by Edwin Black
30. H.J. Carter, “International Business Machines Corporation, File Search of the Foreign Division,” May 16, 1944, pp. 3, 4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
31. H.J. Carter, “International Business Machines Corporation, File Search of the Foreign Division,” May 16, 1944, p. 4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
32. H.J. Carter, “International Business Machines Corporation, File Search of the Foreign Division,” May 16, 1944, p. 4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
33. Thomas J. Watson, Jr., and Peter Petre, Father, Son & Co.: My Life at IBM and Beyond. (New York: Bantam Books, 1990), p. 87.
34. Emerson W. Pugh, Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and Its Technology (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1995), pp. 90, 345; Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 87; see James W. Cortada, Before the Computer: IBM, NCR, Burroughs, and Remington Rand and the Industry They Created, 1865-1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), p. 201.
35. Pugh, pp. 95, 347-348; Cortada, p. 201.
36. Pugh, p. 94; also see “U.S. Ousts Five Aniline Executives,” NYT, January 14, 1942.
37. Pugh, pp. 91-92; Watson Jr., p. 112.
38. Pugh, pp. 91-92, 347 fn13; Charles M.Province, “IBM Punch Card Systems in the U.S. Army,” www.members.aol.com/PattonsGHQ; Letter, J.T. Senn to Thomas J. Watson, April 26, 1945, IBM Files.
39. “Heads Unit of Logistics of Business Machines,” NYT, May 7, 1942; also see Pugh, pp. 91, 346.
40. Letter and Attachments, A. Cranfield to Travis, January 31, 1941, PRO HW 14/11 Government and Cipher School: Directorate, WWII Policy Papers.
41. Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 112; Pugh, pp. 98-101, 348-349fn.
42. Cortada, pp. 201-202, 320; “Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242,” submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see Letter and Attachments, A. Cranfield to Travis, January 31, 1941, PRO HW 14/11 Government and Cipher School: Directorate, WWII Policy Papers; also see List of Documents on Use of Machines for Crypto Purposes, Politisches Archiv, N Series to Cryptographic Office, pp. 14, 29, 50.
43. Pugh, pp. 93, 347fn; also see Thomas G. Belden and Marva R. Belden, The Lengthening Shadow. The Life of Thomas J.Watson (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1962), p. 209.
44. “Watson Tells of War Orders,” NYT, March 15, 1942; Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 113.
45. “IBM Punch Card Systems in the U.S. Army,” p. 5; Cortada, p. 201.
46. “Census Plan Hailed by Mrs. Roosevelt,” NYT, March 27, 1940.
47. William Seltzer and Margo Anderson, After Pearl Harbor: The Proper Role of Population Data Systems in Time of War, draft unpublished, March 28, 2000, p. 5.
48. Seltzer and Anderson, p. 5; “New Policy on Interned Japanese Urged by Senate Military Affairs Committee,” NYT, May 8, 1943.
49. Seltzer and Anderson, pp. 6-7.
50. Seltzer and Anderson, p. 7.
51. Seltzer and Anderson, pp. 7, 24; also see William Seltzer, “Population Statistics, the Holocaust, and the Nuremberg Trials,” Population and Development Review 24 (September 1998): 511-522, 525; also see H.W. Methorst, “The New System of Population Accounting in the Netherlands,” Journal of the American Statistical Association (1936): 719-722, (1938): 713-714.
52. Seltzer and Anderson, p. 10.
53. “Chronology of the Japanese American Internment”; www.clpef.net/9066.html; 1944, Entries, pp. 2, 4, www.clpef.net/chrono.html.
54. “Chronology of the Japanese American Internment,” 1945, Entry, p 4, www.clpef.net/9066.html.
55. “Watson Says Defense Is First Consideration,” NYT, January 2, 1941; “Advertising News,” NYT, November 17, 1942.
56. “Mobile Shows on Tour,” NYT, July 4, 1941.
57. “Foresees Success in Preparedness,” NYT, July 15, 1941.
58. “Mrs. Roosevelt Urges All Women to Knit,” NYT, October 1, 1941.
59. Full Page IBM Advertisement, NYT, January 5, 1942.
60. “Young Won’t Run for Governorship,” NYT, June 22, 1942.
61. H.J. Carter, “Confidential Memorandum NY-256,” December 20, 1943, p. 1, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
62. H.J. Carter, “Confidential Memorandum NY-256,” December 20, 1943, p. 4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
63. Harold Ungar, “Confidential Memorandum NY-356: The Use of Standardized Accounting and Business Machines in the German Economy,” June 28, 1944, p. 1, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
64. H.J. Carter, “Control in Business Machines,” circa 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see H.J. Carter, Interview of J.W. Schotte, September 15, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see H.J. Carter, “Confidential Memorandum NY-256,” December 20, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see H.J. Carter, “Confidential Memorandum NY-287 to Brigadier General Betts,” December 14, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section; NA RG60; also see Civil Affairs Guide, Preservation and Use of Key Records in Germany, No.13-123, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; H.J. Carter, Draft Notes of Interview with J.W. Schotte, June 14-16, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see H.J. Carter, “Confidential Memo 249-D re: Use of Business Machines by the Italian State Railways,” March 8, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see “CEC I.B.M. Subsidiary in France: Confidential Report 332,” submitted by Harold J. Carter, April 10, 1944, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; also see “Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242,” submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60; Harold Ungar, “Confidential Memorandum NY-356: The Use of Standardized Accounting and Business Machines in the German Economy,” June 28, 1944, p. 4, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
XIII: EXTERMINATION
1. CSDIC, “Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57,” April 25, 1945, NA RG226; “Oral Testimony of Jean Frederic Veith,” The Avalon Project: Nuremberg Trial Proceedings, Vol. 6, January 28, 1946, cited in www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon.
2. Letter and Attachment, Arbeitseinsatz Mauthausen to Arbeitseinsatz Ravensbruck, November 27, 1944, CAEN; Georgia Peet-Taneva, Telephone Interview by Author, November 29, 1999; also see “Oral Testimony of J.F. Veith,” pp. 202, 203, 204.
3. Johannes Tuchel, Die Inspektion der Konzentrationslager 1938-1945 (Berlin: Hentrich, 1994), p. 124; Oral Testimony of J.F. Veith, p. 202; also see Josef Kramer Statement, May 22, 1945, p. 3, PRO TS 26/903.
4. Letter, Arbeitseinsatz Ravensbruck to Kommandantur Concentration Camp Flossenburg, October 14, 1944, NA RG242/338, T-1021/ Roll 17 JAG; see Letter, Arbeitseinsatz K.L. Ravensbruck to Arbeitseinsatz K.L. Flossenburg, September 1, 1944, NA RG242/338, T-1021/Roll 17 JAG Frame 030201; see Tuchel, p. 124; also see Letter, G. Maurer to R. Hoess, September 4, 1943, cited in Tuchel, p. 128.
5. “Secret Report: Poland Birkenau (Auschwitz II) Concentration Camp,” May 31, 1945, PRO WO 208/4296; see Benjamin B. Ferencz, Less Than Slaves: Jewish Forced Labor and the Quest for Compensation (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979), p. 118; Affidavit of Rudolf Hoess, p. 2, U.S. Army Interrogation Division, NA RG238; Letter, G. Maurer to R. Hoess, September 4, 1943; cited in Tuchel, p. 128; “Inspection of German Concentration Camp for Political Prisoners Located at Buchenwald,” April 16, 1945, Appendix A, p. 2, PRO FO 371/51185; Josef Kramer, “Confidential Report,” circa 1945, p. 20, PRO FO 371/46796; see Bob Moore, Victims and Survivors: The Nazi Persecution of the Jews in the Netherlands 1940-1945 (New York: Arnold, 1997), p. 102.
6. Ziffernschlussel fur KL-Haftlingskartei, NA RG242/338, T-21, Roll 5, JAG.
7. “Secret Report: Poland Birkenau (Auschwitz II) Concentration Camp,” May 31, 1945, PRO WO 208/4296.
8. “Secret Report: Poland Birkenau (Auschwitz II) Concentration Camp,” May 31, 1945, pp. 1-2, PRO WO 208/4296.
9. Tuchel, p. 124.
10. “Secret Report: Poland Birkenau (Auschwitz II) Concentration Camp,” May 31, 1945, p. 2, PRO WO 208/4296.
11. Yisrael Gutman and Michael Berenbaum, eds., Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp, (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1994), pp. 7, 312; Piper Franciszek and Teresa Swiebocka, eds., Auschwitz: Nazi Death Camp. Oswiecim: the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 1996, pp. 60-61 cited in library.ushmm.org/faqs; Ferencz, p. 53.
12. “Secret Report: Poland Birkenau (Auschwitz II) Concentration Camp,” May 31, 1945, p. 3, PRO WO 208/4296.
13. Auschwitz Museum, Item 51593; Mauthausen Card APMO, n.d., Syg. D-Mau/6.
14. Letter, K.L. Ravensbruck Arbeitsdienst to K.L. Flossenburg, October 14, 1944, NA RG242/338, T-21 Roll 5 JAG.
15. Josef Kramer, “Confidential Report,” circa 1945, Section II, p. 14, PRO FO 371/46796; Josef Kramer Statement, May 22, 1945, p. 2, PRO TS 26/903.
16. Haftlingskartei, BA NS3.
17. Haftlingskartei, BA NS3.
18. Haftlingskartei, BA NS3.
19. Haftlingskartei, BA NS3.
20. Haftlingskartei, BA NS3.
21. Haftlingskartei, BA NS3.
22. Letter, G. Maurer to R. Hoess, September 4, 1943, cited in Tuchel, p.128.
23. “Administration of German Concentration Camps,” July 9, 1945, PRO FO 371/46979 July 9, 1945; “Decoding Key for Concentration Camp Card Index Files,” circa 1945, NARG242/338, T-1021 Roll 5, Frame 99, JAG.
24. “Secret Report: Poland Birkenau (Auschwitz II) Concentration Camp,” May 31, 1945, p. 4, PRO WO 208/4296.
25. “Treatment of Prisoners in Concentration Camp at Buchenwald,” B.L. Bracey to Lord Halifax, December 28, 1938, p. 5, PRO FO 371/21757.
26. “Treatment of Prisoners in Concentration Camp at Buchenwald,” B.L. Bracey to Lord Halifax, December 28, 1938, p. 5, PRO FO 371/21757.
27. “Daily Reports of Transfer of Inmates within Work Camp Zwieberge of Buchenwald Concentration Camp,” January 7-February 21, 1945,” NA RG242/338 T-1021 Roll 5, Frame 149.
28. “Hospital Cards of Sick Inmates at Work Camp Zweiberge of Buchenwald Concentration Camp,” December 29, 1944-April 18, 1945, NA 242/338 T-1021 Roll 6, Frame 445.
29. Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide, (Basic Books, 1986), p. 152; CSDIC, “Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57,” April 25, 1945, p. 16, NA RG226; Helmut Krausnick et al., Anatomy of the SS State, transl. Richard Barry et al. (New York: Walker and Company, 1965), p. 572.
30. Haftlingskartei, BA NS3.
31. CSDIC, “Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57,” April 25, 1945, p. 20, NA RG226; H.K. Chauncey, Memorandum, October 30, 1945, IBM Files.
32. Tuchel, pp. 136, 137, 143-145.
33. Letter, Arbeitseinsatz K.L. Ravensbruck to Arbeitseinsatz K.L. Flossenburg, September 1, 1944, NA RG242/338, T-1021/Roll 17 JAG Frame 030201.
34. Letter, Arbeitseinsatz K.L. Ravensbruck to Arbeitseinsatz K.L. Flossenburg, September 1, 1944, NA RG242/338, T-1021/Roll 17 JAG Frame 030201.
35. Letter, K.L. Ravensbruck Arbeitseinsatz to K.L. Flossenburg Kommandantur, January 24, 1945, NA RG242/338 JAG T-1021 Roll 17; Letter, Arbeitseinsatz K.L. Ravensbruck to Arbeitseinsatz K.L. Flossenburg, September 1, 1944, NA RG242/338, T-1021/Roll 17 JAG Frame 030201.
36. Letter, K.L. Ravensbruck to Kommandantur Flossenburg, November 13, 1944, NA RG242/338 JAG T-1021 Roll 17.
37. “Captive in Germany Recalls Cannibalism,” NYT, March 31, 1946; “Oral Testimony of J.F. Veith,” p. 202; “Written Testimony of Gerhard Kanthack,” Mauthausen Concentration Camp Memorial Archive (V/3/20), cited in www.mauthausen-memorial.gv.at/engl/Geschichte/10.07.Kanthack.html.
38. “Oral Testimony of J.F. Veith,” pp. 201, 203; Letter, K.L. Mauthausen to Zentral Institut, October 17, 1944, USHMM RG-04.006M Reel 14, File 38.
39. “Oral Testimony of J.F. Veith,” p. 204; “Report on Changes from Prison Camp,” October 8, 1944, USHMM RG-04.006 M Reel 14, File 38.
40. “Abgangsliste No. 1,” USHMM RG-04.006M Reel 14, File 38.
41. “Abgangsliste No. 1,” USHMM RG-04.006M Reel 14, File 38; “Oral Testimony of J.F. Veith,” p. 203; Tuchel, p. 100.
42. Haftlingskartei, BA NS3; Josef Kramer, “Confidential Report,” circa 1945, p. 20, PRO FO371/46796; also see Moore, p. 94.
43. “Deposition of Lt. Col. James Johnson,” pp. 1, 2, 3, PRO TS26/903; “Notes on Oswald Pohl,” PRO WO311/435 p3.
44. Josef Kramer Statement, May 22, 1945, p. 3, PRO TS 26/903.
45. Gutman and Berenbaum, p. 47; also see Krausnick et al., p. 504.
46. Josef Kramer, “Confidential Report,” Appendix, pp. 14-15, circa 1945, PRO FO371/46796.
47. Note, K.L. Mauthausen to Zentral Institut, September 14, 1944, USHMM RG-04.006 M Reel 14, File 38; Josef Kramer, “Confidential Report,” Appendix, pp. 14-15, circa 1945, PRO FO371/46796.
48. Note, K.L. Mauthausen Arbeitseinsatz to Zentral Institut, September 12, 1944, USHMM RG-04-006 M Reel 14, file 38; Note, K.L. Mauthausen Arbeitseinsatz to Zentral Institut, October 3, 1944, USHMM RG-04-006 M Reel 14, File 38; Note, K.L. Mauthausen Arbeitseinsatz to Zentral Institut, October 17, 1944, USHMM RG-04-006 M Reel 14, File 38; Note, K.L. Mauthausen Arbeitseinsatz to Zentral Institut, November 13, 1944, USHMM RG-04-006 M Reel 14, File 38.
49. Letter, K.L. Mauthausen Arbeitseinsatz to Zentral Institut, January 2, 1944, USHMM RG-04-006 M Reel 14, File 38.
50. Tuchel, pp. 137, 143, 144-145, 149.
51. Haftlingskartei, BA NS3.
52. Punch Cards, NA RG242, Reel 8, T-73, Frames 1053480, 1053481.
53. Tuchel, p. 143.
54. Tuchel, p. 149; “Key to Sketches of Oswiecik Concentration Camp,” circa May 1945, p. 2, PRO WO 208/4296.
55. “Decoding Key for Concentration Camp Card Index File,” circa 1945, RG242/338 JAG T-1021/ Roll 5, Frame 99, JAG.
56. “Confidential Memo,” circa 1945, p. 43, PRO FO 1038/35; also see Gutman and Berenbaum, p. 364.
57. “Treatment of Prisoners in Concentration Camp at Buchenwald,” B.L. Bracey to Lord Halifax, December 28, 1938, p. 5, PRO FO 371/21757; Gutman and Berenbaum, p. 364.
58. “Inspection of German Concentration Camp for Political Prisoners Located at Buchenwald,” April 16, 1945, pp. 1-2, PRO FO371/51185.
59. “Inspection of German Concentration Camp for Political Prisoners Located at Buchenwald,” April 16, 1945, p. 3, PRO FO371/51185.
60. Video, “Testimony,” Permanent Exhibit, USHMM.
61. “Treatment of Prisoners in Concentration Camp at Buchenwald,” B.L. Bracey to Lord Halifax, December 28, 1938, Register, p. 414, PRO FO 371/21757; “Memorandum of Concentration Camp at Sachsenhausen,” circa February 1939, PRO FO 371/23006; Josef Kramer, “Confidential Report,” p. 5, circa 1945, PRO FO371/46796.
62. “Treatment of Prisoners in Concentration Camp at Buchenwald,” B.L. Bracey to Lord Halifax, December 28, 1938, pp. 3, 4, 7, 12, PRO FO 371/21757; “Statement by Jewish Ex-prisoner, August 1938,” PRO FO 371/21757; Report on Buchenwald, circa February 1939, p. 7, PRO FO 371/23006.
63. “Translated Declaration,” www.library.ushmm.org/jhvhwtns/declare2.htm; also see “Jehovah’s Witnesses: Courageous in the Face of Nazi Peril,” www.watchtower.org/library/9/1998/7/8/article_01.htm.
64. “Decoding Key for Concentration Camp Card Index Files,” circa 1945, RG242/338, T-1021, Reel 5, Frame 99, JAG; Josef Kramer Statement, May 22, 1945, p. 7, PRO TS 26/903; also see “Memorandum of the Concentration Camp at Sachsenhausen,” p. 6, circa February 1939, PRO FO 371/23006; Prisoner card, Auschwitz Museum.
65. “Decoding Key for Concentration
Camp Card Index Files,” circa 1945, RG242/338, T-1021, Reel 5, Frame 99, JAG.
66. “Decoding Key for Concentration Camp Card Index Files,” circa 1945, RG242/338, T-1021, Reel 5, Frame 99, JAG.
67. Yitzhak Arad et al., eds., Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union, transl. Lea Ben Dor (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981; Bison Books, 1999), pp. 342, 344; also see Letter, Anthony Eden to Polish Embassy, December 9, 1942, p. 2, PRO FO 371/30924; also see “1,000,000 Jews Slain by Nazis, Report Says,” NYT June 30, 1942; also see “Two-thirds of Jews in Poland Held Slain,” NYT, December 4, 1942.
68. Arad et al., p. 134.
69. Gotz Aly and Karl Heinz Roth, Die restlose Erfassung: Volkszahlen, Identifizieren, Aussondern im Nationalsozialismus (Berlin: Rotbuch Verlag, 1984), pp. 32-34, 60; “Questionnaire of Richard Korherr,” September 30, 1945, BA NS 48/15; also see “Certificate of Character” of Korherr by Gauleitung Mainfranken, September 22, 1939, BA NS 48/15.
70. Jochen von Lang, ed., Eichmann Interrogated: Transcripts for the Archives of the Israeli Police, transl. Ralph Manheim (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1983), pp. 88-89.
71. Wannsee Protocol, January 20, 1942, cited in Arad et al., p. 255.
72. Wannsee Protocol, January 20, 1942, cited in Arad et al., pp. 254-255; also see www.us-israel.org.
73. www.us-israel.org; also see Arad et al., p. 256.
74. www.us-israel.org; also see Arad et al., pp. 256, 260-261.
75. www.us-israel.org; also see Arad et al., p. 258.
76. Aly and Roth, pp. 60-61.
77. Aly and Roth, pp. 32-34.
78. H. Himmler, Decrees, December 9, 1940, BA NS 48/15.
79. H. Himmler, Decree, December 9, 1940 BA NS 48/15.
80. Letter, R. Korherr to R. Brandt, June 8, 1942, BA NS 48/6.
81. Letter, R. Korherr to R. Brandt, June 8, 1942, p. 2, BA NS 48/6.
82. Letter, R. Korherr to R. Brandt, June 8, 1942, pp. 2-3, BA NS 48/6.
83. Letter, Personal Staff Himmler to Korherr, August 10, 1943, BA NS 48/15.
84. CSDIC, “Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57,” April 25, 1945, p. 20, NA RG226; Letter, A. Bartels to R. Korherr, May 26, 1944, NA RG242 A 3343-550-201A, Frames 1018-1029; Walther Lauersen, “Organisation und Aufgaben des Maschinellen Berichtwesens des Reichministers fur Rustung und Kriegsproduktion,” December 5, 1945, pp. 3-4, BA R3/17a.