Scholars preferred textual descriptions | It is telling that there is an entire book about medieval geographical knowledge, The Earth is Our Book by Natalia Lozovsky–which has nothing to do with maps.
Snorri’s description is a perfectly adequate map | Schöller, 42.
PAGE 65:
It is characteristic that | Elliott, 101. The map’s estimated original size is 8.5 metres. The western part of it has not survived, so today the map measures ‘only’ seven metres long.
PAGE 66:
Look at all the different zones | Cicero, Republic. Translated by Richard Hooker (1993).
Roman orator Eumenius | Albu, 113.
The map that opens | Lozovsky (2008), 170–1.
World maps played such | Albu, 112.
PAGES 67–68:
Christianity, however, took another view | Albu, 114.
Information about the world | Lozovsky (2000), 11.
‘any competent man’ | Augustine of Hippo, On Christian Doctrine. Translation from the Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers.
Jerome (AD 347–420) took up this challenge | Brotton, 92–3.
Augustine’s advice | Edson & Savage-Smith, 24.
‘Our ancestors’ | Orosius, 36.
PAGE 68:
Legend has it | Catholic Online.
PAGE 72:
‘Asia is named’ | Isidore of Seville, 285.
PAGE 72:
‘But as to the fable’ | Augustine of Hippo, City of God. Translation from the Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers.
‘though it be bare’ | Augustine of Hippo, City of God. Translation from the Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers.
‘Apart from these’ | Isidore of Seville, 293.
PAGE 73:
‘let us seek if we can’ | Augustine of Hippo, City of God. Translation from the Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers.
Noah had three sons | The Bible, Genesis x, 5.
Ultima Thule | Isidore of Seville, 294.
PAGE 75:
This religious shift | Williams, 217.
in the east he drew Paradise | There is much discussion about what Beatus actually drew on his original map; I have tried to stick to a safe minimum. Information about that being discussed can be found here: myoldmaps.com/early-medieval-monographs/207-the-beatus-mappamundi/207-beatus-copy.pdf
PAGE 78:
From the 800s | Brotton, 102.
Since the decline | Gosch & Stearns, 135.
Dante, however, | Eriksen, 345.
Only towards the end | Edson, 90.
PAGES 78–79:
Ohthere of Hålogaland | Sandved, 643. The original text opens as follows: ‘Ohthere sæde his hlaforde, Ælfrede cyninge, dæt he ealra Norðmonna nordmest bude…’
‘Ohthere told his lord’ | Translation from Two Voyagers at the Court of King Alfred, translated by Christine E. Fell (York, 1984)
PAGE 80:
As Nortmannia is | Adam of Bremen, History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen. Translated by Francis J. Tschan.
‘It starts in the east’ | Historia Norwegie, 19. That Norway starts at the ‘Great River’ in the east is a guess, since the letters before ‘River’ are unreadable. Gustav Storm suggested the River Albia in accordance with an addendum from Adam of Bremen.
PAGE 81:
The Christianisation | Kyrkjebø & Spørck, 8.
‘Paradise is located in the eastern part’ | Kyrkjebø & Spørck, 77.
‘The country from Vegistafr’ | Kyrkjebø & Spørck, 81.
‘Thus pilgrims travelling’ | Kyrkjebø & Spørck, 83.
PAGE 82:
Books such as | Kyrkjebø & Spørck, 8.
‘It is said that the earth’s circle’ | Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla. Translated by Samuel Laing (1844).
‘Kringla heimsins’ is Snorri’s translation of the Latin ‘Orbus terrarum’, which means ‘the round earth’, and not, as is the case in Storm’s Norwegian translation of Snorri, ‘the earth’s round disk’. Benedicte Gamborg Briså believes that the choice of word results from Storm believing that Snorri thought the Earth was flat–but this was false. Like all medieval scholars, Snorri knew that the Earth was round. The original opens as follows: ‘Kringla heimsins, sú er mannfólkit byggir, er mjök vágskorin; ganga höf stór or útsjánum inn í jörðina…’
PAGE 83:
The country surrounding the Vanaquisl | Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla. Translated by Samuel Laing (1844).
Around the same time, King Henry III of England | La Porte, 31.
PAGE 88:
While mappæ mundi were | Edson, 33.
PAGES 89–90:
‘This region of Norway is’ | An English translation of the texts of the Catalan Atlas can be found here: cresquesproject.net/catalan-atlas-legends.
In Venice in the mid-1400s | This scene featuring Fra Mauro and Pietro Querini is pure conjecture, but it is highly probable that they met; they both lived in the same city at the same time, Fra Mauro spoke with many seamen as he worked, and Querini’s landing is clearly marked on Fra Mauro’s map.
Fra Mauro lives | Edson, 141.
PAGE 91:
But if we look at | Transcriptions, 1011.
‘Those who are knowledgeable’ | Transcriptions, 960.
PAGES 91–92:
‘many cosmographers and’ | Transcriptions, 1043.
/>
‘In this province’ | Transcriptions, 2674.
PAGE 93:
This work | Edson, 164.
THE FIRST ATLAS
PAGE 95:
With her brush, Anne Ortel | This scene is also pure conjecture. It is not certain that Anne Ortel coloured this map, but nor is it improbable that she did so.
The Antwerp of Ortel’s time | Binding, 7–11.
PAGES 96–97:
Anne Ortel was named | Binding, 19–24.
As early as the year 1500 | Binding, 39.
PAGES 97–98:
Abram and his sisters | Binding, 37.
Perhaps Leonard had hoped | Jan Radermacher’s letter is reproduced in Binding, 67.
Another friend wrote | Broecke, Krogt & Meurer, 30.
What books might Abram | Binding, 30, 35–6.
PAGE 99:
In the Middle Ages, the Europeans | Lozovsky, 8–10.
PAGE 99:
We don’t know exactly | Dalché, 292.
PAGE 102:
After a church meeting | Dalché, 310.
Of the map, Fillastre wrote | Cited in Edson, 125.
PAGES 103–104:
Greenland is again located | cartographic-images.net/Cartographic_Images/258_Behaim_Globe. html
In his log, Columbus | Columbus, 35.
PAGE 104:
Vespucci’s book | Herbermann, 88.
PAGE 107:
In the summer of 1527 | Miekkavaara, 1–15.
PAGE 112:
The quote allocated to the Norwegian king | The quote is taken from Revelation 3:11.
PAGES 113–114:
an earnest young man | Binding, 28.
In 1547, Abram became | Binding, 39–41.
Twice every year | Binding, 88; Crane, 162.
PAGE 114:
It was in Frankfurt | Binding, 90.
PAGE 116:
The first map Mercator created | Bartlett, 37; Crane, 83.
PAGES 121–122:
In 1554, Jan Rademacher | Binding, 73–9.
Plantin was French | Binding, 116–7.
PAGES 122–123:
The oldest known map | Binding, 129–131.
But in 1567 | Binding, 152.
PAGES 123 and 126:
‘I therefore send you’ | Lhuyd’s letter is reproduced in Binding, 167.
It was a huge undertaking | Binding, 175.
After Ortelius had drawn | Binding, 176.
PAGE 127:
‘Abrahamus Ortelius’ | Parts of the preface are reproduced in Binding, 222–4.
To make this connection | Matei-Chesnoiu, 13.
At the top, Europe | But Ortelius was not unaware of what was happening in America. In a later edition, for a map of New Spain (Mexico), he writes: ‘This province was in 1518 taken by force by the Spanish authorities, commanded and led by Fernando Cortez; who by sending many of his own men to their deaths, but also by killing far more of the inhabitants who fought for their freedom, conquered it.’ Binding, 244.
PAGE 129:
‘Quid ei potest’ | Cicero, 150.
PAGES 129–30:
Ortelius therefore encourages | Binding, 256–8.
The atlas sold well | Binding, 254–5.
In May 1571 | Broecke, Krogt & Meurer, 82.
PAGE 131:
In December three years later | Binding, 292–3.
PAGE 131:
With his life’s work | Binding, 194.
VENTURING OUT
PAGES 135–136:
This is where the journey | Nissen (19 October 1960), 79.
Scavenius notes down distances | The place names are taken from Janssonius’s map.
PAGE 136:
In ‘Joan and Cornelius Blaeu printed the map’: ‘S. S’ stands for Superintendens (bishop) Stavangriensis (in Stavanger).
The Diocese of Bergen | Nissen (14 October 1960), 92.
PAGE 138:
Joan and Cornelius made up | Brotton, 266.
The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands | European borders and place names were fluid during this period. For the sake of simplicity, I have chosen to use ‘the Netherlands’ when referring to the area that covers parts of the modern Netherlands and Belgium.
PAGE 138:
During the 1500s, the production and sale | Schilder & van Egmond; Nissen, 1949.
PAGE 140:
Blaeu was not the only | Brown, 170.
PAGE 140:
One day in 1597 | Hagen, 64.
PAGE 144:
Mercator’s life’s work | Crane, 193; Taylor, 185.
In 1569 he published | Crane, 204; conversation with Bengt Malm.
PAGE 146:
‘The priest […] related to the King’ | Mercator’s letter translated into Norwegian by Asgaut Steinnes. Cited in Ingstad.
PAGE 148:
In the autumn of 1585 | Crane, 260.
Mercator also wrote a preface | Crane, 275.
In later narratives | Mauretania must not be confused with today’s Mauritania, which is located further south.
PAGES 149–150:
Not long after completing | Crane, 279.
Hondius the Elder understood | Barber, Peter in Clarke, 09:30.
Mercator would probably | Crane in Clarke, 11:00.
PAGE 150:
Blaeu was ecstatic | Brotton, 276.
PAGE 155:
But it was also a statue | Brotton, 286.
PAGE 156:
While Blaeu and Janssonius were caught up | Koeman & van Egmond, 1271.
Isaac van Geelkerck, a cartographer’s son | Widerberg, 108.
PAGE 157:
The border between Norway and Sweden had always been | Nissen & Kvamen, XII.
PAGE 157:
The border disputes at Finnmark | Nissen, 1943 and 1963–1964.
‘in all the places where any dispute’ | Cited in Nissen & Kvamen, xv.
‘compose a complete map’ | Cited in Nissen & Kvamen, XVI.
PAGE 161:
It is difficult to overemphasise | Nissen & Kvamen, XIIX.
PAGES 161–162:
During the work on the border | Hanekamhaug, 12; Sinding-Larsen, 1.
In 1756, Norwegian officer | Ginsberg, 101.
PAGE 163:
It was also clearly more accurate | Schøning, 351–2.
PAGES 163–164:
During his work, Wangensteen | Aanrud, 97–101.
The task of drawing | Nissen, 1938, 126.
The forestry commission never | Aanrud, 97–101.
THE GREAT SURVEYS
PAGE 167:
The story of the modern | Rastad, 274–5; Pettersen (2009), 70–1.
PAGE 168:
The initiative to survey | Harsson (2009), 4.
‘These maps will now’ | Cited in de Seue, 11. Translated into Norwegian by Astrid Sverresdotter Dypvik.
The Border Survey of Norway was allocated premises | Harsson (2009), 4.
and the new institution’s first task | Thank you to archivist Sidsel Kvarteig at the Norwegian Mapping Authority for showing me this map.
PAGES 169–170:
Details such as churches | Andressen, 45 in Andressen & Fladby.
Sometimes, as much as | Harsson & Aanrud, 108.
At the same time, the actions | Harsson & Aanrud, 109.
In the summer of 1763 | Nørlund, 59. All the Danish quotes are also sourced from here.
PAGE 172:
Dutch mathematician Gemma Frisius | Haasbroek, 8.
Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe was among | Haasbroek, 16.
PAGE 173:
In Prague, Brahe | Haasbroek, 59.
PAGES 174–175:
France was the first | Brotton, 295; O’Connor and Robertson.
‘to agriculture, to commerce or manufacture’ | Cited in Brotton, 300.
In 1679, King Louis XIV | Quoted on fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_de_Cassini
PAGES 176–177:
The first expedition set out | Nystedt.
/> Luckily, the journey to Sápmi | Brotton, 309; Nystedt.
PAGE 177:
Orry also took it upon | Brotton, 311.
PAGE 181:
‘I want the map of my kingdom’ | Reproduced in Brotton, 318.
PAGES 181–182:
‘My poor Cassini’ | Reproduced in Brotton, 321.
But at the same time, what was | Brotton, 325.
PAGE 183:
‘His map may be good’ | Reproduced in Brotton, 328.
‘They took it away from me’ | Reproduced in Godlewska, 77.
‘If we had stuck to’ | Reproduced in Brotton, 330.
PAGE 186–187:
‘The survey shall hereafter’ | Reproduced in de Seue, 17.
Throughout the autumn | Pettersen (2014), 97.
Equipped with a large officers’ tent | de Seue, 31; Pettersen (2009), 71.
PAGE 188:
‘the survey, which was undertaken by Captain’ | Pontoppidan, 2.
in 1785 a royal decree | Hoem, 63.
‘When Trondheim’s meridian’| Reproduced in Pettersen (2014), 98.
PAGES 189 and 192:
The transit of Venus that | Clark.
Bugge obtained results | Pettersen (2014), 98.
The next transit of Venus | Johansen, 40.
PAGE 192:
Hell and a colleague | Johansen, 48.
‘That the locations of many places’ | Reproduced in Johansen, 50.
PAGES 193 and 196:
The Wibe brothers triangulate | Heltne.
The king expressed | Reproduced in the Dansk biografisk Lexikon (Danish Biographical Encyclopedia), 210.
PAGE 196:
‘Our farms, which we’ | Cited in Paule, 7.
PAGE 198:
The increasing accuracy | Enebakk and Pettersen, 263.
PAGE 200:
The subject was formalised | fagsider.org/kirkehistorie/lover/1860_skole.htm
‘If we were able’ | Jensen, 57–8.
PAGE 204:
For a handwritten | Munch, at the back of the book.
PAGE 204:
Since the country had for many | Kristiansen.
PAGE 206:
Continually reprinted | Sætre, 26.
WHITE SPACES IN THE NORTH
PAGE 209:
One September morning in 1896 | Sverdrup, translated by Ethel Harriet Hearn (1904)
PAGES 210–211:
‘Gunerius Ingvald Isachsen’ | Sverdrup, translated by Ethel Harriet Hearn (1904)
The expedition possessed | Isachsen
On Wednesday 14 September | Sverdrup, translated by Ethel Harriet Hearn (1904)
‘quite expected them to do’ | Sverdrup, translated by Ethel Harriet Hearn (1904)
‘In such circumstances’ | Sverdrup, translated by Ethel Harriet Hearn (1904)
Theater of the World Page 32