32.Stanton & Blatch Vol. I p. 154. (Susan B. Anthony was introduced to ECS by Amelia Bloomer. Susan later confessed she was disappointed not to be asked to dinner, or at least into her home, by ECS, who maintained her mind was full of what her “three mischievous boys” would have been up to while she was at the meeting.)
33.ECS to Susan B. Anthony Dec. 1, 1853 (Stanton & Blatch Vol. II p. 55).
34.H of WS Vol I. ECS to Lucy Stone 1856.
35.ECS to Lillie Devereau Blake Jan. 6, 1879 (Stanton & Blatch Vol. II p. 156).
36.Alice Stone Blackwell to Kitty Barry Dec. 24, 1882 (quoted Nancy Sahli p. 451).
37.ECS to SBA June 14, 1860 (Stanton & Blatch Vol. II p. 82).
38.ECS to SBA March 1, 1853 (Stanton & Blatch Vol. II p. 48).
39.ECS to Lucy Stone (H of WS Vol. 1).
40.H of WS Vol II (and Gerrit Smith’s comment).
41.Ibid.
42.Ibid. (National Convention 1869).
43.ECS to Theodore Tilton, H of WS. Vol. II. 1869.
44.ECS Diary Dec. 25, 1880 (Stanton & Blatch Vol. II).
45.ECS Diary Nov. 15, 1880 (ibid).
46.Stanton & Blatch Vol. 1 p. 249.
47.Ibid.
48.Ibid.
49.ECS to SBA April 2, 1859 (Vassar Coll. Lib. quoted Dubois p. 68).
50.ECS to Nov. 12, 1880 (her 65th birthday) Stanton & Blatch Vol. II.
51.Quoted Dubois (p. 182) from ECS unpublished manuscript Library of Congress on “What Should be Our Attitude Toward Political Parties”.
52.Quoted Dubois (p. 119) from The Revolution Jan. 14, 1869.
53.H of WS Vol. III.
54.ECS Diary May 3, 1894 (Stanton & Blatch Vol. II p. 303).
55.Stanton & Blatch Vol. II p. 300.
56.ECS Diary Feb. 10, 1902 (Stanton & Blatch Vol II p. 363).
57.Stanton & Blatch Vol. II p. 345 (daughter Harriot’s footnote).
58.Quoted Dubois p. 208 from “Report of the International Council of Women” 1888.
59.Quoted Dubois p. 137 from ECS’s speech Home Life (ECS papers, Library of Congress).
60.Stanton & Blatch Vol. II p. 100.
61.ECS to SBA Sept. 10, 1855 (Stanton & Blatch Vol. II p. 59).
62.Stanton & Blatch Vol. I p. 177.
63.ECS Diary Dec. 27, 1890 (Stanton & Blatch Vol. II p. 270).
64.Intro, to Vol. I H of WS.
65.Appendix to Vol. I. H of WS.
66.ECS Diary Aug. 28, 1884 (Stanton & Blatch Vol II p. 220).
67.ECS Diary Oct. 28, 1881 (Stanton & Blatch Vol. II p. 187).
68.ECS Diary Feb. 25, 1883 (Stanton & Blatch Vol. II p. 283).
69.ECS was critical of the slowness with which the suffrage movement in Europe moved and particularly so of England, where it was not until 1903 (with the formation by Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst of the Women’s Social & Political Union) that she felt a proper attack was being at last launched. She approved of the militant tactics but, interestingly, considered Mrs Jacob Bright “unquestionably stands at the helm of the woman suffrage movement on this side of the ocean.”
Women’s suffrage in England was always most likely as part of general parliamentary reforms. John Stuart Mills’ speech in 1867 first brought the possibility of female suffrage into the centre of the political stage; hopes ran high in 1884, 1911 and 1912 but were always dashed, sometimes dramatically at the last minute. In January 1918 the Representation of the People Bill with Clause IV giving women the suffrage finally passed both houses.
70.ECS to SBA April 5, 1879 (Stanton & Blatch Vol. II p. 160).
71.Britain and America have fared badly in the political stakes (in contrast with the Scandinavian countries for example). In Britain only 19 women were elected in the 1979 election. Never at any time since the vote was granted to women has the percentage of women in Parliament been higher than 4.6%. The number of women holding Cabinet office at the moment (1983) is 2. It has never been higher than 2.
In America, in 1983, there were 24 women in Congress – 4.5% of the total (Congressional Quarterly, Oct. 1983). In 1981 women held 11.8% of appointed positions in state governors’ cabinets (there have been only 5 female state governors and there were none in 1983). Between Jan. 1981 and Aug. 1983 President Reagan appointed and had confirmed by Senate 134 women to office. This was 9.5% of the total – a fall of 4.8% from the number President Carter appointed.
Birth Control – Margaret Sanger 1879–1966
1.From The Bull Dog (quoted in The Birth Controllers by Peter Fryer pub. Seeker & Warburg 1965 p. 83).
2.Victorian Women: A documentary account of women’s lives in nineteenth century England, France and the United States ed. Hellerstein, Hume & Offen (pub. Harvester 1981) p. 200.
3.Fruits of Philosophy by Charles Knowlton (1832) p. 2.
4.Woman and the New Race by Margaret Sanger (Chapter I).
5.Margaret Sanger: an Autobiography (Dover Books edition) p. 16.
6.My Fight for Birth Control by Margaret Sanger (Faber ed. 1932) p. 11.
7.Ibid. p. 19.
8.Autobiog. p. 55.
9.My Fight for Birth Control p. 38.
10.William Sanger to Margaret Sanger ? 1902 (photostat of manuscript letter in Manuscript Division of Library of Congress, Container No. 2).
11.Ibid.
12.Ibid.
13.Quoted in Margaret Sanger by Emily Taft Douglas (NY Reinhart & Wilson 1970).
14.My Fight for Birth Control p. 42.
15.Autobiog. p. 70. (IWW: Industrial Workers of the World, known as “Wobblies”.)
16.Ibid. p. 92.
17.Autobiog. p. 66.
18.Ibid. p. 85.
19.My Fight for Birth Control p. 72.
20.Ibid. p. 74.
21.Ibid. p. 79.
22.Ibid. p. 277.
23.Quoted in The Sage of Sex: A Life of Havelock Ellis by Arthur Calder-Marshall (Hart-Davis 1959).
24.Ibid.
25.Ibid.
26.My Fight for Birth Control p. 107.
27.Ibid. p. 117.
28.Quoted in Birth Control in America by David Kennedy (Yale 1970) p. 33.
29.Margaret Sanger to “Friends & Comrades” Jan. 5, 1916 (quoted Kennedy p. 78).
30.Autobiog. p. 82.
31.Henry Pratt Fairchild in Nation May 7, 1955 (quoted Kennedy p. 35).
32.Autobiog. p. 199.
33.Margaret Sanger’s speech, Boston, April 16, 1929 (quoted Kennedy p. 82).
34.Autobiog. p. 191.
35.Ibid. p. 215.
36.Ibid.
37.Ibid. p. 216.
38.Ibid. p. 237.
39.Ibid. p. 239.
40.My Fight for Birth Control p. 177.
41.Ibid.
42.Autobiog. p. 257.
43.My Fight for Birth Control p. 278.
44.Autobiog. p. 332.
45.Quoted Emily Taft Douglas.
46.Autobiog. p. 494.
47.Ibid. p. 467.
48.Margaret Sanger to Clarence Gamble Feb. 8, 1943 (quoted Kennedy p. 270).
49.Margaret Sanger in Birth Control Review May 1919 p. 12.
50.Marie Stopes and Margaret Sanger were at first friends. (Marie invited Margaret to tea at 14 Well Walk in Hampstead.) Their ideas, particularly on the need to give women not just adequate contraception but joyous sexual lives, were very similar. It was Marie who organized a petition to President Woodrow Wilson when Margaret faced prosecution in 1915. But after Margaret opened her Brownsville Birth Control Clinic in 1916 they became rivals – especially when Marie feared Margaret might open another in London and rob her of the glory of doing so. In fact, Marie did manage to open the first British clinic in Islington in March 1921 and her two books Married Love and Wise Parenthood (both 1918) had much greater sales and wider appeal than Margaret Sanger’s. But Marie Stopes never became quite the international power Margaret Sanger did, nor was her vision as feminist: she wanted sexual activity confined to the
married and was against abortion, masturbation and lesbianism.
51.Margaret Sanger’s hatred of the Roman Catholic church blinded her to the fact that there might actually be something in their argument. She saw the RC outlook as part of a plot against women: to her, there was no moral problem. (Birth control, she said, was no more against nature than the Pope shaving was against nature and neither was a moral problem.) For a full discussion and the RC attitude and how it hindered the spread of birth control in America see Kennedy Chapter 6.
52.My Fight for Birth Control p. 150.
53.Woman and the New Race (1920).
54.Carrie Chapman Catt to Margaret Sanger 1920 (quoted p. 238 Birth Control in America: Woman’s Body, Woman’s Right by Linda Gordon, Penguin 1977).
Ideology – Emma Goldman 1869–1940
1.Ray Strachey (quoted in The Feminists by Richard J. Evans pub. Croom Helm 1977 p. 210).
2.Living My Life by Emma Goldman Vol. I p. 371. (This two-volume autobiography is the basis for almost all that is known of Emma Goldman’s early life. It is a brilliant piece of work showing far more honesty and frankness than the usual autobiography and, in so far as it has been possible to check by reference to other contemporary sources, it seems remarkably accurate.) Hereafter referred to as EG I or II (Dover edition page references).
3.The Tragedy of Woman’s Emancipation – Anarchism and other Essays by Emma Goldman (1911). (Also reprinted in Red Emma Speaks – The Selected Speeches and Writings of Emma Goldman ed. Alix Kates Shulman, Wildwood House edition p. 136.)
4.Anarchism and Other Essays – Woman Suffrage, Chapter 4.
5.The Tragedy of Woman’s Emancipation (Shulman p. 142).
6.EG I p. 36.
7.EG I p. 21.
8.EG I p. 22.
9.Ibid.
10.EG I p. 12.
11.EG I p. 11.
12.EG I p. 12.
13.EG I p. 20.
14.EG I p. 21.
15.Ibid.
16.EG I p. 23.
17.EG I p. 25.
18.Ibid.
19.EG I p. 36.
20.EG I p. 44.
21.EG I p. 56.
22.EG I p. 45.
23.EG I p. 61.
24.EG I p. 62.
25.EG I p. 65.
26.EG’s belief that her retroverted womb prevented her being able to conceive and caused her period pains was mistaken. In about 15% of women the womb is retroverted and neither causes pain nor prevents conception. EG’s pain was more likely to have been caused by muscle cramps of the uterus due to stimulation by the hormone progesterone, and her apparent infertility by early pelvic inflammation which went undetected.
27.EG I p. 87.
28.EG I p. 88.
29.EG I p. 91.
30.EG I p. 118.
31.EG I p. 120.
32.EG I p. 151 (and following pages for EG’s account of this important argument).
33.EG I p. 162.
34.EG I p. 183.
35.EG I p. 195.
36.EG I p. 209.
37.EG I p. 244.
38.Ibid.
39.EG I p. 333.
40.EG I p. 340.
41.Mother Earth editorial March 1917 Vol. 12 No. 1.
42.Voltairine de Cleyre by Emma Goldman (pub. Oriole Press 1922). In this memoir of her friend and fellow anarchist EG went even further, saying that “most men prefer beauty to brains”. She did not criticize them for this but said “therein lies the tragedy of many intellectual women”.
43.Nowhere at Home: Letters fr. Exile of Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman ed. Richard and Anna Maria Drinnon (pub. Schocken 1975) p. 148. Hereafter Drinnon.
44.EG I p. 416.
45.EG I p. 420 (long after her affair with Ben was over and she had grown to despise him EG said “Ben was for 10 years a great and elemental force in my life which I would not have missed for worlds” – May 14, 1929 in manuscript collection International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, File XVII C. This immense collection of EG’s letters is at the moment being more efficiently catalogued and will undoubtedly reveal much new material).
46.Ben Reitman to EG May 22, 1929 File XVII C (II Amsterdam).
47.Ben Reitman to EG Dec. 1934 File XVII B.
48.EG I p. 433.
49.Shulman p. 44.
50.Woman Suffrage, Chap. 4 in Anarchism & Other Essays.
51.Ben Reitman to EG Aug. 7, 1932 File XVII C (Ben reminiscing about his hero-worship of her nevertheless accused her of having demanded “unreasonable” sexual fidelity).
52.EG to Nellie Harris Oct. 28, 1931 File XVII B (II Amsterdam). (She also added that her bust was 110 and her hips 123 – presumably centimetres which equals 43 ins. and 48½.)
53.EG to Stella (her niece) Sept. 9, 1934 File XVII A (II Amsterdam).
54.Frank Heiner to EG (undated) File XVIII A (II Amsterdam).
55.Emmy Echstein to EG (undated) File XVIIIA (II Amsterdam).
56.EG to Henry Alsberg June 27 1930 (quoted Drinnon p. 163).
57.EG to Stella July 18, 1931 File XVII B(2) (II Amsterdam).
58.EG to Frank Harris Aug. 7, 1925 (Drinnon p. 129).
59.Drinnon p. 125.
60.EG to Max Nettlau Feb. 8, 1935 File XVIII A (II Amsterdam).
61.Ibid.
62.EG to Max Nettlau Feb. 8, 1935 File XVIII A (II Amsterdam).
63.Drinnon p. 9.
Index
The page references in this index correspond to the printed edition from which this ebook was created. To find a specific word or phrase from the index, please use the search feature of your ebook reader.
Abolitionist Vigilance Committee, 59
abortion, 243, 251
Acton, William, 189
Adams, Abigail, 208
Adams, John Quincy, 208
Age, 29
Algiers, 139, 140
Allbutt, Henry, 244
Almack’s Club, 19
American Birth Control League, 270, 273
American Civil War, 81, 226–7, 230
American Medical Association, Committee on Contraception, 270
American Suffrage Association (ASA), 230–1, 232
anarchism, 287–90, 293–301, 305, 308–9, 310–11
Anchorage School, 137
Anderson, Margaret, 310, 314
Anstell, Mary, 133
Anthony, Susan B., 57, 219, 224–8, 230, 232–4, 236–7
Anti-Slavery Societies, 208
Anti-Slavery Working Society, 59
Apothecaries Society, 87
Armstrong, Eliza, 195
Australia, female suffrage, 237
Baginski, Max, 304
Balaclava, battle of, 110
Balliol College, Oxford, 175
Barnes, Dr Robert, 64
Barry, Kitty, 77–8, 79–80, 82–3, 84, 85
Bayard, Edward, 210–11, 212, 213, 216
Bayard, Henry, 210–11
Bayley, Sir John, 39, 46
Beale, Dorothea, 146, 211
Bedford College, 145
Bedford-Fenwick, Mrs, 123
Beecher, Catherine, 64
La Belle Assemblée and Court Magazine, 24
Benslow House, Hitchin, 154–5
Berkman, Alexander (Sasha), 289–97, 300, 304, 305, 308–10, 313–15, 317
Berlin, 185–6
Bernard, A. F., 157
Beth-Israel Hospital, 300
birth control: implications for feminism, 238, 241–2, 245; development of, 242–5, 259–60; Margaret Sanger and, 245, 251–74; Dutch cap, 259–60, 269; IUD, 271; Pill, 271; and Emma Goldman, 293
Birth Control Review, 266, 270
Blackstone, Sir William, 172
Blackwell family, 58–62
Blackwell, Alice Stone, 225
Blackwell, Anna, 58–9, 61–2, 66–7, 71, 73, 85
Blackwell, Elizabeth, 3, 55–90, 93, 96, 121, 144, 172, 234, 320; attitude to men, 4, 56–7, 70; refusal to marry, 7, 6
6, 77, 241; appearance, 8; relations with her father, 9, 58, 60–1; becomes a doctor, 55, 63–71; and feminism, 55–8, 76, 87–9; childhood, 58–9; emigrates to America, 58–9; and the abolition of slavery, 59; as a teacher, 61, 62; attitude to marriage, 61, 63; social isolation, 69; at La Maternité, 71–3; loses part of her eyesight, 73–4; studies at St Bartholomew’s, 74; Laws of Life, 75–6; New York practice, 75, 76, 78–9; adopted daughter, 77–8, 82; New York Infirmary, 79, 80–2; in England, 79–80; medical school, 81–2; ill-health, 82; and social reform, 83, 84; Counsel to Parents, 83–4; National Health Society, 84; death, 85; Florence Nightingale on, 94
Blackwell, Ellen, 58, 76
Blackwell, Emily, 58, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83
Blackwell, Hannah, 58, 59, 61
Blackwell, Henry, 58, 76
Blackwell, Howard, 58, 66
Blackwell, Marian, 58, 60, 61, 76, 83
Blackwell, Sam, 58, 66, 73, 76
Blackwell, Samuel, 9, 58–9, 60–1
Blackwell’s Island, 298
Blockley Almshouse, Philadelphia, 69–70, 72
Bloomer, Amelia, 223
Blot, Hippolyte, 72–3
Blue Books, 102, 172, 173
Bodichon, Barbara (Barbara Leigh-Smith), 51, 319; A Brief Summary of the Laws of England concerning women, 47; and Elizabeth Blackwell, 74, 79, 80–1, 83; friendship with Emily Davies, 140–1, 160, 162; and the foundation of Emily Davies’s college, 150, 152, 329
Bodichon, Edward, 79
Bonham-Carter, Hilary, 117–18
Booth, Bramwell, 195
Booth, Mrs Bramwell, 194
Boston, 86, 216, 217, 218, 225
Bowman, Dr, 108
Brady, Edward, 297–306, 309
Brandon, Lady, 30
Brighton, 133–4
British and Foreign schools, 134
British and Foreign Review, 40
British Army, 109–11, 114, 118, 170, 181
British Medical Register, 80
British Museum, 258
British Nurses Association, 123
Brookfield, Rev. William, 43
Brougham, Lord, 47
Brown, Antoinette, 76
Browning, Robert, 143
Brownlow Hill, 177–9
Brownsville, 263–5
Significant Sisters Page 43