More Guns Less Crime
Page 40
Trafficking. Washington, DC: Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
and Firearms, Jan. 1997. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Reports." Murder in Large Urban Counties, 1988."
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1993.
. "Murder in Families. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1994.
Cherrington, Ernest H. The Evolution of Prohibition in the United States of America. Westerville, OH:
Tern-Press, 1920. Colvin, D. Leigh. Prohibition in the United States. New York: George H. Doran Co., 1926. Cook, P. J. "The Role of Firearms in Violent Crime," in M. E. Wolfgang and N. A. Werner,
eds., Criminal Violence. Newbury, NJ: Sage Publishers, 1982.
. "The Technology of Personal Violence." Crime and Justice: Annual Review of Research
14 (1991).
Cottrol, Robert J., and Raymond T. Diamond. "The Second Amendment: Toward an Afro-Americanist Reconsideration." Georgetown Law Review 80 (Dec. 1991).
Cramer, Clayton E., and David B. Kopel. "'Shall Issue': The New Wave of Concealed-Handgun Permit Laws." Tennessee Law Review 62 (Spring 1995). A longer version of this study is available from the Independence Institute, 14142 Denver West Parkway, Suite 185, Golden, Colorado, 80401-3134.
Daly, Martin, and Margo Wilson. Homicide. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter Publishers, 1988.
Davis, James A., and Tom W Smith. General Social Surveys, 1972—1993: Cumulative Codebook. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center, 1993.
Donohue, John, and Peter Siegelman. "Is the United States at the Optimal Rate of Crime?" Journal of Legal Studies 27 (Jan. 1998).
Dilulio, John J., Jr. "The Question of Black Crime." The Public Interest 117 (Fall 1994).
. "White Lies About Black Crime." The Public Interest 118 (Winter 1995).
Dunford, Edward B. The History of the Temperance Movement. Washington, DC: Tern-Press, 1943.
Ehrlich, Isaac. "Participation in Illegitimate Activities: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation." Journal of Political Economy 81 (1973).
. "Crime, Punishment, and the Market for Offenses." Journal of Economic Perspectives
10 (Winter 1996).
Ehrlich, Isaac, and Randall Mark. "Fear of Deterrence: A Critical Evaluation of the Report of the Panel on Research on Deterrent and Incapacitation Effects." Journal of Legal Studies 6 (June 1977).
Geller, William A., and Michael S. Scott. Deadly Force: What We Know. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum, 1992.
Glaeser, Edward L., and Bruce Sacerdote. "Why Is There More Crime in Cities? (Harvard University working paper, Nov. 14, 1995).
Glaeser, Edward, and Spencer Glendon. "Who Owns Guns?" American Economic Review 88 (May 1998).
Greenwald, Bruce C. "A General Analysis of the Bias in the Estimated Standard Errors of Least Squares Coefficients." Journal of Econometrics 22 (Aug. 1983).
Grossman, Michael; Frank J. Chaloupka; and Charles C. Brown. "The Demand for Cocaine by Young Adults: A Rational Addiction Approach." NBER working paper, July 1996.
Kagel, John H.; Raymond C. Battalio; Howard Rachlin; and Leonard Green. "Experimental Studies of Consumer Demand Behavior Using Laboratory Animals." Economic Inquiry 13 (Jan. 1975).
. "Demand Curves for Animal Consumers." Quarterly Journal of Economics 96 (Feb.
1981).
Kahan, Dan M. "What Do Alternative Sanctions Mean?" University of Chicago Law Review 63 (1996).
Kahan, Dan, and Martha Nussbaum. "Two Conceptions of Emotion in Criminal Law." Columbia Law Review 96 (Mar. 1996).
Kates, Don B., and Dan Polsby. "The Background of Murders." Northwestern University Law School working paper (1997).
Kates, Don, and Dan Polsby. "Of Genocide and Disarmament." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86 (Fall 1995).
Kellermann, Arthur L., et al. "Gun Ownership as a Risk Factor for Homicide in the Home." New England Journal of Medicine (Oct. 7, 1993).
Kennedy, David M.; Anne M. Piehl; and Anthony A. Braga. "Youth Violence in Boston: Gun Markets, Serious Youth Offenders, and A Use-Reduction Strategy." Law and Contemporary Problems 59 (Winter 1996).
Kermit, Daniel, and John R. Lott, Jr. "Should Criminal Penalties Include Third-Party Avoidance Costs?" Journal of Legal Studies 24 (June 1995).
Kleck, Gary. Point Blank: Guns and Violence in America. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruy ter Publishers, 1991.
. Targeting Guns. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter Publishers, 1997.
. "Guns and Violence: An Interpretive Review of the Field." Social Pathology 1 (Jan.
1995).
Kleck, Gary, and Marc Gertz. "Armed Resistance to Crime: The Prevalence and Nature of Self-Defense with a Gun." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86 (Fall 1995).
Kleck, Gary, and E. Britt Patterson. "The Impact of Gun Control and Gun-Ownership Levels on Violence Rates." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 9 (1993).
Kopel, David B. The Samurai, the Mountie, and the Cowboy. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1992.
. Guns: Who Should Have Them? Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1995.
Landes, William M. "An Economic Study of U.S. Aircraft Hijacking, 1961—1976." Journal of Law and Economics 21 (Apr. 1978).
Law Enforcement Technology magazine. "Gun-Control Survey." Law Enforcement Technology (July— Aug. 1991).
Levinson, Sanford. "The Embarrassing Second Amendment." Yale Law Journal 99 (Dec. 1989).
Levitt, Steven. "The Effect of Prison Population Size on Crime Rates: Evidence from Prison Overcrowding Litigation." Quarterly Journal of Economics 111 (1996).
Lott, John R., Jr. "Juvenile Delinquency and Education: A Comparison of Public and Private Provision." International Review of Law and Economics 7 (Dec. 1987).
. "Should the Wealthy Be Able to 'Buy Justice'?" Journal of Political Economy 95 (Dec.
1987).
"The Effect of Conviction on the Legitimate Income of Criminals." Economics Letters
34 (Dec. 1990).
-. "A Transaction-Costs Explanation for Why the Poor Are More Likely to Commit
Crime." Journal of Legal Studies 19 (Jan. 1990).
"An Attempt at Measuring the Total Monetary Penalty from Drug Convictions:
The Importance of an Individual's Reputation." Journal of Legal Studies 21 (Jan. 1992). -. "Do We Punish High-Income Criminals Too Heavily?" Economic Inquiry 30 (Oct.
1992). . "The Concealed-Handgun Debate." Journal of Legal Studies 27 (Jan. 1998): forth-
coming.
Lott, John R., Jr., and Larry W. Kenny. "How Dramatically Did Women's Suffrage Change the Size and Scope of Government?" University of Chicago Law School working paper (1997).
Lott, John R., Jr., and William M. Landes. "Multiple Victim Public Shootings, Bombings, and Right-to-Carry Concealed Handgun Laws." University of Chicago Law School Working Paper (1997).
Lott, John R., Jr., and Stephen G. Bronars. "Criminal Deterrence, Geographic Spillovers, and Right-to-Carry concealed Handgun Laws." American Economic Review 88 (May 1998).
Lund, Nelson. "The Second Amendment, Political Liberty, and the Right to Self-Preservation." Alabama Law Review 33 (1988).
Marvell, Thomas B., and Carlisle E. Moody. "The Impact of Enhanced Prison Terms for Felonies Committed with Guns." Criminology 33 (May 1995).
McCormick, Robert E., and Robert Tollison. "Crime on the Court." Journal of Political Economy 92 (Apr. 1984).
McDowall, David; Colin Lofitin; and Brian Wiersema. "Easing Concealed-Firearm Laws: Effects on Homicide in Three States." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86 (Fall 1995).
314/BIBLIOGRAPHY
Miller, Ted R.; Mark A. Cohen; and Brian Wiersema. Victim Costs and Consequences: A New Look. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, Feb. 1996.
Moulton, Brent R. "An Illustration of a Pitfall in Estimating the Effects of Aggregate Variables on Micro Units." Review Economics and Statistics 72 (1990).
Mullin, Wallace P. "Will Gun Buyback Programs Increase the
Quantity of Guns?" Michigan State University working paper (Mar. 1997).
Munday, R. A. I., and J. A. Stevenson. Guns and Violence: The Debate Before Lord Cullen. Essex, England: Piedmont Publishers, 1996.
Peltzman, Sam. "The Effects of Automobile Safety Regulation." Journal of Political Economy 83 (Aug. 1975).
Peterson, Steven; George Hoffer; and Edward Millner. "Are Drivers of Air-Bag-Equipped Cars More Aggressive? A Test of the Offeetting-Behavior Hypothesis." Journal of Law and Economics 38 (Oct. 1995).
Plotkin, Martha R., ed. Under Fire: Gun Buy-Backs, Exchanges, and Amnesty Programs. Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum, 1996.
Polsby, Daniel D. "From the Hip: The Intellectual Argument in Favor of Restrictive Gun Control Is Collapsing. So How Come the Political Strength of Its Advocates Is Increasing?" National Review, Mar. 24,1997.
Quigley, Paxton. Armed and Female. New York: St. Martin's, 1989.
Rasmusen, Eric. "Stigma and Self-Fulfilling Expectations of Criminality." Journal of Law and Economics 39 (Oct. 1996).
Reynolds, Morgan O. "Crime and Punishment in America." Dallas: National Center for Policy Analysis, June 1995.
Sandler, Todd. "Optimal Prices and Animal Consumers in Congested Markets: A Comment." Economic Inquiry 25 (Oct. 1987).
Shields, Pete. Guns Don't Die, People Do. New York: Arbor, 1981.
Singular, Stephen. Talked to Death. New York: Beech Tree Books, 1987.
Smith, Tom W "1996 National Gun-Policy Survey of the National Opinion Research Center: Research Findings." Chicago: National Opinion Research Center, Mar. 1997.
Smith, Tom W, and Robert J. Smith. "Changes in Firearm Ownership Among Women, 1980-1994." Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86 (Fall 1995).
Southwick, Lawrence, Jr. "Self-defense with Guns: The Consequences." Journal of Criminal Justice (forthcoming).
Teret, Stephen P. "Critical Comments on a Paper by Lott and Mustard." School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, mimeo, Aug. 7, 1996.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract of the United States. Washington, DC: US. Government Printing Office, 1995.
Uviller, H. Richard. Virtual Justice: The Flawed Prosecution of Crime in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996.
Van Alstyne, William. "The Second Amendment Right to Arms." Duke Law Review 43 (Apr. 1994).
Viscusi, W. Kip. "The Lulling Effect: The Impact of Child-Resistant Packaging on Aspirin and Analgesic Ingestions." American Economic Review (May, 1984).
Wilson, James Q., and Richard J. Herrnstein. Crime and Human Nature. Simon and Schuster, New York, N.Y. 1985.
Wilson, James Q., and George L. Kelling. "Making Neighborhoods Safe." Atlantic Monthly, Feb. 1989.
Wolpin, Kenneth. "An Economic Analysis of Crime and Punishment in England and Wales, 1894-1967." Journal of Political Economy 86 (1978).
Wright, James D., and Peter Rossi. Armed and Considered Dangerous: A Survey of Felons and Their Firearms. New York: Aldine de Gruyter Publishers, 1986.
Zimring, Franklin. "The Medium Is the Message: Firearm Caliber as a Determinant of Death from Assault." Journal of Legal Studies 1 (1972).
SUPPLEMENTARY ENTRIES FOR SECOND EDITION
Ayres, Ian, and John J. Donohue IE. "Nondiscretionary Concealed Weapons Laws: A Case Study of Statistics, Standards of Proof, and Public Policy." American Law and Economics Review 1, nos. 1-2 (Fall 1999): 436-70.
Bartley, William Alan. "Will Rationing Guns Reduce Crime?" Economics Letters 62 (1999): 241-43.
Bartley, William, and Mark Cohen. "The Effect of Concealed Weapons Laws: An Extreme Bound Analysis." Economic Inquiry 36 (Apr. 1998): 258—65.
Benson, Bruce L. "Review of More Guns, Less Crime." Public Choice 100, nos. 3-4 (Sept. 1999): 309-13.
Black, Dan A., and Daniel S. Nagin. "Do Right-to-Carry Laws Deter Violent Crime?" Journal of Legal Studies 27 (Jan. 1998): 209-19.
Bronars, Stephen G., and John R. Lott, Jr. " Criminal Deterrence, Geographic Spillovers, and Right-to-Carry Laws." American Economic Review 88 (May 1998): 475—79.
Cummings, Peter, David C. Grossman, Frederick P. Rivara, and Thomas D. Koepsell. "State Gun Safe Storage Laws and Child Mortality Due to Firearms." Journal oj the American Medical Association 278 (Oct. 1, 1997): pp. 1084-86.
Dezbakhsh, Hashem, and Paul H. Rubin. "Lives Saved or Lives Lost? The Effects of Concealed-Handgun Laws on Crime." American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings 88 (May 1998): 468-74.
Diaz, Tom. Making a Killing: The Business of Guns in America. New York: New Press, 1999.
Ehrlich, Isaac, and Zhiqiang Liu. "Sensitivity Analyses of the Deterrence Hypothesis: Let's Keep the Econ in Econometrics." Journal of Law and Economics 42 (Apr. 1999): 455—88.
Eisen, Joanne, and Paul Gallant. "Scientific Proof That Gun Control Increases the Cost of Crime." Shield, Summer 1998, p. 42.
Harrison, Glenn W, David Kennison, and Katherine M. Macedon. "Legal Guarantee of the Right to Bear Arms: Can It Be Justified Empirically?" University of South Carolina working paper, December 1999.
Hemenway, David. "Book Review of More Guns, Less Crime." New England Journal of Medicine, Dec. 31, 1998, pp. 2029-30.
Kellermann, Arthur, and Sheryl Heron. "Firearms and Family Violence." Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 17 (Aug. 1999): 699-708.
Kelling, George L. Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities. New York: Free Press, 1998.
Korwin, Alan. The California Gun Owner's Guide. Phoenix: Bloomfield Press, 1999.
. Gun Laws of America. Phoenix: Bloomfield Press, 1997.
. The Texas Gun Owner's Guide. Phoenix: Bloomfield Press, 1998.
Learner, Edward E. "Let's Take the Con Out of Econometrics." American Economic Review 73 (Mar. 1983): 31-43.
Lott, John R., Jr. "Does a Helping Hand Put Others at Risk? Affirmative Action, Police Departments, and Crime." Economic Inquiry, vol. 38 (April 2000), forthcoming.
. "Who Is Really Hurt by Affirmative Action?" Subject to Debate, May 1998, pp. 1, 3.
Lott, John R., Jr., and John E. Whitley. "Safe Storage Gun Laws: Accidental Deaths, Suicides, and Crime." Yale Law School working paper, October 1, 1999.
Ludwig, Jens. "Concealed-Gun-Carrying Law and Violent Crime: Evidence from State Panel Data." International Review of Law and Economics 18 (Sept. 1998): 239—54.
McManus, Walter S. "Estimates of the Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: The Importance of the Researcher's Prior Beliefs." Journal of Political Economy 93 (Feb. 1985): 417-25.
Miron, Jeffrey A. "Violence, Guns, and Drugs: A Cross-Country Analysis." Boston University working paper, December 9, 1999.
Moody, Carlisle E. "Testing for the Effects of Concealed Weapons Laws: Specification Er-
rors and Robustness." College of William and Mary, Department of Economics, working paper, December 19, 1999.
Mustard, David B. "The Impact of Gun Laws on Police Deaths." University of Georgia working paper, November 1999.
Olson, David, and Michael Maltz. "Magic Bullets, Deterrence, and Gun Laws." Loyola University Chicago working paper, December 1999.
Plassman, Florenz, and T. Nicolaus Tideman. "Does the Right to Carry Concealed Handguns Deter Countable Crimes? Only a Count Analysis Can Say." State University of New York at Binghamton working paper, May 19, 1999.
. "Geographical and Temporal Variation in the Effects of Right-to-Carry Laws on
Crime." Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University working paper, November 19, 1999.
Shughart, William R, II. "More Guns, Less Crime: Understanding Crime and Gun Control Laws: Review." Southern Economic Journal 65, no. 4 (Apr. 1, 1999): 978-81.
Slobogin, Christopher. "Why Liberals Should Chuck the Exclusionary Rule." University of Illinois Law Review 99 (1999): 363-446.
Squires, Peter. "Review of More Guns, Less Crime." British Journal of Criminology 39, no. 2 (Spring 1999): 318-20.
U.S. G
eneral Accounting Office. "Accidental Shootings: Many Deaths and Injuries Caused by Firearms Could Be Prevented." Washington, DC: US. General Accounting Office, Mar. 1991.
A M t" indicates material is located in a table or other figure; an M n" indicates material in an endnote.
accidental shootings, 1—2, 110—12, 112t,
114, 115, 235, 285nn 18-19 aggravated assaults
after adoption of concealed-handgun law, 79t, 138t, 143t
per 100,000 people, 45t Alschuler, Albert W., 144, 148-49 Alstyne, William Van, 68 American Housing Survey, 69—70 Andersen, Harold W., 153 arrest rate
and crime rate, 56, 103-6, 119-20, 145-46
defined, 250
missing observations about, 154-55
and number of police officers, 120—21
status as explanatory variable, 117—20 assumptions, questions about, 131—32 Australia, 241 Ayres, Ian, 147, 213-15, 217-18, 224-30,
285n21, 290n31, 303nn87-89
background checks, 162, 163, 292nn7, 9
Beard, Michael, 202
Becker, Gary, 273nl0
Bell Campaign, 223
Berg, Alan, 13
Black, Dan, 129, 131, 135-41, 142-43, 146,
155-56, 157, 209-13, 224-25,
290nn28-29 Brady, James, 157, 219 Brady, Sarah, 162, 219 Brady law, 14, 20, 36, 86, 90t, 91, 109, 162-
64, 191, 199, 202, 254, 285nl5, 300n70 Brazil, 241
broken-window effect, 26, 290n23 Bronars, Stephen G., 295n25
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, 163, 294nnl0, 12-13 Published Ordinances—Firearms, 49 Bureau of the Census, 48, 253-55 buyback programs, 18, 168
Carroll, Thomas, 16
Center for Gun Policy and Research,
Johns Hopkins University, 128-29, 130 Center to Prevent Handgun Violence,
267n45 Chapman, Stephen, 125 Chicago Police Department, 8 Cleave, Philip Van, 2 Clinton, President William, 9-10, 168, 238,
242, 266n37, 282n29 Columbine High School, 195, 236, 243 concealed-handgun laws
and accidental deaths, 54, 110-12, 112t,
115 adoption of, 43, 132-33, 263n3, 277-
78nnl0, 12, 23 aversion to public debate about, 126—
28, 286-87n2 and crime, 11—12, 20 and crime rates, 46t, 51, 52t-53t, 118—