by Ian Kershaw
Operation Typhoon 415, 431, 433, 436
Operation Valkyrie 668–9, 671, 675, 676, 690
Operation Watch on the Rhine 741
Opfer der Vergangenheit (Victims of the Past) (film) 257
Oppeln, Upper Silesia 759, 788
Oppenheim 760
Oran, French Algeria 327, 539
Oranienburg 793
Ordnungspolizei (regular police) 468
Orel 592, 596, 597
Organisation Todt (OT) 623, 634, 675, 678, 679, 742, 808
Orgaz y Yoldi, General 14
Orsha 647
Oscarsborg, straits of 288
Oshima, Ambassador Hiroshi 27, 383, 398, 443, 445, 449, 470, 729, 730, 732, 743
Oslo 288
Oster, Colonel Hans 157, 225, 262, 268, 270, 659, 667, 690
Osteria Bavaria restaurant, Munich 143, 512
Ostland (Eastern Region) 406, 486, 491, 520
‘Ostmark’, Goebbels in 506
Ostrogoth Gau (Ostgotengau) 440
Ostrov, Poland 394, 690
Ott, General Eugen 443
Oven, Wilfried von 678
Owens, Jesse 6, 7
Pacific Ocean 728
Paderborn 172
Palestine 189, 530; Britain refuses entry for Jewish refugees 146; as a Jewish state 134, 321, 350
Pan-German League/pan-Germanism 65, 67
Panzer Corps ‘Grodeutschland’ 768–9
Panzer Group 4 359
Panzer Group West 641
Papen, Franz von 68, 226, 428, 732–3; Ambassador to Austria 66; and the Anschlué 76, 82, 83; Austrian Nazi plans to murder 69; on H 71–2; meets Schuschnigg 70; plans to topple Schuschnigg 45, 67, 69
‘paper war’ 566
Paris: H visits 299–300; H’s orders 722; liberated 722; lingering remnants of the German coup (1944) 683; Stülpnagel backs the insurrectionists (1944) 678
Party of National Concentration (Nationale Sammlungspartei) 819
Pas de Calais 641
Pasewalk military hospital 754
Patton, General George S. 720, 744, 788
Paul, Prince, of Yugoslavia 360
Paulus, Field-Marshal Friedrich 497, 530, 533, 537, 543, 544, 545, 548–51
Pavelic, Ante 581
pax americana xviii
Payne Best, Captain S. 271
Pearl Harbor (1941) 364, 442, 444, 445, 446, 448, 486–7, 490
Peenemünde 622
Peloponnese 361
Pension Moritz (later the Platterhof), Obersalzberg 636
People’s Court (Volksgerichtshof) 507, 508, 552, 688–9, 721, 733; show trials 691–2
Perkowski, Tadeusz 202
Persian Gulf 276, 514
Petacci, Clara 826
Pétain, Marshal 297, 299, 328–32, 525, 542
Peter II, King of Yugoslavia 360
Petersberg Hotel, Bad Godesberg 113, 114
Pfaueninsel (Peacock Island), Havel 7
Pfeffer von Salomon, Franz 436
Philip of Hesse, Prince 76, 78, 600
Phipps, Sir Eric 25, 46
‘Phoney War’ (autumn and winter 1939–40) 274–5
physically handicapped 258–9
Picasso, Pablo, Guernica 24–5
Pillau 762
Pilsudski, Marshal 237
Pintsch, Karl-Heinz 371, 372
Pirow, Oswald 151
Pissia river 238
Platterhof hotel, Obersalzberg 636
Plenipotentiary for Reich Administration 709
Plenipotentiary for the Total War Effort (Reichsbevollmächtigter für den totalen Kriegseinsatz) 708–12, 713
Ploesti oilfields 332, 343, 635
Plön 820, 832
Plötzensee Prison, Berlin 693
Poland: British Guarantee to Poland 155, 175, 178, 179, 190, 212, 216, 218, 237; the collapsing front in 762; Danzig Question 158, 177; death camps closed 766–7; deportation of Jews into the foreign-speaking Gau 244; Eastern Wall 244; the Einsatzgruppen 241, 243, 244, 246; ‘ethnic cleansing’ 240–1, 248, 355; as an experimental training-ground 234–5, 355; extermination of Europe’s Jews 430; fatalities 236; and the ‘final solution of the Jewish Question’ 483; first shots fired in (1 September 1939) 221–2; General Government 239, 244, 245–6, 250, 252, 279, 319, 320, 322, 323, 351, 352, 375, 462, 471, 475, 480, 488, 491, 492, 493, 494, 520, 589; the German minority 241–2; German position strengthened 165; German propaganda 200, 201; Government-in-Exile (London) 725; H and Haider want to smash Poland at breakneck speed 180; H hopes to win allies in 43; H on 191–2; H rescinds invasion order (August 1939) 214–15, 229–30; H sanctions mass murder 248; H views devastation in Warsaw 236; Haider’s speech (1939) 179–80; H’s approach changes markedly 166–7; intelligentsia 245; Jewish population 234; and the ‘Jewish Question’ 134, 317; ‘the key to the situation’ 174; military alliance with Britain 215; mobilization (March 1939) 177, 190, 229; and Moravská-Ostrava 165, 190; murder of Polish officers at Katyn (1940) 583; and the national-conservative resistance 263; a new division of 782; ‘New Order’ 243, 251, 252; Non-Aggression Pact with Germany 189, 190, 191; not expected to fight (1939) 205; the Polish front 276; a potentially hostile neighbour xlv; proposed German-Russian agreement partitioning Poland 196; revisionism 46, 95; and Ruthenia 165; scope for the Nazi Party 315; Security Police 251, 252; seeks a strong central European cordon of states 157; ‘September Murders’ (1939) 242; Soviet Union invades from the east 236; Stauffenberg’s attitude 668; Ukrainian minority 165–6; Volkstumskampf (‘ethnic struggle’) 243
Polavy bridgehead 756
police force: ideologically driven xliii; and the Jewish Question xliv
Polish air-force 236
Polish army 179, 236, 240
‘Polish Committee for National Liberation’ 725
Polish Corridor 158, 165, 166, 177, 178, 181, 190, 200, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 225, 238, 664
Polish crisis (summer 1939) 123, 129
Polish Question 165, 279, 321
Polish underground army 724–5
Poltava 444, 524, 527, 660
Pomerania (Hinterpommern) 235, 758, 759, 762, 779, 787
Poméen, near Leipzig 258, 259
Ponza 594
Popitz, Johannes 659, 664, 690
Posen 758, 759; Himmler speaks of vengeance against plotters 691; Himmler’s antisemitic speech to SS leaders (4 October 1943) 487, 559, 584, 604–5
Potsdam 815, 820, 826
Prague 85, 107, 112, 164, 166, 168–73, 286, 318, 481, 482, 518, 526, 683, 801
Presidential Chancellery 709, 800
Pretzsch 382, 463
Price, Ward 80
Prinz Eugen (heavy cruiser) 504
Pripet Marsh 346, 350, 368, 463, 488
Probst, Christoph 552 propaganda: and the Anschlué 76, 79; and antisemitism xliii, 141–2, 583; before ‘Barbarossa’ 386; British 432, 436; caricature of Jews 249; and Czechoslovakia 90, 91, 96–7, 99, 166, 169; displays 184; and the economic crisis 18; and the elections of 1938 82; the ‘euthanasia action’ 429; and formation of the Axis 26; and H’s memorandum (1936) 22; and national pride xxxix; and the Olympic Games 5, 8; and Pearl Harbor 445; and the plight of the 6th Army 548; and Poland 200, 201, 209, 214, 241, 242
Protestant Church xxxix, 39
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, The 588
Prussia: bulwark of the Reich’s power xviii; Finance Ministry 574–5; and Frederick the Great 277; history 581; Ministerial Council 22
putsch attempt (Munich, 1923) 31, 60, 258; annual celebration of 37, 46, 51, 137, 139, 272, 273, 420, 436, 489, 539–40, 606, 614, 739–40, 840
Puttkamer, Captain Karl-Jesko Otto von 32, 235, 294, 738, 800, 816
Quisling, Vidkun 287, 289, 581
racecourses 575–7
racial determinism 19
racial struggle xli
Rademacher, Franz 321, 322
radicalism xliv, 73, 147, 148
radicalization xlvi, 43, 44, 64, 146, 234, 311, 314, 316, 317, 31
8, 324, 336, 421, 495, 508, 548, 562, 707, 708
radio see broadcasting
Radio Stockholm 816
Raeder, Admiral 43, 46, 47, 50, 94, 100, 176, 267, 286, 287, 289, 298, 301–2, 304, 307, 322, 326, 327, 341, 585, 837
Raj, the 401
Rangsdorf aerodrome 676
Rastenburg, East Prussia 334, 395, 502, 527, 602, 662, 671, 675
Rath, Ernst vom 136, 137, 138, 145
Rattenhuber, SS-Standartenführer Johann 623
Raubal, Geli (H’s niece) 36, 197
Ravensbrück concentration camp 519
raw materials: in Austria 67, 68; the crisis xxxviii, xlv, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 45, 47, 49, 68, 161, 191, 193, 294; in Czechoslovakia 89, 164; in the Ukraine 414
Rechlin, Mecklenburg 197, 806, 820
Red Army 237, 305, 308, 335, 380, 383, 384, 394, 398, 399, 409, 412, 415, 422, 423, 431, 433, 435, 437, 466, 513, 525, 528–9; advances into Lithuania 714; advances towards the Carpathians 626; Army Group South Ukraine attacked 723; attack on Berlin 793, 794, 799, 800, 801, 808–9, 812, 813, 827; begins new big offensive in the east (‘Bagratian’) 646; bombardment before ‘Citadel’ 592; bridgeheads on the Dnieper 602, 616; build-up of forces (October 1942) 537, 538; in Bulgaria 723; fatalities 578; first major counter-offensive by 487; forced on the defensive in East Prussia 738; and German military tactics 687; the heavy panzers 447; High Command 83z; major advances 616–17; presses towards the borders of the Reich 658, 696, 698, 707; reports of starvation and cannibalism 509; spring offensive ends (1943) 630; ‘Stalingrad Front’ 543, 554; the tanks 448; unprepared for the German spring offensive 515; vengeance of 763; and Volkssturm 715; and Warsaw Uprising 724, 725; winter offensive (January 1945) 747, 756–60, 766, 767, 777, 779, 782, 787, 788, 791, 792
Redesdale, Lord 13
Regensburg: Gau Party Rally of the Bayerische Ostmark (1937) 37
Reggio di Calabria 599, 600
Reich, Das newspaper 482, 508
Reich Association of Asylums 260
Reich Chancellery, Berlin 32, 33, 34, 46, 47, 53, 55, 75–8, 107, 115, 116, 117, 120, 178, 183, 184, 187, 189, 190, 213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 227, 245, 258, 260, 269, 273, 275, 288, 289, 355, 384, 385, 386, 426, 429, 431, 490, 509, 512, 515, 518, 568, 709, 769, 775, 776, 779, 783, 788, 794, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, 809, 811, 812, 815, 816, 820, 825, 826, 827, 829, 830, 831
Reich Citizenship law 132
Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Serious Hereditary and Congenital Suffering (Reichsausschuß zur wissenschaftlichen Erfassung erb- und anlagebedingter schwerer Leiden) 259
Reich Cultural Chamber 712
Reich Defence Commissars 575, 706, 707, 710, 786
Reich Defence Council (Reichsverteidigungsrat) 161, 311–12
Reich Food Estate 37
Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories 406, 486
Reich Security Head Office 382, 471, 486, 604, 667, 817
Reichenau, Field-Marshal Walter von 57, 58, 70, 75, 103, 268, 441, 455, 465
Reichskristallnacht (Crystal Night) (9–10 November 1938) 130–1, 135, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 150, 184, 472
Reichsbank 161
Reichsgau Posen (Reichsgau Wartheland) 239, 245, 250, 261; see also Warthegau
Reichsgau Wartheland see Warthegau
Reichstag: divided xlii; Fire 60; H declares war on the USA (11 December 1941) 444–6; H dissolves (1938) 82; H’s prophecy on 30
January 1939 459, 473–4, 478; H’s three-hour speech (1937) 38; last ever session 510–12; recall discussed (1942) 507; Resolution (Beschlu) 511; stenographers sent to FHQ 533
Reichswerke Hermann Göring 161
Reichwein, Adolf 666
Reinhardt, Fritz 442
Reinhardt, Colonel-General Hans 758
Reisser, Obersturmführer Hans 830–31
Reitsch, Captain Hanna 621, 812, 820, 821
Remagen 760, 782
Remer, Major Otto Ernst 679–80, 689–90
Rendulic, Colonel-General Lothar 758
Reschny, SA-Obergruppenführer Hermann 75
Reserve Army 450, 689, 690, 706
Reuters 816, 817
Reval 483
Rheims 835, 836
Rhine river 106, 112, 113, 114, 696, 760, 779, 782
Rhineland, remilitarization xv, xxxv, xxxvi, xxxviii, xxxix, xlvi, 3, 4, 23, 38, 63, 64, 74, 83, 87, 91, 208
Rhineland-Westphalia 173
Ribbentrop, Joachim von 70, 199, 215, 218, 227, 298, 320, 446, 478, 513, 595, 601, 628, 723, 753, 776, 779, 798, 800; Ambassador in London 7, 23–4, 75, 76, 90; anti-British 44, 90, 159, 160, 325; arch-rival of Göring 123; assurances to Oshima 443–4; attempts to obtain peace (1945) 770–71; the Berlin Olympic Games 7; blamed for the war 226; contempt and loathing for 774; and Czechoslovakia 99–100, 114, 120, 121; and Danzig 158; devotion to H 90, 640; European-Asiatic Bloc proposal 331–2; and a German-Japanese rapprochement 26–7; the German-Russian non-aggression pact 205; and a German-Soviet agreement 194–6; hanged at Nuremberg 837; and the Heé affair 372, 375; the Hitler/Chamberlain talks 110, 111; and H’s ‘peace plan’ 3; ideas of a future European federation 584; influence on H 90–1; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 321; meeting with Ciano at Fuschl 203–4; meeting with Henderson 219–20; and Memel 176; and Molotov 333–4; Mussolini on 98; the mutual assistance pact with Italy 98; the ‘Pact of Steel’ 193; pleads with H to negotiate with Stalin 539; presents H’s ultimatum to Schmidt 71; replaces Göring as H’s right-hand man 123; replaces Neurath at the Foreign Office 58, 60, 90; and the Soviet-German non-aggression pact 210–11; the Spanish Civil War 16; supports war to destroy Czechoslovakia 90, 104, 119, 120, 122, 129; talks with Guderian 770; talks in Moscow (1939) 204, 205; in Warsaw 166; and Wiedemann’s mission 105
Richthofen, Colonel-General Wolfram Freiherr von 544
Riefenstahl, Leni 6
Riem racecourse 576
Riga 483, 485, 486
Ritter von Greim, Colonel-General Robert 738, 739, 812, 820, 821, 836
Rohland, Walter 440
Röhm, Captain Ernst xxxvii, 52, 53, 358, 814
Romania 174, 333, 617, 719, 734; collapse of 723, 724; an economic satellite of Germany 194; and the ‘Jewish Question’ 134; joins the Tripartite Pact 361; oil-fields 305, 328, 343, 347, 361, 388, 413, 414, 418, 549, 603, 635; protection of oil-fields 305, 328; Soviet designs on 332
Romanian army 384, 538, 543, 549, 554, 602, 625–6, 723
Rome 58; Allies take 638; German Embassy 600; Germany takes 600; Göring visits 68, 546; H in (1938) 98; Jewish community 604; planned occupation of 595, 598
Rominten, East Prussia 709
Rommel, Erwin 348, 514, 523, 524, 534, 538, 540, 546, 581, 586, 595, 599, 631, 638, 641, 642, 643, 649, 696, 717–18, 733
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 446, 536, 612, 782; armaments output claims 516–17; death 791; declares war on Japan 442; the Evian Conference 145; grant of fifty destroyers to Britain 310; H’s response to his telegram 189; meeting with Churchill at Casablanca 577; at Yalta 761, 778
Roques, General Karl von 467
Rosenberg, Alfred 39, 149, 184, 199, 205–6, 244, 265, 320, 374, 405–6, 433, 478, 479, 483, 491, 800, 837
Roslavl 451
Rostock 509–10
Rostov 345, 439, 441, 444, 529
Roter Frontkämpferbund (Red Front Fighters’ League) 272
Rothschilds, Die (antisemitic film) 423
Rotterdam 295
Röver, Ganleiter Carl 515, 516
Royal Air Force (RAF): Battle of Britain 309; Bomber Command 597, 761; bombs the Berghof 809; and Dresden 761; and Dunkirk 296; first bombing raids on Berlin 309; German attacks on airfields of southern England 309; nightly raids intensified 535
Royal Navy: and the Anglo-German naval treaty (1935) xxxviii; destruction of French ships at Mers-el-Kébir 301; Germany’s challenge to supremacy of 178; and the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; submarines in the Mediterranean 543; US grant of fifty destroyers 310