45. Henry M. Vyner, Background Paper for the Three Mile Island Public Health Fund’s Workshop on the Psychosocial Effects of the Invisible Environmental Contaminants, Beverly Hess Papers, Box 3, Folder 1, TMIC, DCASC.
46. PANE Newsletter, undated, PANE Newsletter Collection (unprocessed), TMIC, DCASC.
47. “Concerned Mothers and Women of Three Mile Island,” Beverly Hess Papers, Box 4, Folder 20, TMIC, DCASC.
48. Quoted in PANE Newsletter, undated, PANE Newsletter Collection, Folder 2, unprocessed, TMIC, DCASC.
49. Letter from Mary Wertman to Kemeny Commission, May 20, 1979, and to Russell Peterson, May 20, 1979, RG 220, Central Series, Box 7, unnamed folder, Papers of the President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island, NA II.
50. “They’d Rather Fight Than Switch,” Washington Post, undated, Beverly Hess Papers, Box 3, Folder 27, TMIC, DCASC.
51. Letter from Beverly Hess to Joseph Taylor, August 22, 1979, Beverly Hess Papers, Box 1, Folder 7, TMIC, DCASC.
52. Letter to Kemeny Commission from Charlotte Dennan, RG 220, Central Series, Box 307, unfiled, Papers of the President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island, NA II.
53. Letter from Linda Braasch to NRC Commissioners, January 21, 1981, Edwin Charles Collection, Box One, Folder 15, TMIC, DCASC.
54. Sermon of Karl Fike, Jr., Pastor, Church of the Brethren, Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania, April 1, 1979, Beverly Hess Papers, Box 2, Folder 6, TMIC, DCASC.
55. “The Springtime of Our Discontent: Lessons from TMI,” Sermon of Wallace Fisher, Senior Pastor, Trinity Lutheran Church, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, November 18, 1979, Text: Romans 8:28, Beverly Hess Papers, Box 4, Folder 25, TMIC, DCASC.
56. Bishop Paul Moore, Jr., “Sermon for Anniversary of Three Mile Island,” Beverly Hess Papers, Box 4, Folder 21, TMIC, DCASC.
57. See undated letter from PIRC to Pennsylvania Council of Churches, Beverly Hess Papers, Box 1, Folder 21, TMIC, DCASC. On interfaith services, see Beverly Hess Papers, Box 4, Folder 8, TMIC, DCASC. These included the Pennsylvania Council of Churches, the Central Pennsylvania Synod, the Pennsylvania Central Conference, and the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Harrisburg, as well as synods of the United Church of Christ, the Lutheran Church, and the United Methodist Church.
58. “Message to the Churches on the TMI Experience,” York County Council of Churches, approved on June 13, 1979, Beverly Hess Papers, Box 4, Folder 33, TMIC, DCASC.
59. See undated letter from PIRC to Pennsylvania Council of Churches, undated, Beverly Hess Papers, Box 1, Folder 21, TMIC, DCASC. On interfaith services, see Beverly Hess Papers, Box 4, Folder 8, TMIC, DCASC.
60. “Message to the Churches on the TMI Experience,” York County Council of Churches, approved on June 13, 1979, Beverly Hess Papers, Box 4, Folder 33, TMIC, DCASC.
61. “The Springtime of Our Discontent.”
62. “What Have We Learned from TMI Over the Last Year?”
63. See interview with Mrs. Reigle in “Communities: Meeting, Listening, Protesting,” in Del Tredici, The People of Three Mile Island, 47–50.
64. See “3 Mile Island: No Health Impact Found,” New York Times, April 15, 1980.
65. See Walker, Three Mile Island, 235–236. See also “The Social and Economic Effects of the Accident at Three Mile Island,” Study prepared for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission by Mountain West and Social Impact Research, Series XI: Governor of Pennsylvania, 1979–1987, Subseries 8: Office of Policy Development, Three Mile Island, Box 197, Folder 1, DT Papers, UPSC.
66. Interview with Judith Johnsrud, in Del Tredici, The People of Three Mile Island, 59–60; US Congress, House of Representatives, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Natural Resources and Environment of the Committee on Science and Technology, Testimony of Dr. Chauncey Kepford, Environmental Coalition on Nuclear Power, 96th Cong., 1st sess., June 2, 1979, 3; Statement of Joseph Califano, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, TMI Nuclear Accident, 1979 in US Congress, Senate, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources, 96th Cong., 1st sess., April 4, 1979, 84–88.
67. Walsh, Democracy in the Shadows, 171.
68. Philip Starr, Public Hearing Statement, RG 220, Central Series, Box 307, unfiled, Papers of the President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island, NA II.
69. Phil Brown, “Popular Epidemiology and Toxic Waste Contamination: Lay and Professional Ways of Knowing,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 33 (September 1992): 267–281.
70. “Innocence Lost,” Pennsylvania Illustrated, August 1979, Series XI: Governor of Pennsylvania, 1979–1987, Subseries 8: Office of Policy Development, Three Mile Island, Box 200, Folder 1, DT Papers, UPSC; “Fear Itself”; and Del Tredici, The People of Three Mile Island, 15.
71. Del Tredici, The People of Three Mile Island, 31.
72. Rough Draft of presentation by Mitsuri Katagiri and Aileen Smith Katagiri, March 3, 1983, Beverly Hess Papers, Box 5, Folder 6, TMIC, DCASC.
73. Interview with Engineer and Wife, August 28, 1979, LMOHI, TMIC, DCASC. Resource Center of threemileisland.org, www.threemileisland.org/resource/item_detail.php?item_id=00000222. See also Beverly Hess Papers, Box 5, Folders 4 and 6; Box 6, Folder 3 in TMIC, DCASC.
74. Interview with Engineer and Wife, August 28, 1979, LMOHI, TMIC, DCASC. Resource Center of threemileisland.org, www.threemileisland.org/resource/item_detail.php?item_id=00000267.
75. “Fear Itself.”
76. “Boy George Corn: Another Agricultural Oddity of the Season,” Lancaster Intelligencer Journal, October 1984, accessed in Beverly Hess Papers, Box 5, Folder 7, TMIC, DCASC. On corn’s significance as a symbol of fertility and fecundity in rural communities, see Gabriel Rosenberg, The 4-H Harvest: Sexuality and the State in Rural America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016), 21–23, 34–35, 37, 39, 42–43.
77. “Fear Itself.”
78. Letter from Charles and Helen Hockers to the NRC, Etters, Pennsylvania, January 22, 1981, Edwin Charles Collection, Box 1, Folder 14, TMIC, DCASC.
79. “Neighbors Find TMI a Strain,” Philadelphia Inquirer, December 8, 1982; and “Fear Itself.” See also Public Hearing, RG 220, Central Series, Box 307, Unfiled, Papers of the President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island, NA II. On animals, see Affidavit of Robert Weber, Veterinarian, Records of the Office of the Staff Secretary, Box 38, Folder: Nuclear Issues (and TMI), JCPL; “What Have We Learned from TMI Over the Last Year?”; Testimony of Jane Lee, Nuclear Regulatory Licensing Board, April 23, 1981, Edwin Charles Collection, Box One, Folder 23, TMIC, DCASC; TMI Coalition: Prospectus for a Three Mile Island Legal Fund”; and Marjorie Aamodt, “The Three Mile Island Accident: An Investigation of the Effect on the Health of Residents and Flora in Three Areas NW and SW of TMI,” Beverly Hess Papers, Box 5, Folder 4, TMIC, DCASC.
80. See Affidavit 6, Beverly Hess Papers, Box 5, Folder 4, TMIC, DCASC.
81. Editorial cartoon is reproduced in PANE Newsletter, June 1983, 4, Newsletters from PANE, Series XI: Governor of Pennsylvania, 1979–1987, Subseries 8: Office of Policy Development, Three Mile Island, Box 217, Folder 8, DT Papers, UPSC.
82. Del Tredici, The People of Three Mile Island, 87.
83. Ibid.
84. The Caldicott quotation comes from Transcript, National Nuclear Debate, Penn State Capitol Complex, moderated by Jim Lehrer, Report on the One-Year Anniversary, Series XI: Governor of Pennsylvania, 1979–1987, Subseries 7: Three Mile Island, Box 197, Folder 5, DT Papers, UPSC.
85. Walsh, Democracy in the Shadows, 55. For another example, also see “Crisis: Three Mile Island,” Washington Post, Series XI: Governor of Pennsylvania, 1979–1987, Subseries 7: Three Mile Island, Box 200, Folder 1, DT Papers, UPSC.
86. Del Tredici, People of Three Mile Island, 31. For another example of guinea pig metaphor, see “What Have We Learned from TMI Over the Last Year?”
87. Del Tredici, People of Three Mile Island, 23.
88. “Fear Itself.”
89. Del Tredici, The People of Three Mile Island, 64–66. On disappearing animals, see also Nakao Hajime, “TMI: The Language of Science and People’s Reality, Part II,” Kyoto Review, Spring 1981, Beverly Hess Papers, Box 5, Folder 11, TMIC, DCASC; and “What Have We Learned from TMI Over the Last Year?”
90. “What Have We Learned from TMI Over the Last Year?”
91. On the state’s Department of Agriculture, see Box 199, Folder 13, DT Papers, UPSC; also see “Nuclear Fabulists,” New York Times, April 18, 1980.
92. Del Tredici, The People of Three Mile Island, 70.
93. Letter from Charlotte Drennan to Kemeny Commission, May 24, 1979, Box 307, unfiled, RG 220, Central Series, Papers of the President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island, NA II.
94. Joseph Masco, Nuclear Borderlands: The Manhattan Project in Post–Cold War New Mexico (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006), 32–33.
95. See Statement of Beverly Hess, Town Meeting, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, January 5, 1984, Beverly Hess Papers, Box 2, Folder 6, TMIC, DCASC. My italics.
96. Del Tredici, The People of Three Mile Island, 22. For another example, see “A Young Mother’s Story: Three Mile Island Happened to Us,” Redbook, April 1980.
97. Appendix D, Table D.3 Percent employed in Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Hunting Industries; Percent Employed in Manufacturing Industry; and Percent Urban, in Renee Lamis, The Realignment of Pennsylvania Politics Since 1960: Two Party Competition in a Battleground State (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2009), 359–360; David Walbert, Garden Spot: Lancaster County, the Old Order Amish, and the Selling of Rural America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002); and TMI Population Registry, Jane Lee Papers, Box 1, Folder 23, TMIC, DCASC.
98. On these symptoms, see “They’re Moving But Still Fight TMI Restart,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 15, 1985; “We Don’t Want to Live With TMI,” Philadelphia Daily News, May 23, 1985, 3; “Fear Itself”; and Del Tredici, The People of Three Mile Island, 48, 93.
99. “Fear Itself.”
100. On the Aamodts, see “No Evidence of Increases of Cancer Near TMI Plant,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 6, 1985; “Another 43 File Claims Against TMI,” Patriot, August 21, 1985; “Cancer Study Debunks Link to TMI Mishap,” Harrisburg Evening News, September 5, 1985, accessed in Subsection: Newspaper Clippings, Three Mile Island, DT Papers, UPSC; Series XI: Governor of Pennsylvania, 1979–1987, Subseries 8: Office of Policy Development, Three Mile Island, Box 202, Folder 14, DT Papers, UPSC; Walsh, Democracy in the Shadows, 174; SVA Newsletter, February 1985, Beverly Hess Papers, Box 1, Folder 13, TMIC, DCASC; “A Decade of Delay, Deceit and Danger: TMI 1979–1989,” a Retrospective Published by TMIA, Beverly Hess Papers, Box 4, Folder 9, TMIC, DCASC; Marjorie Aamodt, “The Three Mile Island Accident: An Investigation of the Effect on the Health of Residents and Flora in Three Areas NW and SW of TMI,” Beverly Hess Papers, Box 5, Folder 4, TMIC, DCASC; John Murdoch Papers, Box 1, Folder 5, TMIC, DCASC; and Press Release: NRC Charged with Cover-up of Cancer Deaths at Three Mile Island, PIRC Collection, Box 2, Folder 12, TMIC, DCASC.
101. See Walker, Three Mile Island, 237–239, on the ways that Chernobyl actually lent credence to this theory.
102. Press Release: NRC Charged with Cover-Up of Cancer Deaths at Three Mile Island, PIRC Collection, Box 2, Folder 12, TMIC, DCASC.
103. Quoted in Walker, Three Mile Island, 174.
104. “They’re Moving But Still Fight TMI Restart,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, February 15, 1985.
105. Ibid.
106. Letter from Helen Hockers to Jimmy Carter, April 3, 1980, Edwin Charles Collection, Box 1, Folder 1, TMIC, DCASC.
107. Memo from Les Francis to Frank Moore regarding suggested response to Harrisburg Plant Crisis, March 31, 1979, Records of the Office of the Staff Secretary, Box 38, Folder: Nuclear Issues (and TMI), JCPL.
108. Walsh, Democracy in the Shadows, 190–191.
109. “The Nuclear Fabulists,” New York Times, April 18, 1980.
110. Del Tredici, The People of Three Mile Island, 67. See also Bruce Moholt, “Just a Little Radiation? Don’t Believe It,” SVA Newsletter, March 1980, Beverly Hess Papers, Box 1, Folder 12, DCASC.
111. Del Tredici, The People of Three Mile Island, 54. See also Interview with Teacher #1, 28 September 1979, LMOHI, TMIC, DCASC. Resource Center of threemileisland.org, www.threemileisland.org/resource/item_detail.php?item_id=00000215.
112. Statement of Patty Anonia, Public Hearing, RG 220, Central Series, Box 307, unnamed folder, Papers of the President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island, NA II.
113. “What Have We Learned from TMI Over the Last Year?”
114. Del Tredici, The People of Three Mile Island, 123–125.
115. Statement of John Gofman, Public Hearning, RG 220, Central Series, Box 8, Unnamed Folder, 4, Papers of the President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island, NA II.
116. See, for example, Interview with College Student #2, August 6, 1979; Interview with Government Agency Employee, July 24, 1979; Interview with Homemaker #1, August 1, 1979; Interview with Newspaper Employee #2, undated; Interview with Secondary School Teacher, June 6, 1979; Interview with Secretary #6, June 21, 1979; Interview with College Professor #1, August 7, 1979. LMOHI, TMIC, DCASC. Resource Center of threemileisland.org, www.threemileisland.org/resource/index.php?aid=00024.
117. Baylor University Editorial Cartoon collection, Box 56, File 1564, Baylor Collections of Political Materials, Baylor University.
118. The editorial cartoon can be found in PANE Newsletter, June 1983, Series XI: Governor of Pennsylvania, 1979–1987, Subseries 8: Office of Policy Development, Three Mile Island, Box 217, Folder 8, DT Papers, UPSC.
119. Phil Brown writes that popular epidemiology is largely a woman’s project, because women are “the most frequent organizers of lay detection because they are the chief health arrangers for their families, and partly because they are more concerned than men with local environmental issues.” See again Brown, “Popular Epidemiology and Toxic Waste Contamination.”
120. “Fear Itself.”
121. “Determined Woman Vows to Seek Mishap Answers,” New York Times, April 13, 1979.
122. See Brown, “Popular Epidemiology and Toxic Waste Contamination.”
123. Spencer R. Weart, Nuclear Fear: A History of Images (1989; Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012), 323–333; Stuart Leslie, The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994); and Michael Egan, Barry Commoner and the Science of Survival: The Remaking of American Environmentalism (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2009).
124. “Painful Truth About TMI,” TMIA Alert, May 1983, TMIA 1.4.3.4, TMIC, DCASC.
125. Pamphlet of the Union of Concerned Scientists, “The Nuclear Power Controversy,” RG 220, Central Series, Box 224, Folder 11, Papers of the President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island, NA II.
126. “TMI Anniversary Crowd Stern,” Harrisburg Patriot, March 28, 1980.
127. “Health Studies in the Three Mile Island Area,” Box 194, Folder 21, DT Papers, UPSC. See also Kemeny, Accident at Three Mile Island, 12.
128. “Health Studies in the Three Mile Island Area,” Box 194, Folder 21, DT Papers, UPSC. “The Social and Economic Effects of the Accident at Three Mile Island,” Study prepared for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission by Mountain West and Social Impact Research, Box 197, Folder 1, DT Papers, UPSC; and Evelyn Bromet et al., “Three Mile Island: Mental Health Findings,” Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health, Disaster Assistance and Emergency Mental Health Section, October 1980, Section XI: Governor of Pennsylvania, 1979–1987, Subseries 8: Office of Policy Development, Three Mile Island, Box 218, Folder 12, DT Papers, UPSC.
129. TMIA Press Release, May 17, 1980, Section XI: Governor of Pennsylvania, 1979–1987, Subseries 7: T
hree Mile Island, Three Mile Island, Box 197, Folder 9, DT Papers, UPSC.
130. “Health Studies in the Three Mile Island Area,” Box 194, Folder 21, DT Papers, UPSC; “The Social and Economic Effects of the Accident at Three Mile Island”; Study prepared for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission by Mountain West and Social Impact Research, Section XI: Governor of Pennsylvania, 1979–1987, Subseries 7: Three Mile Island, Box 197, Folder 1, DT Papers, UPSC; “TMI Still Frightens Neighbors,” Pittsburgh Press, March 28, 1982; and “Neighbors Find TMI a Strain.”
131. Kemeny, Accident at Three Mile Island, 13.
132. TMI Alert Press Update, “The Sixth Anniversary of the Three Mile Island Accident,” March 28, 1985, Beverly Hess Papers, Box 4, Folder 9, TMIC, DCASC.
133. Letter from Joanne Doroshow of TMIA, to Richard Thornburgh, August 20, 1982, Section XI: Governor of Pennsylvania, 1979–1987, Subseries 8: Office of Policy Development, Three Mile Island, Box 223, Folder 4, DT Papers, UPSC.
134. Advertisement calling for March on Harrisburg: “Have you forgotten about Three Mile Island? We haven’t,” Section XI: Governor of Pennsylvania, 1979–1987, Subseries 8: Office of Policy Development: Three Mile Island, Box 201, Folder 13, DT Papers, UPSC.
135. Interview with Richard Thornburgh, Section XI: Governor of Pennsylvania, 1979–1987, Subseries 7: Three Mile Island, Box 196, Folder 10, DT Papers, UPSC; Letter from Richard Thornburgh to the NRC, June 22, 1979, Box 201, Folder 13, DT Papers, UPSC; Letter from Richard Thornburgh to Joseph Hendrie, June 22, 1979 re: restart of Unit 1, Box 217, Folder 8, DT Papers, UPSC. Boxes 201 and 217 are both in Section XI: Governor of Pennsylvania, 1979–1987, Subseries 8: Office of Policy Development, Three Mile Island.
136. Letter from Mary Wertman to Kemeny Commission, RG 220, Central Series, Box 7, unnamed folder, 20 May 1979, Papers of the President’s Commission on the Accident at Three Mile Island, NA II.
137. “We Don’t Want to Live with TMI,” Philadelphia Daily News, May 23, 1985, 3.
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