1871Introductory Notes on Lying-in Institutions. Together with a Proposal for Organising an Institution for Training Midwives and Midwifery Nurses (Longmans, Green & Co.)
1876On Trained Nurses for the Sick Poor (Metropolitan & National Nursing Association)
1878–82Florence Nightingale’s Indian Letters (Ed.) Priyaranjan Sen (not published until 1937)
1872–1900Miss Florence Nightingale’s Addresses to Probationer Nurses. Printed for private circulation.
There are also some unpublished proofs on Indian matters in the Nightingale Papers together with various printed statements about voluntary contributions received by Florence Nightingale.
EMILY DAVIES
1860*Letters to a Daily Paper, Newcastle-on-Tyne
1861*Report of the Northumberland & Durham Branch of the Society for the Promotion of the Employment of Women
1862*Medicine as a Profession for Women (Social Science Association)
1863*The Influence of University Degrees on the Education of Women
1864*On Secondary Instruction as Relating to Girls (Social Science Assoc.)
1865The Application of Funds to the Education of Girls (Social Science Assoc.)
1866The Higher Education of Women (Strahan)
Letters to the Morning Post (Women’s Suffrage Leaflet)
1868*On the Influence upon Girls’ Schools of External Examinations (The London Student)
*Some Account of a Proposed New College for Women (Social Science Assoc.)
1869The Training of the Imagination (First in Contemporary Review, then reprinted as a pamphlet)
1878*Home and the Higher Education (Birmingham Higher Education Association)
1896*Women in the Universities of England and Scotland (Macmillan & Bowes)
1897Speech at the Conference on University Degrees for Women (Spottiswoode)
1905*The Woman’s Suffrage Movement (Girton Review)
1906A Plea for Discrimination (Woman’s Suffrage leaflet)
1907–8*Letters to The Times and Spectator on Women’s Suffrage
1910Thoughts on Some Questions Relating to Women (Bowes & Bowes). (*This brings together all the above asterisked papers.)
There are also articles in the Englishwoman’s Journal for 1862 and the Victoria Magazine for 1863 by Emily Davies.
JOSEPHINE BUTLER
1868The Education and Employment of Women (Macmillan)
1869Woman’s Work and Woman’s Culture Introduction to (Macmillan)
Memoir of John Grey of Dilston (Edmonston & Douglas)
1870An Appeal to the People of England on the Recognition and Superintendence of Prostitution by Governments (Banks)
The Duty of Women (Hudson Scott)
1871Sursum Corda (Brakell)
The Constitutional Iniquity of the CD Acts (Bradford)
Vox Populi (Brakell)
The Constitution Violated (Edmonston & Douglas)
1872The New Era (Brakell)
A Few Words Addressed to True-Hearted Women (Personal Rights Association)
1874Some Thoughts on the Present Aspect of the Crusade (Brakell)
1875Une Voix dans le Désert (Sandoz)
1876State Regulation of Vice A Pamphlet
The Hour Before the Dawn (Trübner)
1877The Paris of Regulated Vice (Methodist Press)
1878Catherine of Siena (Dyer Brothers)
1879Government by Police (Dyer Brothers)
Social Purity (Morgan & Scott)
Souvenirs des Reunions à Vevey (Fontaines)
1881A Call to Action (Hudson)
Letters to the Mothers of England (Brakell)
1882Life of J. F. Oberlin (Religious Tract Society)
1883The Salvation Army in Switzerland (Dyer Brothers)
Dangers of Constructive Legislation in Matters of Purity (Arrowsmith)
The Bright Side of the Question (Arrowsmith)
1885The Principles of the Abolitionists (Dyer Brothers)
The Work of the Federation (Federation Offices)
Marion, Histoire Véritable (Neuchatel?)
1886Rebecca Jarrett (Morgan & Scott)
1887Our Christianity Tested by the Irish Question (Fisher Unwin)
The Revival and Extension of the Abolitionist Cause (Doswell)
1892Recollections of George Butler (Arrowsmith)
1893St Agnes (J. Cox)
The Present Aspect of the Abolitionist Cause in Relation to British India (Federation Offices)
1896A Doomed Iniquity (Federation Offices)
Personal Reminiscences of a Great Crusade (Horace Marshall)
Truth Before Everything (Dyer Brothers)
1898Some Lessons from Contemporary History (Friends Assoc.)
Prophets and Prophetesses (Mawson)
1900Native Races and the War (Gay & Bird)
Silent Victories (Burfoot)
1901In Memoriam Harriet Meuricoffre (Horace Marshall)
1903The Morning Cometh (Grierson)
In addition there are numerous printed letters and addresses, both in English and French, mainly for the period 1871 to 1882; also contributions to the Stormbell and the Dawn. These are listed in the Fawcett Society Josephine Butler Collection.
ELIZABETH CADY STANTON
1881History of Woman Suffrage Vol. 1 (Fowell & Wells, New York)
1882History of Woman Suffrage Vol. 2 (Fowell & Wells, NY)
1886History of Woman Suffrage Vol. 3 (Fowell & Wells, NY) (all with Susan B. Anthony and Matilda Joslyn Gage)
1898Eighty Years and More: Reminiscences 1815–1897 (T. Fisher Unwin London – reprinted 1975, Schocken Books, NY)
1898The Woman’s Bible (with the help of a Revising Committee) (reprinted 1978, Coalition Task Force on Women and Religion, Seattle)
These few titles represent all Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s work published in book form. Most of her writings took the form of articles or speeches. Extracts from some of these are to be found in Elizabeth Cady Stanton/Susan B. Anthony – Correspondence, writings and speeches – edited, with a critical commentary, by Ellen Carol DuBois – Schocken Books, New York, 1981.
A complete list of published articles, speeches, and letters to newspapers and magazines is available from the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress processed by Audrey Walker in June 1979.
MARGARET SANGER
1914What Every Mother Should Know (Rabelais Press, NY)
Family Limitation
1915Dutch Methods of Birth Control
English Methods of Birth Control pamphlets
Magnetation Methods of Birth Control
1916What Every Girl Should Know (M. N. Maisel, NY)
1917Voluntary Motherhood (NY National Bookclub League)
1920Woman and the New Race (Brentano’s, NY)
1921Appeals from American Mothers (NY Woman’s Publishing Co.) Sayings of others on Birth Control (NY Woman’s Publishing Co.)
1922Woman, Morality and Birth Control (NY Woman’s Publishing Co.) The Pivot of Civilization (Brentano’s, NY)
1924Hygienic Methods of Family Limitation A Pamphlet
1926Happiness in Marriage (Brentano’s, NY)
1928Motherhood in Bondage (Brentano’s, NY)
1931My Fight for Birth Control (Faber/Farrar Straus, NY) The Practice of Contraception (ed. with Hannah M. Stone)
1938Margaret Sanger: an Autobiography (W. W. Norton & Co.) (Reprinted Dover 1971)
There is also a complete (and very long) list of published articles, speeches and letters to newspapers prepared by the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress (March 1976, Michael J. McElderry).
EMMA GOLDMAN
1911Anarchism and Other Essays (Mother Earth Publishing Association)
1914The Social Significance of Modern Drama (Mother Earth Publishing Association)
1921My Disillusionment in Russia (changed to My Two Years in Russia) (Double-day, Page & Co.)
1922Voltairin
e de Cleyre (Oriole Press)
1931Living My Life (2 Vols) (Knopf, NY) (reprinted Dover 1970)
Emma Goldman’s published books were few. Her main contribution was through essays and articles printed in magazines, newspapers and sometimes as pamphlets. They are not all brought together or listed in any one place. Many of them exist in manuscript form among the enormous, but as yet imperfectly catalogued, Goldman papers in the anarchist section of the International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam.
Notes
The principal sources for this book are the letters, diaries, autobiographies, private papers and writings of the eight women concerned. These are both unpublished and published but even the published books are difficult to locate. Fortunately, the situation is changing all the time due to the immense interest within the last decade shown in the history of feminism. Every month seems to bring the publication, usually by enterprising feminist publishers, of long-lost texts. I have therefore tried, whenever possible, to give page references for these new paperback editions in preference to the original first editions. I have also included, in a separate Appendix, a list of all the books and most of the pamphlets published by the women written about.
Secondary sources are listed in these notes and require no separate bibliography. I have given page references only to letters or documents they contain which are now either unobtainable in the original or difficult of access. Manuscript sources are referred to in greater detail. The government reports are referred to in the text and not usually repeated in these notes.
Introduction
1.There are now as many definitions of the word feminism as there are feminists. Some are quite ludicrous and meaningless. The word “femina” is of course Latin for “woman” but the word “feminism” was first used in France and denoted simply “qualities of woman.” In the early and mid-nineteenth century feminism was not used at all to describe any of all the various emerging movements for a fairer position in society for women. The terms used were Woman’s Rights, especially in America, and Equal Rights and even the Woman Movement. It was not until the 1890s that the word “feminism” started to appear and quickly came to mean simply anything to do with trying to advance the position of women. It has become a blanket word covering a multitude of meanings, some of them contradictory.
2.There were a few extremely important women who had a firm foot in several camps but were never the acknowledged leaders in any of them. The most obvious example was Barbara Bodichon (née Leigh-Smith) 1827–91, first cousin to Florence Nightingale. She was behind the drive for the Married Women’s Property Bill; helped finance the Englishwoman’s Journal; was Secretary of the Suffrage Committee in 1867; greatly assisted Emily Davies in founding Girton, and in general was both the inspiration and focal point for feminist agitation in England for forty years. But because she kept herself in the background, and also because she spent half the year in Algiers with her French husband, she never became a household name in her own time and is now barely remembered. The other woman who connected together many separate causes was Harriet Martineau (1802–76), the journalist and political economist whose articles in the London Daily News from 1852 to ’66 were vitally important to feminist propaganda. She supported the Married Women’s Property Bill in them, campaigned for employment for women, raged against the Contagious Diseases Acts and backed Higher Education for girls. Her role as mouthpiece for the active feminism of her day was crucial, not least because so few women had available access to the reading public.
Law – Caroline Norton 1808–77
1.A Letter to the Queen on Lord Cranworth’s Marriage & Divorce Bill (1855).
2.Appendix to above Letter to the Queen, etc.
3.Letter to the Queen, etc.
4.Ibid.
5.The Separation of Mother and Child by the Law of Custody of Infants Considered (1837).
6.The Life of Mrs Norton, Jane Perkins (pub. John Murray, 1910) p. 149.
7.Letter to the Queen, etc.
8.The Life of Mrs Norton, Jane Perkins (pub. John Murray, 1910) p. 8.
9.Letters of Caroline Norton to Lord Melbourne, ed. James O. Hoge and Clarke Olney (Ohio State Univ. Press 1974) p. 3 (from letters in the University of Georgia Libraries).
10.Perkins p. 12.
11.Letters of Caroline Norton to Lord Melbourne, p. 56.
12.Ibid. p. 53.
13.Ibid. p. 60.
14.Perkins p. 49.
15.Ibid. p. 29.
16.Ibid. p. 41.
17.Ibid.
18.Ibid.
19.Ibid. p. 46.
20.Ibid. p. 31.
21.Ibid. p. 154.
22.The Wife, and Woman’s Reward (1835).
23.Microfilm of Norton correspondence in BM (original possessed by Berg Collection, NY).
24.Ibid.
25.Perkins p. 63.
26.Letters of Caroline Norton to Lord Melbourne p. 64.
27.Perkins p. 102.
28.Ibid. p. 91.
29.Letters of Caroline Norton to Lord Melbourne p. 73.
30.Ibid. p. 75.
31.Ibid. p. 138.
32.Ibid. p. 83. (This was exactly the kind of remark that got Caroline into such trouble. She equates herself with Melbourne’s wife and mistress making it look as if she too had a sexual relationship, though she did not. Melbourne swore on his deathbed that Mrs Norton had always been innocent and Caroline herself most passionately swore the same even in her most private and intimate correspondence. The “place” she refers to is that of being a loved one – she knew Melbourne had loved her as he had his wife once and Lady Brandon also. “God forgive you,” she once wrote, “for I do believe no one, young or old, ever loved another better than I have loved you.”)
33.Microfilm BM (letter to her nephew William Cowper).
34.Ibid. (1832 letter to Melbourne).
35.Sheridan papers Vol. V: BM Add. MS 42, 767.
36.Ibid.
37.Ibid. (the emphasis is Caroline Norton’s own).
38.Ibid.
39.Ibid.
40.Ibid.
41.Letters of Caroline Norton to Lord Melbourne p. 96.
42.Perkins p. 99.
43.Microfilm BM.
44.Ibid.
45.Perkins p. 133.
46.Microfilm BM.
47.Sheridan papers Vol. V. BM Add. MS 42, 767.
48.Ibid.
49.Letters of Caroline Norton to Lord Melbourne p. 107.
50.Ibid. p. 108.
51.Ibid. p. 65.
52.Ibid. p. 142.
53.Sheridan papers Vol. V. BM Add. MS 42, 767.
54.Ibid.
55.Ibid.
56.Ibid.
57.Perkins p. 146.
58.Ibid. p. 109.
59.Caroline Norton by Alice Acland (Constable) p. 131.
60.Sheridan papers Vol. V. BM Add. MS 42, 767.
61.Ibid.
62.Ibid.
63.Ibid.
64.Ibid.
65.Ibid.
66.Ibid.
67.Ibid.
68.Ibid.
69.Ibid.
70.Ibid.
71.Letters of Caroline Norton to Lord Melbourne p. 20.
72.Stuart of Dunleath by Caroline Norton (1851), in Dedication to Queen of Netherlands.
73.Peel Papers (312) BM.
74.Perkins p. 144.
75.Ibid. p. 230 (also The Times, August 19 for account of trial).
76.Ibid.
77.Caroline Norton always believed Queen Victoria was sympathetic to her particular plight but the Queen’s known sentiments on any kind of Woman’s Rights were that they were “mad” and when, in 1870, Lady Amberley expressed sympathy with them she said, “Lady Amberley ought to get a good whipping.” But receiving Caroline at court after the Melbourne trial was taken as a sign that she was at least not hostile. She never replied to Caroline’s Letter to the Queen but then she was never expected to.
; 78.Perkins p. 248.
79.Microfilm BM.
80.Ibid.
81.Separation of Mother and Child etc.
82.Stuart of Dunleath Vol. II, p. 102.
83.Ibid. p. 76.
84.Ibid. p. 31 (Vol. II).
85.Gladstone papers: BM Add. MS 44, 379 (March 27, 1854).
The Professions – Elizabeth Blackwell 1821–1910
1.History of Woman Suffrage (ed. E. Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Gage – Vol. 1 – Letter NY May 27th 1852).
2.Pioneer Work in Opening of the Medical Profession to Women – Autobiographical Sketches by Dr Elizabeth Blackwell (pub. 1895 Longmans); Schocken Books 1977 (this edition used) p. 178.
3.Ibid.
4.Ibid.
5.Nancy Ann Sahli, “Elizabeth Blackwell: A Biography” – PhD Dissertation Univ. of Pennsylvania 1974 (authorized facsimile produced by Univ. Microfilms Ann Arbor, Michigan USA). My debt to this brilliant work is enormous. Sahli’s detailed footnotes were an indispensable means of locating Blackwell papers in the Library of Congress, to whom I am also greatly indebted for providing me with photostats.
6.Sahli p. 9.
7.Diary of EB March 21st 1837 (photostat LC).
8.Ibid. March 23rd.
9.Ibid. April 5th.
10.Ibid. May 29th.
11.Ibid. July 18th.
12.Ibid. July 7th.
13.Sahli p. 20.
14.Ibid. p. 21.
15.Ibid. p. 22.
16.Diary Oct. 10th (photostat LC).
17.Ibid. Dec. 19th.
18.Ibid. Jan. 16, 1839.
19.Ibid. Mar. 9th.
20.Ibid. Feb. 27th.
21.Pioneer Work etc. p. 15.
22.Ibid. p. 18.
23.Ibid. p. 17.
24.Ibid. p. 28.
25.Ibid. p. 27.
26.The Lancet (1873). There is a useful essay (“The Conspicuous Consumptive: Woman as Invalid” by Lorna Duffin) in The Nineteenth-Century Woman – The Cultural and Physical World ed. Delamont and Duffin (pub. Croom Helm) which led me to these amazing statements in The Lancet.
27.Sahli p. 48.
28.Pioneer Work etc.
29.Bulletin History of Medicine 1947 Vol. XXI (prints 2 letters and has an article on the subject) Wellcome Institute.
30.Pioneer Work etc. p. 72.
Significant Sisters Page 41