by Guy Arnold
Mali ref1
mineral wealth ref1, ref2
OAU ref1, ref2, ref3
Toivo, Andimba Toivo ja ref1, ref2, ref3
Tolbert, William R. ref1, ref2, ref3
Tomas, Americo ref1, ref2
Tombalbaye, Francois ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Tongogara, Josiah ref1
Touadéra, Faustin-Archange ref1
Touré, Amadou Toumani ref1
Touré, Sekou ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18
Towards New Trade Policy for Development (Prebisch) ref1
trade unions ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17
Trans-African Highway ref1
Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative (TSCTI) ref1
transit routes ref1
Transvaler, Die ref1
Traoré, Amadou ref1
Traoré, Diarra ref1
Traoré, Ismael ref1
Traoré, Moussa ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Treurnicht, Dr Andries ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
tribalism ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16
Trovoada, Miguel ref1, ref2
Tsafendas, Demetrio ref1
Tshisekedi, Etienne ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Tshombe, Moise ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14
Tshwete, Steve ref1
Tsiranana, Philibert ref1, ref2
Tsvangirai, Morgan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Tubman, William Vacanarat
Shadrach ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Tunisia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13
agriculture ref1
Arab Spring ref1, ref2
independence ref1, ref2, ref3
Islam ref1
OAU ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
oil ref1
strikes ref1, ref2
tourism ref1
trade unions ref1
al-Turabi, Dr Hassan ref1, ref2
Tutu, Desmond ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
U
UDI ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12
Uganda ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19
agriculture ref1
aid ref1, ref2
China ref1
civil war ref1, ref2, ref3
coups ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
DRC ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
East African Community ref1
expulsions ref1
independence ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
OAU ref1, ref2
refugees ref1, ref2
Rwanda ref1, ref2, ref3
trade unions ref1
tribalism ref1
World War II ref1
see also Buganda
Uhuru ref1
Unilateral Declaration of Independence see UDI
United Arab Republic ref1, ref2
United Nations (UN) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17
admission to ref1
agencies ref1
aid ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Algeria ref1, ref2
Burundi ref1
Comoros ref1, ref2
Côte d’Ivoire ref1
democracy ref1
Development Programme (UNDP) ref1, ref2
DRC ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) ref1, ref2
Eritrea ref1, ref2, ref3
Ethiopia ref1, ref2, ref3
globalization ref1, ref2
High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) ref1, ref2, ref3
Human Development Index ref1, ref2
Israel ref1
Liberia ref1
Libya ref1
Mauritania ref1
Millennium Development Goals ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Morocco ref1, ref2, ref3
Mozambique ref1
Namibia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
NIEO ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
OAU ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
peacekeeping ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Portugal ref1, ref2, ref3
Portuguese Guinea/Guinea-Bissau ref1, ref2, ref3
Rhodesia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Rwanda ref1, ref2
sanctions ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
breaking ref1
Senegal ref1
Sierra Leone ref1
Somalia ref1, ref2, ref3
South Africa ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16
Togo ref1, ref2
trusteeships ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
United States (US) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
African Growth and Opportunity Act ref1
aid ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11 ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16
AIDS drugs ref1, ref2
Algeria ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Angola ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Arab Spring ref1, ref2
Benin ref1
Botswana ref1
China rivalry ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
CIA ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Cold War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29, ref30, ref31, ref32, ref33, ref34, ref35, ref36, ref37, ref38, ref39, ref40
Congo (Brazzaville) ref1
Congo crisis ref1, ref2
corruption ref1, ref2
Côte d’Ivoire ref1, ref2, ref3
Djibouti ref1, ref2
DRC ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Egypt ref1
Eritrea ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Ethiopia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
foreign policy ref1
Gabon ref1
Ghana ref1, ref2
globalization ref1, ref2, ref3
Guinea ref1
IDA ref1, ref2, ref3
Israel ref1
Kenya ref1
Liberia ref1, ref2, ref3
Libya ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Malawi ref1
Mali ref1, ref2
Morocco ref1
Mozambique ref1, ref2
Namibia ref1, ref2
Nigeria ref1, ref2, ref3
OAU ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
oil ref1, ref2
Portugal ref1, ref2
Rhodesia ref1, ref2, ref3
Rwanda ref1, ref2
Senegal ref1, ref2
Somalia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
South Africa ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17
subsidies ref1
Sudan ref1, ref2, ref3
Suez Crisis ref1, ref2
Tunisia ref1
Uganda ref1
war on terror ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
World Bank ref1
World War II ref1, ref2
Zaïre ref1
Zimbabwe ref1
Unvanquished (Boutros-Ghali) ref1
Upper Volta ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15
agriculture ref1
aid ref1
coups ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
OAU ref1, ref2, ref3
trade unions ref1
see also Burkina Faso
urbanization ref1
USSR ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14
aid ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10
arms supplier ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
Chinese competition ref1, ref2, ref3
Cold War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29, ref30, ref31, ref32, ref33, ref34, ref35, ref36, ref37, ref38
OAU ref1
Utuka, Emmanuel ref1, ref2
Uwilingiyimana, Agathe ref1
Uys, Stanley ref1
V
Valentin, L. ref1
van den Bergh, Hendrik ref1, ref2
Van der Byl, P. K. ref1, ref2
van der Spuy, David ref1
van der Vat, Dan ref1, ref2
van der Walt, Ben ref1
van Wyk, Fred ref1
Vance, Cyrus ref1
Vandewalle, Frederic ref1
Vasey, Sir Ernest ref1
Verhofstadt, Guy ref1
Verwoerd, Hendrik ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16
Vieira, João ref1, ref2
Viljoen, Constand ref1, ref2
Villepin, Dominique de ref1
Vlok, Adriaan ref1
Voices of Negritude (Finn) ref1
Volta Dam project ref1, ref2
Vorster, J. B. ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29, ref30
W
Wade, Abdoulaye ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Waldheim, Dr Kurt ref1
Walker, Patrick Gordon ref1
Walls, Peter ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Wamba dia Wamba, Ernest ref1, ref2
Ward, Barbara ref1
Washington, Anthony ref1
Washington Post ref1, ref2
Wassan, Crown Prince Asfa ref1
water ref1
Watson, Catherine ref1
Weekend World, The ref1
Welensky, Sir Roy ref1, ref2
Welsh, Frank ref1
Welt, Die ref1
Wen Jiabao ref1
Wentzel, Jan Francois ref1
Wessels, Leon ref1
West Africa ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11
West Africa Pilot ref1
Western Sahara (formerly Rio de Oro; Spanish Sahara) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
see also Mauritania; Morocco
What Kind of Africa (OAU) ref1
Whitehead, Edgar ref1
Wigney, Pierre ref1
Williams, H. Sylvester ref1
Williams, Rotimi ref1
Williams, Ruth ref1
Williamson, Craig ref1
Wilson, Andrew ref1
Wilson, Harold ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11
Wina, Arthur ref1
‘Winds of Change’ speech ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
Winter, Colin ref1
Witte, Ludo de ref1
Wold-Mariam, Dr Mesfin ref1
Woods, George D. ref1
World, The ref1
World Bank ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28, ref29, ref30, ref31, ref32, ref33, ref34, ref35, ref36, ref37, ref38, ref39, ref40, ref41, ref42, ref43, ref44, ref45
World Council of Churches ref1, ref2, ref3
World Food Programme (WFP) ref1
World in Action ref1
World Trade Organization see WTO
World War I ref1, ref2
World War II ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
Worrall, Denis ref1
Wossen, Merid Asmatch Asfa ref1
WTO (World Trade Organization)946, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
X, Y, Z
Xi Jinping ref1
Yahya, Ali ref1
Yalla, Kumba ref1
Yameogo, Maurice ref1, ref2
Yar’Adua, Umaru Musa ref1, ref2
Yata, Ali ref1
Yemen ref1, ref2, ref3
Yhombi-Opango, Joachim ref1, ref2
Yom Kippur War ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8
Youlou, Fulbert ref1, ref2
Young, Andrew ref1, ref2, ref3
Young, Hugo ref1
Yusuf, Abdullah ref1
Yusufu, M. D. ref1
Yutar, Perry ref1
Zagar, Abdul-Salam Muhammad ref1
Zaïre ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
agriculture ref1
aid ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
Congo Crisis ref1
corruption ref1
debt ref1, ref2
IMF ref1
mineral wealth ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
refugees ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
tribalism ref1
see also Belgian Congo; Congo (Kinshasa); DRC
Zambia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10
agriculture ref1
aid ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
debt ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
independence ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
mineral wealth ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
refugees ref1, ref2
Rhodesia ref1, ref2, ref3
TANZAM Railway ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
TAZARA Railway ref1
trade unions ref1
Zambia Daily Mail ref1
Zanzibar ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6
coups ref1, ref2, ref3
independence ref1, ref2, ref3
union with Tanzania ref1
see also Tanzania
Zenawi, Meles ref1
Zerbo, Sayer ref1
Zeroual, Liamine ref1
Zhou Enlai, ref1
Zhou Wenzhong, ref1
Zimbabwe ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9
agriculture ref1, ref2
aid ref1
AIDS/HIV ref1, ref2, ref3
Commonwealth ref1, ref2, ref3
debt ref1
‘Dissidents’ War’ ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
DRC ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5
IMF ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4
independence ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7
judiciary ref1
land issue ref1, ref2, ref3
life expectancy ref1
mineral wealth ref1
oil supplies ref1
refugees ref1, ref2, ref3
sanctions ref1
strikes ref1
trade unions ref1
see also Central African Federation;
Rhodesia (Southern);
Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
Zimbabwe-Rhodesia ref1
see also Rhodesia (Southern);
Zimbabwe
Zinsou, Dr Emile ref1
Zuma, Jacob ref1, ref2, ref3
Zvinavashe, Vitalis ref1
Zvobgo, Eddison ref1
A Note About the Author
Guy Arnold has specialized in African and Third World Affairs for the last fifty years and is the author of a number of books on these themes. His first interest has been in Africa where his involvement began when he created a National Youth Service for Zambia on the eve of Independence. He has been a deeply sympathetic observer of African developments ever since. He lectures on international affairs and has worked as a consultant for agencies involved in developing countries.
Picture Section
Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt – early leaders of African Independence. (Africa Week)
Kwame Nkrumah, Prime Minister of Ghana, opens the conference of Independent African Nations in Accra, Ghana, April 1958. (Associated Press/africanpictures.net)
Gamal Abdul Nasser, President of Egypt, 1954–1970. (INP
RA/africanpictures.net)
Patrice Lumumba, first Prime Minister of the Congo (Democratic Republic) with U. N. Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold, July 1960. (INPRA/africanpictures.net)
The Betrayed Leader: Patrice Lumumba was murdered in January 1961 with the connivance of Belgium and the US. (INPRA/africanpictures.net)
Alhaji Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, first Prime Minister of Nigeria at independence on 1 October 1960. He was killed in the first coup of January 1966. (INPRA/africanpictures.net)
In 1988, halfway through the Algerian War of Independence, Ferhat Abbas announces the formation of an Algerian Government in Exile. (Trace Images – Associated Press/africanpictures.net)
A constant backdrop of violence: the first President of Algeria, Ahmed Ben Bella, attends the funeral of Algerian troops killed in a border conflict with Morocco, 1963. (Trace Images – Associated Press/africanpictures.net)
Nigerian (Federal) soldiers race along the airstrip on the news that the Biafran government has surrendered. (INPRA/africanpictures.net)
Ian Smith signs the Instrument of UDI, 11 November 1965, with his white cabinet looking on. (INPRA/africanpictures.net)
J. B. Vorster of South Africa and Ian Smith of Rhodesia – always uneasy partners. (Cape Argus – Trace Images/africanpictures.net)
Portuguese Troops in Luanda, Angola, August 1975. A show of force shortly before total withdrawal. (Jim McLagan – Cape Argus – Trace Images/africanpictures.net)
MPLA child soldiers: a sad but familiar sight in too many African countries. (Jim McLagan – Cape Argus – Trace Images/africanpictures.net)
Britain’s Foreign Secretary, Jim Callaghan, visits Uganda in an attempt to improve relations with that country’s volatile dictator Idi Amin. (INPRA/africanpictures.net)
South Africa’s Prime Minister J. B. Vorster and Zambia’s President K. D. Kaunda meet at Livingstone during the détente exercise in 1975. (Jim McLagan – Cape Argus – Trace Images/africanpictures.net)
Presidents Kaunda and Nyerere at a ceremony marking the Tanzam railway crossing the border from Tanzania into Zambia. (Trace Images – Associated Press/africanpictures.net)
Helen Suzman, Progressive Party, for many years a lone white voice for justice in the South African Parliament. (David Goldblatt – South Photographs/africanpictures.net)
As Prime Minister of South Africa through the 1970s J. B. Vorster dominated the region. (Cape Argus – Trace Images/africanpictures.net)