The Structure of Evolutionary Theory

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The Structure of Evolutionary Theory Page 235

by Stephen Jay Gould


  in orthogenetic theories, 354, 355-365, 381-382, 391-393, 395

  in pre-Darwinian concepts of evolution, 137-140 (see also germinal selection)

  primacy of, for Darwin, 254-260, 339-341

  principle of divergence and, 224-236

  as restrictive, 1294-1295

  selection as term and, 722

  selection vs. sorting and, 659, 670-671, 783-784

  significance of evo-devo results for, 1065-1069

  “syllogistic core” of, 125

  synergism of positive constraint with, 1040-1045

  as tautological, 368n-369n

  textbooks and, 577-579

  natural theology central premise of, 261-262

  formalist version of, 271-278, 322-323 (see also Agassiz, Louis; continental formalist tradition)

  functionalist version of, 262-271 (See also British functionalism; Paley, William)

  Lamarck and, 173

  Origin as refutation of, 116-125

  Natural Theology (Paley), 116-121, 262-271

  Nature magazine

  Gould and Eldredge article for (1993), 971-972

  Gould letter to, 985

  Necker Cube metaphor, 639-641, 656, 667

  Nehm, R. H., 843-844, 852

  Nelson, G. E., 577, 580

  neo-Darwinism

  Goldschmidt and, 453-456

  in late nineteenth century, 198, 199-200, 216, 358 (see also Wallace, A. R.; Weismann, August)

  in twentieth century, 216 (see also Modern Synthesis, hardening of)

  Neo-Lamarckism

  Cope and, 366-370

  functionalist versions of, 367

  Hyatt and, 370-383

  orthogenetic versions of, 366-367

  neontology

  punctuated equilibrium and, 778-781

  species selection and, 653

  nesting, as property of hierarchical levels, 682-683

  Neumann, C. J., 1129-1130

  neutral features, 221. See also non adaptive origin

  neutral theory of molecular evolution, 22, 143, 167, 521n, 676-677

  properties of gene-individual and, 685-689

  Newell, N. D., 44, 775, 1304

  Newman, Cardinal, Apologia Pro Vita Sua, 37-38

  Newsweek, 983

  New Yorker, 975

  New York Times, 912-913, 931, 983

  Nichols, D. J., 831

  Nicholson, A. J., 561-562

  Nield, E. W., 997

  Nietzsche, F., 52

  Genealogy of Morals, 85, 1215-1218

  historical method and, 1214-1218, 1231, 1248, 1258

  nonadaptative origin. See also “correlations of growth”; exaptation; spandrels

  category of currently neutral features with, 1246-1249

  centrality of, in evolutionary theory, 1258-1270

  [Page 1420]

  nonadaptive origin (continued)

  consequential status and, 1249

  geographic variation and, 534-535, 538-539, 586

  germinal selection and, 220-221

  inadaptive vs. nonadaptive features and, 1247

  modes of speciation and, 535, 538, 541, 546

  nooks and crannies and, 1249

  polymorphisms and, 534, 538, 541, 546

  spandrels and, 1249-1258

  terminology of, 1246-1270

  non-directionality of variation. See isotropy of variation

  non-progressivism, concept of, 468-470. See also progress

  non-trending clades, concept of, 936-939

  nooks and crannies

  currently neutral features with nonadaptive origin and, 1249

  spandrels and, 1253-1258

  normalizing clade selection, 78, 713, 714, 883-885

  novelty, origin of. See also efficacy, as Darwinian principle; punctuations; speciation

  macroevolutionary theory and, 1039-1040

  role of saltational change in, 1146

  “nuclear winter,” 1312

  “nuon,” 691

  Nüsslein-Volhard, C., 1129-1130

  Occam’s razor, 552-554

  Oenothera lamarckiana (evening primrose), 68, 418, 420, 426-427, 428, 429, 434-435, 446-447

  Oertiella species, 852

  Ohnmacht of selection, 355-365

  Ohno, S., 694, 695

  Oken, L., 300, 318-319, 355-356

  “old age theory,” 370-372

  Olson, E. C., 256n, 559, 574-576, 584, 917

  ontogenetic drive, 722-724

  ontogeny. See also evolutionary developmental biology

  Goethe’s cyclical principle and, 287-288

  Lamarckism and, 182

  “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, " 208

  Onychophora, 1148-1149, 1169

  “opportunism,” as term, 1289-1290

  orchid principle, 104. See also discordance

  “order for free” concept, 1054

  D’Arcy Thompson and, 1208

  Kauffman and, 1180, 1208-1212, 1213-1214

  Ordovician fossil record, 754, 769

  organismal selection. See also agency, as Darwinian principle; individuality, meaning of; levels of selection; natural selection

  birth and death biases in, 449

  concept of speciation rate and, 669-670

  Darwin’s argument for, 128-132

  Darwin’s handling of exceptions and, 133-136, 596-597

  development of Darwin’s views on, 132-133

  exclusivity of, in Darwin, 14, 60, 125, 133, 135

  failure of logic of, 596-597

  as level in hierarchy theory, 700-701

  “organism” as term and, 600-601

  spandrels and, 1289-1291

  validation of, and progress, 1321-1322

  Weismann’s Allmacht of selection and, 197-201, 215, 219, 596

  organization, as criterion for individuality, 603

  “organized adaptive complexity,” 710-712

  Orgel, L., 693-694

  Origin centennial (1959), 70, 503, 505, 566, 570-576

  in Chicago, 558-562, 570, 572-576, 755

  in Philadelphia, 570-572

  Origin of Species (Darwin)

  accuracy of quotes from, 1014

  agency as theme in, 125-137

  continued relevance of, 58, 96-97

  as defense of minimal commitments, 12, 59

  “Difficulties on Theory” passage in, 64, 251, 332, 1058, 1130-1131, 1218-1224

  editions of, 99n

  efficacy as theme in, 137-159

  emphasis on historical explanation in, 1333-1335

  errors in, 153-155, 166, 757

  facts in, 108-109

  figure in, 228-229, 241, 242, 243-244

  historical reviews of, 163-169

  [Page 1421]

  human evolution in, 151

  mentions of Owen in, 327

  methodological aspect of, 59, 97-116

  as one long argument, 59, 97-99, 101-103

  principle of divergence and, 227, 228-229, 235-236, 237, 238, 239-240, 1313

  scope as theme in, 159-163

  theoretical aspect of, 59, 116-163

  tripartite structure of, 111-112, 128

  uniformitarianism as theme in, 94-96, 757-758

  Wallace’s paper and, 227, 233, 336

  orthodenticle gene, 1162

  orthogenesis, 66-67

  biogenetic law and, 353, 362, 367-368

  dismissal of, in Modern Synthesis, 507, 510

  early pluralism of Modern Synthesis and, 515, 517-518

  Eimer’s version of, 66, 355-365

  Goldschmidt and, 462, 464-465

  Hyatt’s “hard version” of, 66-67, 353, 365-383 (see also Hyatt, Alpheus)

  misconceptions about, 352-355

  relative frequency argument and, 354-355

  role of natural selection as force in, 354, 355-365, 381-382, 391-393, 395

  as term, 351-352

  Weismann and, 220-221

  Whitman’s version of, 67, 383-395

  Orwell,
G., 451, 466

  Osborn, H. F., 567-568, 1082, 1083, 1085

  Ospovat, D., 229, 234n, 314, 330-331

  Oster, G., 256n, 1023

  ostracodes, 827-828, 829, 842, 852

  “our of Africa” hypothesis (“entity theory”), 911-912

  Overton, W., 989

  ovoviviparity. See viviparity

  Owen, Richard, 46, 51, 280, 282n, 312-329

  adaptation and, 324-326

  categories of homology and, 316-317, 1070-1073

  concept of constraint and, 323-324

  as formalist, 65, 313n

  On the Nature of Limbs, 313-314, 317, 319, 328, 332

  relationship with Darwin, 326-329

  review of Origin, 327-328

  vertebral archetype and, 316-326, 328-329, 1091

  oyster. See Gryphaea

  paleobiology, as profession, 774-775

  Paleolithic art, 953-956

  paleontology. See also fossil record; macroevolutionary theory; entries for specific paleontologists

  criterion for species selection and, 653-654

  Cuvier and, 295n

  Darwin’s work in, 102, 153-154

  directional properties of change and, 468-469

  discourse about trends in, 886-893

  efforts to document gradualism and, 752-755, 759-760

  exemplars of gradualism in, 752-753, 761-765

  hardening of Modern Synthesis and, 71, 521, 556-566, 580-584, 1224-1225

  impact model in, 1309-1312

  impact of punctuated equilibrium model in, 778

  insufficiency of Modern Synthesis for, 1327

  Olson’s critique of Modern Synthesis and, 574-576

  orthogenesis and, 365

  stasis as common knowledge in, 749-755

  stasis as data in, 759-765, 971

  stymied practice in, 761-765, 1303-1306

  paleospecies, definability of, 76, 784-796

  correspondences with biospecies and, 785-789

  overestimation of biospecies by, 792-793

  “Scheinproblem” of temporal continua and, 784-785

  underestimation of biospecies by, 789-792

  Paleozoic fossil record, 753

  Paley, William, 51, 59, 60, 230, 262-271

  case for adaptationism, 268-271

  Darwin’s refutation of, 120-121, 123-125

  Evidences of Christianity, 265-266

  influence on Darwin, 119-120, 253

  natural theology and, 116-121

  panda principle, 104. See also discordance

  [Page 1422]

  Panganiban, G., 1140

  pangenes, 424

  pangenesis, 68

  Darwin’s principle of, 166, 423, 424-425

  De Vries’ concept of, 424-425

  panmixia, hypothesis of, 63, 205-207, 221

  “paradox of the visibly irrelevant,” 834

  parallel hierarchies, notion of, 642n

  parallelism. See also convergence vs. parallelism; positive constraint

  distinction between convergence and, 52, 81-82

  episodes in history of debate about, 1081-1089

  examples of convergence reinterpreted as, 83, 1069

  eye development and, 82, 83, 1123-1134

  importance of, 1061-1089

  logical types of similarities and, 1076-1081, 1128-1129

  meaning of, 1076-1089

  origin of term, 1081-1084

  as positive constraint, 82, S3

  role of historical constraint and, 1056-1057

  within small clades, 1132-1134

  of underlying generators, 1122-1134

  paralogs, 1079

  Pareto, V., 614

  Parker, G. E., 986-987, 988

  Parker, W. C., 733

  parsimony, 552-554

  Parsons, P. A., 871-872

  particulate inheritance, 510

  “parts,” 674

  Patel, N. H., 1133-1134

  Patten, W., 1118, 1121

  Patterson, C., 1080, 1088

  Paul, C. R. C., 825-826, 827, 828, 845, 853 875

  Pax-6 system, 82, 83, 1123-1134

  Pelaz, S., 1094

  pendentives, 1250

  Pcnnisi, E., 1111, 1152

  Penny, D., 1014

  “peripatric speciation,” 536, 702

  Permian extinction, 1315

  personal selection

  germinal selection and, 200, 214-224

  as term, 200n (see also organismal selection)

  Peterson, S. A., 952

  Phacops rana, 865

  Pharaonic bricks vs. Corinthian columns analogy, 1134-1142

  Phenacodus, 833, 842

  phenotypes, and critiques of punctuated equilibrium, 802-810

  Philosophie zoologique (Lamarck), 108

  philosophy of science, 28-29, 598. See also entries for specific philosophers

  conventionalism in, 639-641

  phyletic life cycles, concept of, 368-373

  phyllotactic patterns, 1212

  “physiological genetics,” 460

  phytoplankton, 1319. See also Foraminifera

  Piatigorsky, J., 1242-1244

  pigeons

  Darwin and, 337, 385-386

  Whitman and, 67, 386-395

  Pineda, D., 1129

  pinmaking analogy, 231

  Pittendrigh, C. S., 577, 578

  placentation. See viviparity placentotrophy. See viviparity planarians, 1129

  planetary dynamics, 490. See also geological time

  Darwin’s response to Kelvin and, 501-502

  Kelvin’s argument on, 492-493

  plankton. See Foraminifera

  plant morphology. See ABC Model; Goethe, J. W. von “plastids,” 209

  plate tectonics, 1311, 1312

  Playfair, J., 495

  Pleistocene fossil record, 769-771

  plurifaction

  confusion with faithful replication, 621

  dual hierarchies and, 642n

  selectionist mechanics and, 71, 611

  “plus ça change” model, 872-874

  Podos, J., 1287

  political theory, 977

  Pollock, R. A., 1164-1165

  polymorphisms, and nonadaptational modes of speciation, 534, 538, 541, 546

  polytomies, and punctuated equilibrium, 77, 820, 821

  Pope, Alexander, 680

  popular culture, punctuated equilibrium in, 973-979

  population characteristics, and properties of taxonomic groups, 806-807

  population genetics

  Modern Synthesis and, 514-516, 531

  punctuated equilibrium and, 1023

  [Page 1423]

  population thinking, 8

  Poseidonamicus, 832

  “position of organic stability,” 402n

  positive constraint. See also aptive triangle; channeling; historical constraint

  as channeling, 84, 1027-1032, 1037-1051, 1122-1142

  evolvability and, 1271-1272, 1276

  overextension of, 83

  paradoxical flexibility of, 1271-1272, 1294-1295

  “Pharaonic bricks” and “Corinthian columns” analogy and, 83

  relative power of, 81, 82, 1047-1051

  stasis and, 879-880

  synergism with natural selection, 80-83, 1040-1045

  as term for nonstandard causes of change, 81, 1032-1037, 1051-1061

  top-down vs. bottom-up adaptation and, 84, 1147-1155, 1272-1273

  Powers, T. P., 1099

  “preadaptation,” as term, 86, 1231-1232

  Precambrian life, 153-154

  pre-Darwinian concepts of evolution, 23, 64-66. See also Chambers, Robert; Lamarckism

  common themes of, 94

  Darwin’s revolution and, 93-97, 98-99, 161

  directionality of change and, 94

  dualism and, 97-98

  as “internalist” accounts, 160-161

  natural selection in discourse of, 137-140

  origins of Darwin’
s views and, 193-197

  saltation and, 94

  structuralist-functionalist dichotomy and, 64-66, 257

  Price, G. R., 663

  Price, P. W., 997, 998

  Prigogine, Ilya, 922

  Principles of Animal Ecology (Alle, Emerson, Park, Park and Schmidt), 544-545

  Principles of Geology (Lyell), 174, 175, 195-196

  progress. See also directionality of variation

  biomechanical advantage and, 1270

  biotic competition and, 469-470, 475-477

  cultural concern with, 467-468, 588

  Darwin’s rationale for, 47, 52, 58, 68-69, 185, 468, 469-470, 475-477

  De Vries’ classification and, 433-434

  failure of uniformitarian argument for, 1321-1322

  geological license for, 467-470

  internal vs. external generation of, 190

  in knowledge, 969n

  Lamarck and, 179-181, 183-186, 190

  large- vs. small-scale forces of, 23

  textbooks and, 580, 581

  progress vs. diversity antinomy, 190

  “promophology,” 209

  Protagoras, 680-681, 908

  Prothero, D. R., 846-847, 855-856, 861-864, 997

  protistan cells, 1190

  Provine, W., 99n

  history of Modern Synthesis and, 505, 507, 512-513, 522-524

  Sewell Wright and, 522-524

  Prunum species, 843-844, 852

  publication bias, 763-765, 803-804, 854, 855. See also reporting bias

  “punctuated anagenesis,” 795, 840-841, 924

  punctuated equilibrium theory, 37. See also hierarchy theory; punctuated equilibrium theory, critiques of; punctuated equilibrium theory, implications of; punctuated equilibrium theory, research in; punctuations; stasis; tiers of time

  centrality of, for hierarchy theory, 39, 41-42

  as challenge to natural selection, 152

  as conservative approach, 778-781

  creationism and, 981-984, 986-990

  criteria for species as individuals and, 606, 607-608

  definability of paleospecies and, 784-796

  definitions in, 766-774

  deme-individuals and, 603-604, 701-703, 882-883, 920

  efficacy of species selection and, 651-652, 886-893

  errors in early advocacy of, 76-77, 796-802

  fossil record as data and, 760-761

  geological time and, 765, 766

  geology and, 45, 61, 152

  microevolutionary links of, 774-781

  operational definitions in, 765-781

  original paper on (Eldredge and Gould, 1972), 761, 879-880, 979-980, 1001, 1010

  [Page 1424]

  punctuated equilibrium theory (continued)

  primary claims of, 765-784

  punctuated equilibrium as term and, 774-775

  reasons lor punctuational patterns and, 793-796

  reformative role of, 765

  saltationism and, 75, 781, 986-987, 988, 1005-1006, 1008-1010

 

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