6 Research Division of the Oklahoma Historical Society
7 Princeton University Archives, Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library
8 Courtesy of The Newberry Library, Chicago (Basil Hall, Forty Images Made with a Camera Lucida in North America, 1827–1828, Ayer 128.7 H2f 1829)
9 Research Division of the Oklahoma Historical Society
10 Courtesy National Archives
11 Nevada Historical Society
12 National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution (NPG 82.137)
13 Courtesy National Archives
14 Minnesota Historical Society
15 Minnesota Historical Society
16 Minnesota Historical Society
17 Courtesy of The Newberry Library, Chicago (American Indian Magazine, Ayer 1 A515 v.7, page 39)
18 Courtesy of Carlos Montezuma Photograph Collection, Arizona Collection, Arizona State University Libraries
19 Courtesy of The Newberry Library, Chicago (Wassaja, Ayer 1 W27, v.1, n.1, 1916)
20 Courtesy of The Newberry Library, Chicago (American Indian Magazine, Ayer A515 v.6, n.3, Autumn, 1918)
21 Courtesy of Laurence Hauptman
22 Courtesy of The Newberry Library, Chicago (D’Arcy McNickle Papers)
23 James Willard Schultz Papers, Collection 10, Merrill G. Burlingame Special Collections, Montana State University
24 National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution (P34255)
25 Courtesy of The Newberry Library, Chicago (D’Arcy McNickel Papers)
26 National Museum of the American Indian, Smithsonian Institution (P34188)
27 Association of American Indian Affairs Records, Mudd Manuscript Library, Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, Princeton University Library
28 Courtesy of Christopher Richards
INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. To find the corresponding locations in the text of this digital version, please use the “search” function on your e-reader. Note that not all terms may be searchable.
Abbey, Edward, 366, 368
Abernathy, Ralph, 371, 372–73
action anthropology, 345
Adair, William Penn, 141
Adams, Hank, 362, 364, 370, 372
Adams, John, 27, 33, 34
Adams, John Quincy, 75–76
African Americans, 333, 354–56, 362–63, 370–71
Aindusogeeshig, 204
Akeah, Sam, 329
Alabama, 59, 76, 107
Creeks and, 70, 83
Alaska, 297, 387
Alaskan Native Brotherhood and Sisterhood, 254
Alcatraz Island, 367–68, 376–77, 383
alcohol, 242, 244, 246, 250, 253, 327
allotments, see land allotments
American Civil Liberties Union, 281, 312
American Farm Bureau Federation, 229
American Federation of Labor, 228
American Friends Service Committee, 361
American Indian Civil Rights Act, 275–76
American Indian Defense Association, 281, 291
American Indian Federation, 301, 302, 311, 313
American Indian Magazine, 268
American Indian Movement (AIM), 368, 369–70, 378
American Indian Quarterly, 383
American Indian studies programs, 382–83, 399
American Revolution, 13, 15, 19–21, 299
and great powers of Europe, 23–28
peace negotiations, 13–20, 22–23, 28–39, 45
popular support for, 23
treaties with Indians following, 52–57
Treaty of Paris, 36, 38, 40–42, 52, 299
anthropology, 345, 365
Apess, William, 52
Aranda, conde de, 33–34, 36, 41, 42
Arapahos, 104
Arizona, 324
Arizona Law Review, 385
Arkansas, Choctaws and, 65, 68, 70–71, 72, 74, 75, 88, 89
Association on American Indian Affairs, 346, 349, 351
Austin, Mary, 281
Baldwin, James, 3
Baldwin, Roger, 281
Banks, Dennis, 369
Bannock War, 149, 152–53, 156
Battice, Walter, 255
Beaulieu, Bazil Hudon dit, 195
Beaulieu, Clement, 195, 196
Beaulieu, Frank, 263
Beaulieu, Gustave H., 195–99, 202, 205–6, 210, 212–14, 221, 263, 333
Beaulieu, Theodore, 265
Beck, William A., 242–43, 244
Bede, James, 210–12, 216, 219
Behind the Trail of Broken Treaties (Deloria), 375–76, 378–80, 384
Berda, Michael, 233
Bering Strait, 390
Big Man, Max, 304–5
Bill of Rights, 355
Bishop, Thomas, 265
Blackfeet, 261–62
Black Hawk War, 83
Black Hills Council, 254
Black Hoof, 80
Bliss, Cornelius, 198
Blue Lake, 387
Board of Indian Commissioners, U.S., 234
Bonnin, Gertrude Simmons, 253–54, 263–65, 267
Boone, Daniel, 2
Booth, Fenton, 218–20
Borah, William, 282
Boudinot, Elias Cornelius (E. C.), 126–29
Brant, Joseph (Thayendanega), 15–19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 36–38, 41–42, 48, 50, 60, 287, 395–96
Haldimand and, 17–19
Johnson and, 16
Treaty of Paris and, 18–19
Brant, Molly, 16, 37
Brashears, Delila, 64
Brashears, Turner, 64
Brewer, David, 247
Britain, see Great Britain
Bronson, Ruth Muskrat, 325, 331
Brosius, Samuel, 201–2, 210, 244–45
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 333
Bryan, William Jennings, 270–71
buffalo, 315
Buffalo Evening News, 290
Bureau of Indian Affairs, see Indian Office
Burke, Charles H., 268–69, 273
Burnette, Robert, 339, 347, 350–51, 352, 355, 359
Bush, George W., 394, 395
Butler, Hugh, 320, 322–23, 327
Butler, Marion, 210
Butler, Nicholas Murray, 269
Caddos, 115
Calhoun, John C., 61, 62, 63, 70–74, 76
McDonald’s letter to, 90–91
California, 104, 144, 146, 184, 231, 327
gold and silver in, 145, 152
Camp Holmes treaty, 113
Camp McDermitt, 148–49
Canada, 29, 34, 42, 182
Carl, John, 265
Carlisle Industrial Training School, 226, 261
Carmichael, Stokely, 362–63
Carnahan, James, 62
Carpenter, James, 305
Carter, Charles, 267
Central Indian Railroad, 127
Chamber of Commerce, 229
Charles III, King, 25, 26, 38
Charleston, 20
Chase, Hiram, 239, 241, 257
Cherokee Advocate, 106, 116, 139–41
Cherokee Outlet, 124–25, 126, 130, 132
Cherokees, 20, 52, 78, 107, 108, 141, 175–76, 210, 227, 247
Camp Holmes treaty and, 113
citizenship and, 92
civil conflict in, 90, 105
Civil War and, 106,
118–20, 121, 125, 127
education and, 80
Georgia and, 70, 83, 84, 99, 110–11, 118, 126–27, 136, 184
in Indian Territory, 102–7, 109
intertribal meetings hosted by, 113–14
Oklahoma and, 111
railroads and, 123, 124, 125–26, 127, 131–33, 138
in removal era, 110
slavery and, 117–18
tobacco case and, 127–29
on Trail of Tears, 105
treaty of 1835 and, 111–12, 117
treaty of 1846 and, 111, 112
treaty of 1866 and, 120–22, 123–31
U.S. government pledges to, 121–22, 139
U.S. v. Rogers and, 111–12, 118, 119, 129
Cherokee Tobacco, 129–30
Cheyennes, 104, 159
Chickasaws, 78, 107, 130
in intertribal council, 115
in removal era, 104, 110
Child, Lydia Maria, 162–63
Chino, Wendell, 359
Chippewa Commission, 186–87, 194, 195, 198, 217
Chippewas, 186, 262
Choctaw Academy, 79
Choctaws, 107, 108, 130, 131, 140, 141, 184
Arkansas and, 65, 68, 70–71, 72, 74, 75, 88, 89
bicultural trading families, 63–65
Camp Holmes treaty and, 113
citizenship and, 90–93, 96, 97
constitution of, 82
Court of Claims and, 208
declaration to Congress, 76–78, 97
education and, 73–74, 75, 77, 79–80
friendly ties to U.S. government, 63
government of, 81–83
Hopewell treaties and, 53–55, 57, 59–60, 64–65, 67–68
in Indian Territory, 51, 104
in intertribal council, 115
Jackson’s meeting with, at Doak’s Stand, 66–69, 75, 87, 91
Jefferson’s support for land purchase from, 59
McDonald as advocate for, 50–52, 69, 96
Mississippi and, 51, 58–59, 62, 65–69, 71–75, 84–94, 96–97, 230
mixed-heritage children of, 64
Mushulatubbe as leader among, 66–67, 80, 81–82, 90
negotiations in Washington, D.C., 71–75, 78, 81
polarization in, 88–89
Pushmataha as leader among, 65–67, 69, 71, 72, 74, 86
in removal era, 51, 104, 110
removal treaty of, 107
rivalries among, 90
Taboca as leader among, 53–55, 69
Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek and, 87–89, 93–94, 95
white settlers’ conflicts with, 49–50
cholera, 146, 153
Christianity, 163, 170, 174, 176
missionaries, 173, 177, 291
Paiutes and, 153–54, 156
Church and Society, 387–88
citizenship, 91–92, 163, 216, 225–76, 326, 328, 330, 334, 349, 385, 396
allotment and, 237
Choctaws and, 90–93, 96, 97
In re Heff and, 246–47, 249
McDonald’s views on, 90–95, 96
Omahas and, 235–37
Sloan and, 238, 260–61, 265, 272–75
Supreme Court cases and, 250–53
Winnemucca and, 168
Civilian Conservation Corps, 298, 315
Civilization Fund, 60–61
“civilization” policies, 60–61, 158–65, 167, 223, 320
civil rights movement, 355–56, 391
Civil War, 104, 229
Cherokees and, 106, 118–20, 121, 125, 127
Ross in, 106, 109
Clapp, Harvey, 214
Clapp, Moses, 210, 211, 214
Clay, Henry, 75
Cleveland, Grover, 194, 196
Clinton, Bill, 394
Cloud, Henry Roe, 267, 269, 302, 331
Cloud, Mrs. Henry Roe, 331
code talkers, 8–9, 264–65
Coffee, John, 87, 88, 89
Cohen, Felix, 296
Cohen, Morris, 296
Colbert, George, 50
Cole, Robert, 82
Collier, John, 271, 274, 280–83, 285, 291–92, 295, 296–99, 302–3, 311–14, 316, 319, 320–22, 328, 334, 346
Indian Reorganization Act of, 296–309, 311–12, 316–17
Jemison and, 291–92, 299–300, 302, 305, 311–14
McNickle and, 294–95, 307–10, 316
Yellowtail and, 285, 302–3, 305, 314
Colorado, 209
Comanches, 104, 113–15, 135
Committee of One Hundred, 269–71, 273, 285, 303
Community Action Programs (CAPs), 353–54, 357, 358, 359
Congress, U.S., 56, 87, 117, 130–31, 137, 139, 141, 184, 204, 223, 228, 236, 280, 327, 331, 335, 339, 344, 353, 359, 381–82, 385
Choctaw declaration to, 76–78, 97
Civilization Fund and, 60–61
General Allotment Act passed by, 236
House Committee on Territories, 139–41
House Concurrent Resolution 108, 327–28
House Indian Affairs Committee, 301
jurisdictional bills and, 207
Senate Indian Affairs Committee, 261, 262, 274, 297, 320
Senate Subcommittee on Constitutional Rights, 355
treaty making abandoned by, 160, 207
Constitution, U.S., 56, 58, 135, 155, 330, 384–85
Bill of Rights, 355
Fourteenth Amendment to, 228, 231, 236
Continental Congress, 23–24
Converse, Harriet Maxwell (Gayaneshaoh), 176–78
Cooley, Dennis N., 120–22, 123–24, 133
Coolidge, Sherman, 254, 257, 259, 269
Cornelius, Laura, 225, 226, 231–32, 257, 271
Cornwallis, Lord, 17, 20, 27, 28
Court of Claims, U.S., 207–10, 222, 270, 285
Choctaws and, 208
Mille Lacs Ojibwes and, 183, 210–23, 225
Crazy Horse, 1, 2, 159, 167
Creeks, 19–23, 29, 34, 40, 63, 70, 76, 78, 107, 130, 131, 141, 209
Alabama and, 70, 83
Camp Holmes treaty and, 113
Hopewell agreements and, 53
in Indian Territory, 104
in intertribal council, 115
in removal era, 104, 110
Spain and, 39–40
treaty with, 56–57
Crook, George, 235
Crows, 261, 286, 314–16
Indian Reorganization Act and, 300, 302–6
Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto (Deloria), 364–67, 368, 382, 388
Dagenett, Charles, 225, 226, 232, 257–58, 271
Dahlberg, Gus, 293
Dakotas, 188, 209, 312
Dakota Territory, 184
Dancing Rabbit Creek, Treaty of, 87–89, 93–94, 95
Dartmouth College, 16
Davis, Angela, 371, 379
Dawes, Henry, 157, 248, 321
Dawes Severalty Act, 226, 273
Day, William, 252–53
Decker, George Palmer, 288, 289
Declaration of Independence, 14, 24
Declaration of Indian Purpose, 347–49
Delawares, 48, 113–15
Deloria, Ella, 354
Deloria, Philip Joseph, 254
Deloria, Vine, Jr., 6, 8, 337–92, 399, 400–401
background of, 341, 351–52, 354
Behind the Trail of Broken Treaties, 375–76, 378–80, 384
childhood of, 340
Custer Died for Your Sins, 364–67, 368, 382, 388
death of, 337
education of, 340–41, 342
God Is Red, 375–78, 380, 383, 384
Katallagete essay of, 373–75
at law school, 363–64, 373, 382
resignation from NCAI, 363–64
retirement of, 389
selected as NCAI director, 340–42, 343
Udall and, 359–62, 363
at University of Arizona, 383–84
at University of Colorado, 389
We Talk, You Listen, 370–71
The World We Used to Live In, 389
Wounded Knee and, 371–72, 377, 378–79, 383, 388
Deloria, Vine, Sr., 341, 351, 354, 372
Democratic Party, 319, 344, 352, 394–95
Depression, Great, 291
Detroit, 14, 29
diseases, 146–47, 153
Doak’s Stand, 66–69, 75, 87, 91
Downing, Lewis, 125, 130, 135
Dundy, Elmer, 235
Durant, Louis, 64
Dwight, Ben, 321–22
Eastman, Charles, 171–75, 178, 225, 226, 229, 231, 232, 254, 263–65, 271
Eastman, John, 254, 255, 257
Eaton, John, 83, 87, 88, 89
Edgerton, George B., 212–14
education, 80–81, 97, 159, 162, 163, 176–77, 234, 256
Cherokees and, 80
Choctaws and, 73–74, 75, 77, 79–80
higher, 382
McDonald’s views on, 79–80, 81, 95
Shawnees and, 80–81
Winnemucca and, 168, 169–70, 171
Eisenhower, Dwight, 327, 343
election of 2000, 393–94
Elk, John, 236
Ellis, Wade, 251
Ely, Robert, 281
Emmons, Glenn, 327
Ervin, Sam, 355–56
Esquire, 294
Europe, 13–14, 42, 103
Native Americans and, 15, 23
in Peace of Paris, 13–14, 20, 22–23
Everett Commission, 287
Fall, Albert B., 269
families, 161–62, 163
Fenton, William, 302
firearms, 327
First American, 311, 312, 313, 314
fishing rights, 362, 367, 368, 382, 397
Flatheads, 108
Fletcher, Alice Cunningham, 163, 175, 235–39, 241, 244, 245, 247
Florida, 20, 29, 38–40, 184, 327
Floridabianca, Count, 38–39
Flournoy Livestock and Real Estate Company, 242–44, 245
Folsom, David, 64, 71, 82–84, 86, 89
Folsom, Nathaniel, 63
Ford Foundation, 344
Fort Berthold, 209
This Indian Country Page 47