Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis (Allen Lane History)

by Ian Kershaw

  Tarnopol 629

  Tedder, Air-Marshal Arthur W. 836 television see broadcasting Tetuán 14

  Thiele, Major-General Fritz 675

  Thierack, Otto Georg 507, 508, 692, 800, 823

  Third Reich: administration chaos 569; the Anschlué a defining moment 64, 83; the Berlin Olympics 9; and the Blomberg scandal 52; Concordat with the Vatican (1933) 40; cut in two 809; destruction of xl; economic and political power of xvii; expansion 311; the governance of 504; growing British alienation 24; H authorizes mass-murder 252; H incapable of reforming 573; Hoepner wins law suit 507; and H’s fiftieth birthday 184; legislation (1941) 420–21; loss of eastern provinces xvii; mode of execution for civilian capital offences 693; readiness to strike down opposition 556; sectional interests 93; war fever 300

  Thirty Years War 41

  Thomas, General Georg 225, 344, 345–6, 353

  Thorn 242

  ‘Three-Man Collective’ 312–13

  Thuringia 15, 402, 765, 778

  Thuringian Forest 539

  Thyssen 132

  Tilsit 176

  The Times 840

  Timoshenko, Marshal Semyon 394, 433, 528

  Tirpitz (battleship) 178

  Tiso, Father Jozef 169, 581

  Titian 183

  Tobruk 347, 523

  Todt, Dr Fritz 98, 106, 334, 434, 441, 502–4, 526

  Tojo, General 443

  Tokyo 58

  Topf, J.A. and Sons 483

  ‘Torch’ landings 542

  Torgau 809

  Torgler, Ernst 349

  Tornow, Sergeant Fritz 825

  ‘total war’ 566, 643, 644, 699, 713, 729; and deployment of female labour 563; Goebbels and 561, 562, 563

  Toulon 722

  tourism xl

  trade unions, suppression of xxxviii, xlii

  Transylvania 723

  Treblinka extermination camp 484, 493, 520, 603

  Tresckow, Major-General Henning von 358, 359, 653, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 666–70,721

  Tripartite Pact (1940) 326, 328, 332, 360, 444

  Tripolitania 348

  Trondheim 288

  Troost, Paul Ludwig 37

  Trott zu Solz, Adam von 225, 663, 665

  ‘Trustees of Labour’ (Treuhänder der Arbeit) 186–7

  Tscherniakowski, General Ivan 738

  Tübingen 139

  Tunis 328, 539, 546, 554, 581, 584–5, 586

  Tunisia 542

  Turkey 194, 365, 603, 617, 645, 719, 723, 732

  Tyrol 292, 836

  U-boats: building of 284, 719; hopes for continuation of the U-boat war 800; H’s high expectations 448, 585, 618; losses 585, 717; ordered to sink American ships 445; successes in the Atlantic 416, 523, 554

  Udet, General Ernst 372, 420

  Uebelhoer, Friedrich 484

  Uiberreither, Siegfried 698

  Ukraine 172, 177, 238, 384, 401, 406, 408, 411, 413, 414, 415, 468, 491, 507, 521, 562, 565, 590, 603, 630; Jews 668; nationalists 158, 165

  Ulex, General Wilhelm 247, 248

  Ulm 733

  ‘Ultra’ code-breaker 379, 585

  unemployment: in Britain and America 402–3; reduction in xl, 185, 434

  United States: air-raids on German fuel plants 635; American Jewry 321, 477; and the Ardennes offensive 743, 744; armaments 502, 516–17; the atomic bomb 731; Congress 442; economic power 285; economy 402–3; enters the war after the Pearl Harbor attack (1941) 364, 442; first commitment of ground-troops to the war in Europe 539; Germany declares war (11 December 1941) 444–6, 486–7, 490; grant of fifty destroyers to Britain 310; isolationism 285; Jewish refugees in 146; a menacing presence in the wings 752; mighty resources 457; Normandy landings 640–41; and the race for Norway 288; relations with Japan 442–3; US soldiers greeted in Germany 788

  University of Leipzig Children’s Clinic 259

  Unruh, General Walter von 567

  Upper Bavaria 701

  Upper Franconia 181, 200

  Upper Silesia 235, 238, 772, 784, 785

  Urals 400, 403, 405, 448, 462, 591

  Urbsys, Joseph 176

  Ustasha Movement 366

  Utah Beach 640

  VI (Vergeltungswaffe-1 (Retaliation Weapon 1), flying-bombs 622, 641–3, 645

  V2 rocket 622, 645, 731, 736, 746

  Valencia 43

  Vatican 604; and the Badoglio plot 596;

  Concordat with the Reich (1933) 40

  Veesenmaeyer, Edmund 628, 734, 735

  Veldenstein, near Nuremberg 371

  Venezuela 134

  Verdun 540

  Vereinigte Stahlwerke 19

  Versailles Treaty (1919) xxxv–ix, 29, 38, 158, 163, 188, 224, 238, 265, 275, 668, 754

  Viaz’ma 433

  Vichy government 299, 328, 541

  Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy 98, 216, 586, 595–6

  Victoria, Queen 123

  Viebahn, General Max von 78

  Vienna 45, 58, 75, 80, 160, 198, 590; H’s sense of personal degradation xvi; H’s threat 61, 70; H’s triumph in 80–2; Jewish community 84–6, 131, 133, 318, 485; Jodl transferred to 159; lingering remnants of the German coup (1944) 683; and Linz 365; Nazi Party 81; population 65; Red Army advances on (April 1945) 791; ‘Reich Theatre Week’ 197; removal of Jews 351–2, 482, 488; taken by the Red Army 792

  Vienna State Opera Orchestra 512–13

  Vilna, Lithuania 398, 464, 650

  Vinniza, Ukraine 617; see also Werewolf ‘Führer Headquarters’

  Vistula river 238, 244, 319, 724, 725, 756, 757, 758, 769

  Vitebsk 646, 647

  Vogel, Sergeant-Major Werner 672

  Vögler, Albert 19

  Volga basin 402

  Volga river 477, 527, 528, 529, 530, 534, 536, 547, 550

  völkisch movement 250, 258, 382, 465, 466, 688; H on the völkisch state 237, 517; the press 551

  Völkischer Beobachter 273, 632

  Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz (Ethnic German Self-Protection) 231, 242–3

  Volkssturm (people’s militia) 713, 714–15, 766, 800, 808, 811, 821

  Volkswagen (‘People’s Car’) 400

  Volkswagen factory, Fallersleben 197

  Volkswehr (People’s Defence) 714

  Vormann, Nikolaus von 215, 226–7

  Voronezh 526, 528

  Voé, Vice-Admiral 813, 815

  Vyshinsky, Andrei 689

  Waffen-SS 47, 381, 516, 583, 596–7, 758, 787

  Wagner, Adolf 40, 138, 374, 425, 630

  Wagner, General Eduard 243, 409, 433, 435, 687, 690

  Wagner, Frau Josef 436

  Wagner, Gerhard 42, 256

  Wagner, Ganleiter Josef 436

  Wagner, Richard 13, 15, 16, 198, 455, 500, 513, 634

  Wagner, Ganleiter Robert 323

  Wagner, Winifried 198, 821

  Wagner family 33, 34, 198

  Waldau, General Otto Hoffmann von 309

  Walter, Bruno 512, 513

  Wannsee, Berlin 671, 793

  Wannsee Conference (1942) 148, 491–3

  War Economy (Wehrwirtschaft) 225

  War Economy Decree (4 December 1939) 274

  Warburg 132

  Warlimont, Major-General Walter 289, 307, 356, 359, 396, 592.

  Warm Springs, Georgia 791

  Warsaw 59, 166, 236, 240, 264, 295, 583, 589, 647, 725–6, 756, 757, 769, 837; Uprising 724–5, 735

  Warthegau 239, 250–2, 316, 318, 319, 320, 428, 471, 475, 479, 480, 484, 485, 490, 758, 759, 769, 838

  Weber, Christian 575–6

  ‘Weekend Crisis’ (20–22 May 1938) 99–100

  Wehrmacht: and the Anschlué 75, 78; anti-Polish feeling 190; the assassination attempt (1944) 699; begins the spring offensive (8 May 1942) 514; Blomberg tells of H’s wishes (1938) 50; ‘Case Green’ 88; ‘Case White’ 179; conflict with the SS 465; conscription reintroduced (1935) xxxvii, 38, 83, 87; demand for raw materials 45; directive of 21

  October 1938 163, 175; discredited and di
sbanded xviii; and the Einsatzgruppen 241, 461, 465; expenditure 161–2; field-marshals’ declaration of loyalty to H 628; and the German-Russian non-aggression pact 205; H addresses top military leaders (23 May 1939) 190–3; H praises 432, 740; H takes over 56–8; Haider’s ambition 452;

  High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht; OKW) 94, 101, 102, 287, 289, 290, 357, 381, 398, 415, 417, 419, 422, 435, 514, 534, 568, 578, 591, 618, 638, 639, 649, 672, 681, 741, 742, 747, 799, 826, 834, 835; Operations Staff 600, 601, 669; H’s ‘Basic Order’ 290–1; H’s dominance 60, 97, 284; H’s proclamation of 11

  March 1945 783; H’s three addresses (1939) 167–8; H’s war directive (18 December 1940) 335; incapable of blocking the Red Army’s advance (1945) 757; incompetent economic planning 502; intelligence 582; interests of 63; and Jewish skilled workers 486; lack of plans for the war 284; the last report (9 May 1945) 836; leadership weak and divided 94, 209; loss of men (1944) 717, 723; magnitude of task in ‘Barbarossa’ 411; manpower needs 563; meeting to discuss the Polish situation (22 August 1939) 207–9, 225; preparations for ‘Case X’ 43; pushed back along the southern front (October 1943) 602; reform 644–5, 708; reinforcements cut off 643; reports of desertions 703–4; and the Security Police 467; the soldierly duty of its highest leaders 102; the Stalingrad crisis 548; Operations Staff 362, 366, 396, 408, 410, 591, 837; treatment of Jews 246

  Weichs, Field-Marshall Freiherr Maximilian von 248, 527, 529, 534, 537, 544

  Weidling, General Helmuth 808, 809, 813, 815, 825, 826, 827, 832

  Weimar Republic 657; collapse of xlii; euthanasia rejected 254; H attacks xli; and industrialists xxxviii; miseries and divisions of xl; outrages against the Jews xliii; unemployment and economic failure 28

  Weié, Lieutenant-Colonel Rudolf 825

  Weizsäcker, Ernst von 90, 91, 99, 105, 111, 116, 118, 119, 121, 170, 190, 195–6, 199, 212, 225, 226, 228, 262, 264, 266–9, 306, 329

  Welczek, Johannes von 109

  Wels 302

  Weltanschauung 129

  Wenck, General Walther 759, 802, 805, 806, 809–10, 811, 813–16, 820, 825, 826

  Wenner-Gren, Axel 226

  Werewolf ‘Führer Headquarters’, near Vinnitsa, Ukraine 527, 531, 572, 578, 587; crisis in relations with military leaders 531–3

  Werwolf 790–91

  Wesel 760

  ‘Weser Exercise’ (‘Weserübung’) 287–9

  West Africa 329

  West Prussia 242, 243, 245, 247

  Westphalia 429, 430, 791

  Westphalia, Peace of (1648) 41, 267

  Westphalia-South 436

  White Rose opposition-group 552, 663

  White Russia 394, 463

  Wiedemann, Fritz 32, 53, 88, 98, 105, 187

  Wilhelm Gustloff (ship) 37

  Wilhelm II, Kaiser 10, 202, 540

  Wilhelmshaven 178, 504

  Wilson, Sir Horace no, 116, 117–18, 121, 223

  Winkelmann, SS-Obergruppenführer Otto 735

  ‘Winter Aid’ campaign 38, 55, 431, 535, 601

  Winter Olympics (Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936) 5

  Wittenberg 810

  Witzleben, Field-Marshal Erwin von 270, 676, 677, 690, 692

  Wochensprüche (Weekly Maxims) 474

  Wohltat, Helmut 226

  Wolf, Hugo 500

  Wolf, Johanna 798, 800

  Wolff, Karl 149, 834

  Wolf’s Lair (Wolfsschanze) ‘Führer

  Headquarters’, near Rastenburg 395–8, 400, 407, 420, 437, 440, 441, 449, 455, 499, 524, 543, 578, 587, 591, 595, 600, 650, 651, 690; Antonescu talks 723; assassination attempt (20 July 1944) 651, 655–8, 671–5, 676; buoyant mood (1941) 433; communications centre 677; the daily routine 500; the deportation issue 479; and filmed executions 693; Guderian favours a retreat in Russia 454; H addresses Party leaders on the consequences of the assassination attempt 706–7; H broadcasts from 619–20; H leaves for good 741; H rarely leaves 420; H resists pressure to leave 738; H speaks on Jews 461, 487–90; headquarters moved to Werewolf, near Vinnitsa 527; H’s speech to Gauleiter 605–6; an important meeting (16 July 1941) 405–6; map room 527; security 623, 694; the Stalingrad crisis 548–9; talks with Ciano and Cavalero 546

  Wriezen 782

  Wuppertal-Barmen 587

  Würzburg 761

  Yalta Agreement 761, 778

  Yorck von Wartenburg, Peter Graf 665, 666, 683, 690, 692

  Yugoslav army 366

  Yugoslavia: capitulation of 366; Friendship Treaty with Russia 365; German plans to attack 36z, 363; loss of Austrian territory to 73; military coup (1941) 360, 36z, 368; minerals 194; and the Tripartite Pact 360, 361–2

  Zagreb 366

  Zamosc district, Lublin 589

  Zander, SS-Standartenführer Wilhelm 825

  Zaporozhye 599, 602, 660

  Zeitschel, SS-Sturmbannführer Carltheo 475

  Zeitzier, Major-General Kurt 533, 534, 537, 543, 544, 548, 578–9, 580, 616, 617, 632, 646, 649–50, 665, 694

  Zhukov, Marshal Georgi 394, 756, 759, 793, 809, 831, 836

  Ziegenberg see Adlerhorst (Eagle’s Eyrie) Zionism, Eichmann’s Zionist contacts 134

  Zitomir 394

  Zoppot 236

  Zossen 769, 793

  Zuckmayer, Carl 85

  Zwickau 514

  Zyklon-B 483

  CHAPTER 14: LUCK OF THE DEVIL

  1. The most wide-ranging anthology of essays on resistance is Jürgen Schmädeke and Peter Steinbach (eds.), Der Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus, Munich/Zürich, 1985. Among the numerous guides through the labyrinth of the literature and moral debates on resistance are Gerd R. Ueberschär (ed.), Der zo.Juli 1944. Bewertung und Rezeption des deutschen Widerstandes gegen das NS-Regime, Cologne, 1994; Ulrich Heinemann, ‘Arbeit am Mythos. Neuere Literatur zum bürgerlich-aristokratischen Widerstand gegen Hitler und zum 2oJuli 1944 (Teil I)’, GG, 21 (1995), 111–39; and Ulrich Heinemann and Michael Krüger-Charlé, ‘Arbeit am Mythos. Der 2oJuli 1944 in Publizistik und wissenschaftlicher Literatur des Jubiläumsjahres 1994 (Teil II)’, GG, 23 (1997), 475–501. The most detailed and thoroughly researched description of the conspiracies against Hitler remains that of Hoffmann, Widerstand, on which this chapter frequently relies. A shorter, stylish account is that of Fest, Staatsstreich. Short descriptions of the personnel can be found in Peter Steinbach and Johannes Tuchel, Lexikon des Widerstandes 1933–1945. Munich, 1994. Problems of concepts and terminology, not entered into here, can be followed in the entries in Benz and Pehle; also in Ian Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship. Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, 4th edn, London, 2000, ch.8.

  2. For reflections on the role of Prussian ideals – seen as a ‘determining motive (bestimmendes Motiv)’ within the resistance to Hitler – see Hans Mommsen, ‘Preußentum und Nationalsozialismus’, in Wolfgang Benz, Hans Buchheim, and Hans Mommsen (eds.), Der Nationalsozialismus. Studien zur Ideologie und Herrschaft, Frankfurt am Main, 1993, 29–41, here 37, 41.

  3. The mixture of motives within the wartime conspiracy is briefly surveyed by Peter Hoffmann, ‘Motive’, in Schmädeke und Steinbach, 1089–96; and more extensively in Theodore S. Hamerow, On the Road to the Wolf’s Lair. German Resistance to Hitler, Cambridge, Mass./London, 1997. The moral dimension is assessed by Robert Weldon Whaley, Assassinating Hitler: Ethics and Resistance in Nazi Germany, London/Ontario, 1993. See also the compilation put together in the 1950s by Annedore Leber, Conscience in Revolt, London, 1957, and the more recent collection of texts: Peter Steinbach and Johannes Tuchel, Widerstand in Deutschland, Munich, 1994.

  4. Joachim Kramarz, Claus Graf Stauffenberg. 15. November, 1907–20. Juli 1944: Das Leben eines Offiziers, Frankfurt am Main, 1965, 131; Hoffmann, Stauffenberg, 183.