by Gary L Wenk
Aluminum, 70–72
Alzheimer’s disease
amnesia in, 11–12
anti-inflammatories, 99–100
defined, 155
gender differences, 101
impaired glucose regulation in, 53
memory loss treatment, 16–18
neurotransmitter behavior in, 14–16
neurotrophic factors, 65
risk factors for, 100–101
sleep disturbances in, 89
spice effects, 65–66
tea extracts in, 63
Amnesia, 11–12, 155
Amygdala, 23–28, 99, 155
Analgesic, 155
Anandamide, 68
Anterograde amnesia, 11–12
Anticholinergic, 155
Anticonvulsants, 35, 156
Antidepressants, 29–32, 55
Anti-inflammatories, 99–100, 109
Antioxidants, 63, 69, 95, 97–98
Antipsychotics, 38, 40
Anxiety, 31–32, 37, 75, 115
Anxiolytic, 156
Aphasia, 144
Arachnoid mater, 118
Aspirin, 46, 65, 99–100
Astrocytes, 121–23, 156
Astrocytes tumors, 121–22
ATP, 86–87
Attention, 7–8, 19–20, 92
Auditory cortex, 143–44
Autism, 26, 34, 39
Autonomic nervous system, 12, 156
Axons, 121, 129–32, 156
Balance, 104–5
Basal ganglia, 133
B.C.E., 156
Behavior control, 22, 137–38
Bilateral, 156
Bile, 78
Biorhythms, 51–52
Bipolar disorder, 34–37, 77–78, 151
Blood–brain barrier, 17, 41, 123–24, 135, 156
Body temperature rhythms, 75–76, 93
Botulinum toxin, 17
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), 61
Brain generally. see also specific structures
blood supply to, 122
decision-making processes, 25
development of, 3–4, 15, 125–29
energy expenditures, 1–3, 53
function efficiency, 131–32
gender differences in, 127–28
organization of, 135–36
sleep effects on, 74–75
structure, functions of, 2f, 118–22
trauma to, 119–20
Broca, Paul, 138
Broca’s area, 138–39, 156
Buoyancy, 119
Caffeine, 41, 45–48, 86–87, 111
Caloric restriction, 96–98, 106–7
Carbamazepine, 35
Carbohydrates, 52–53
Carbon, carbon dioxide, 94–95
Central nervous system, 156
Cerebellum, 151–53, 156
Cerebral cortex, 119–20, 124–27, 156
Cerebral hemispheres, 125, 156
Cerebrospinal fluid, 118–19
Chiapas Real, 67, 68
Chocoholism, 69
Chocolate, 66–70
Choline supplementation, 16–17
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, 120
Cingulate gyrus, 22, 150–51
Cinnamon, 65
Circadian rhythm, 73, 77–78
Close-talkers, 27
Clostridium botulinum, 17
Cocaine, 47–48
Coffee. see caffeine
Cognitive enhancers, 111
Corpus callosum, 127–28, 153–54, 157
Cortisol, 76
Cross-modality, 147
Curcumin, 65–66
Cytokines, 56, 107–8
Daydreaming, 142–43
Deadly nightshade, 13
Death, 92–93
Deep brain stimulation, 35
Default network, 141
Dementia. see also Alzheimer’s disease
alcohol and, 100
aluminum and, 70–72
anti-inflammatories, 99–100
defined, 157
hallucinations in, 147
impaired glucose regulation in, 53
obesity, 55–56, 59–60, 63–64, 92, 107–9
omega-3 fatty acids, 54–55
sleep disturbances in, 89
Dementia pugilistica, 120
Dendrites, 121, 157
Dendritic spines, 18–19
Dentate gyrus, 99
Deodorants, 72
Depression
cingulate gyrus in, 151
described, 27–29
development of, 32
incidence of, 28
serotonin role in, 30, 32–34
sleep and, 31–32, 77–78
susceptibility genes, 37
treatment, 29–31, 115
Diet. see also food/drug effects
all-meat, 64
caloric restriction, 96–98, 106–7
fats (dietary), 54–55, 59
high-fat, 52
Mediterranean, 54
restriction, 64, 107
vegetarian/vegan, 33
vitamins, 49–50, 62
Dietary restriction, 64, 107
Dizziness, 105
Dopamine
in basal ganglia, 133
in depression, 30
food/drug effects, 51, 53, 59–60
functions of generally, 133
loss of in Parkinson’s disease, 102–3
reward system induction, 58, 142–43
in schizophrenia, 37–38, 40
Dose–response effect, 44
Dreams. see sleeping/dreaming
Drugs. see food/drug effects
Dura mater, 118, 157
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 29
Emotions
aging effects, 92
bipolar disorder, 34–37, 77–78, 151
close-talkers, 27
depression ( see depression)
fear, 23–27, 99
limbic system, 22–23, 158
purpose of, 21
schizophrenia ( see schizophrenia)
staring, response to, 25–26
Endocannabinoids, 51, 56, 58, 157
Endorphins, 51, 56–57, 157
Epileptic seizures, 73, 144–46
Exercise, 56, 66, 90, 91, 100, 107, 108, 131
Eyes, 104, 139–42
Fats (dietary), 54–55, 59
Fear, 23–27, 99
Flavonoids, 66–67
Flight or fight response, 24–25
Food/drug effects. see also diet
addiction, 44–45
aging, 94–96, 105
antioxidants, 63, 69, 95, 97–98
biological drive, 57
blood–brain barrier, 17, 41, 123–24, 156
caffeine, 41, 45–48, 86–87, 111
caloric restriction, 96–98, 106–7
carbohydrates, 52–53
chocolate, 66–70
cognitive function, 61–63
fats, 54–55, 59
fat/sugar cravings, 59
feel good, 48–50
flavonoids, 66–67
fruits, vegetables, 62–64
genetics in, 45–46, 59–60
gut bacteria, 60–61
high-fat diet, 52
mechanisms of, 42–44
nutritional supplements, 112–14
obesity, 55–56, 59–60, 63–64, 92, 107–9
overeating, 50–51
pleasure, 56–58
precursor-loading, 48–49
protein, 95
sleeping/dreaming, 78
spices, 48, 65–66
terminology, 42
time of day, 51–52
toxins, 70–72
uptake/excretion, 41–42
weight reduction, 64
wine, 66–67
Free radicals, 96
Frontal lobes
amygdala functions, 26
in bipolar disorder, 34–36
defined, 120, 157
dietary restriction effe
cts, 107
functions of, 136–38
lucid dreams, 84–85
myelination, 36–37, 158
neurotransmitters in, 133
speech, 138–39, 144, 153–54, 156
Fruits, vegetables, 62–64
GABA, 75, 80, 157
Gage, Thomas, 67
Gall, Franz, 135–36
Galvani, Luigi, 29
Gastrointestinal system, 157
Ginkgo biloba, 112–14
Glia, 121
Glucose, 44–45, 52–53, 58–59, 78
Glutamate
defined, 157
hallucinations and, 148
impaired function in disease, 15–16
in memory formation, 13–15
in schizophrenia, 37–38
seizures, 73, 144–46
Glycogen, 78
Gray matter, 157
Gyrus (gyri), 120, 157
Hallucinations
defined, 146–48, 157
near-death experiences, 122–23
nutmeg, 48
in Parkinson’s disease, 103
in schizophrenia, 38–39
Hearing, sense of, 104, 143–44
Hearing voices, 38–39
Hemoglobin, 95
Henbane, 13
Herbal medicines, 112–14
Heroin, 45, 59
Hippocampus
aging effects on, 98–99
defined, 158
in depression, 27–28
dreams, content of, 81–83
in memory, 6–8, 17–19
neurotransmitter impaired function, 15–16
neurotransmitters in, 133
shrinkage, effects of, 85–86
Hydrocephalus, 119
Hypersomnolence, 88
Hypothalamus, 53, 158
Ibuprofen, 99–100
Inflammation, 99–103, 108
Ingestion analgesia, 57
Insomnia, 74, 75, 89
Insula, 22–23
Insulin, 50, 64, 78
Interpersonal distance, 27
Introspection, 137
Ipsilateral, 158
Jamais vu, 143
Jimson weed, 13
Kleine-Levin Syndrome, 88
Lamotrigine, 35
Language, 138–39, 144, 156
Law of Initial Value, 45–46
Learning, 5–6, 18
Leptin, 50
Limbic system, 22–23, 158
Lipid solubility, 158
Lipopolysaccharide, 87
Lithium salts, 35
Longevity, 93–94, 101, 128–29
Long-term potentiation (LTP), 158
LSD, 147–49
Lucid dreams, 84–85
Lying, 137
Magnesium salts, 69
Mammal, 158
Mandrake, 13
Marijuana, 58
Maternal obesity, 55–56
Mediterranean diet, 54
Memory
aging effects on, 92, 98–99
alcohol and, 100
amnesia, 11–12, 155
attention, 7–8, 19–20, 92
autobiographical, 150
consolidation process, 8
dendritic spines, 18–19
emotion in, 7
false, 10–11
forgetting, 8–9
formation, storage of, 6–7, 12–18, 26–27
fruits, vegetables, 62–63
hippocampus in, 6–8, 17–19
in learning, 5–6, 18
loss, treatment of, 16–18
nicotine effects, 13, 19–20
obesity effects on, 108–9
recall, 9–11
sensory, 6–8
short-term, 8
Memory boosters, 111
Meninges, 118
Menopause, 69
Menstrual cycle, 19, 68–69
Metabolic syndrome, 52
Microglial, 158
Migraines, 31–32, 73
Miracle cures, 109–12
Mitochondria, 158
Monoamine oxidase (MAO), 69–70
Morphine, 46
3-MT, 122–23
Multiple sclerosis, 130–31
Muscarine, muscarine receptors, 13
Myelin, 37, 158
Myelination, 36–37, 103, 158
Myelin sheaths, 130
Narcolepsy, 79, 158
Naturopathy, 114
Near-death experiences, 122–23
Neurogenesis, 129
Neurons
communication between, 125, 127, 129–30
defined, 121, 158
development of, 126–29
fat/sugar cravings, 59
flavonoids, 66–67
loss of in Parkinson’s disease, 102–3
in memory formation, 13–15
myelination, 36–37, 103, 158
neurotrophic factors, 65
public speaking, 25–26
sleep effects on, 74–75, 78
tumors, 122
Neurotransmitters. see also specific neurotransmitters
behavior in Alzheimer’s disease, 14–16
defined, 132–35, 158–59
in depression, 30
endocannabinoids, 51, 56, 58, 157
food/drug effects, 51
function efficiency, 131–32
loss of in Parkinson’s disease, 102–3
in memory formation, 12–13
memory loss treatment, 16–18
precursor-loading, 48–49
receptors, 13, 19–20, 134, 160
REM atonia, 80–81, 159
reuptake, 134, 160
in schizophrenia, 37–38
in sleeping/dreaming, 78–80
Neurotrophic factors, 65
Nicotine, 13, 19–20, 41, 45, 50, 111
Nicotinic receptors, 19–20
Non-REM sleep, 79–80, 82, 83, 85, 159
Norepinephrine, 30, 102–3, 133
Nutmeg, 48
Nutritional supplements, 112–14
Nystagmus, 153, 159
Obesity, 55–56, 59–60, 63–64, 92, 107–9
Obsessive compulsive disorder, 22
Occipital lobes, 120, 139–42, 159
Omega-3 fatty acids, 54–55
Oppositional defiant disorder, 37
Orexin, 51, 79, 159
Overeating, 50–51
Ovulation, 19
Oxygen, 49–50, 94–97, 122
Parasympathetic nervous system, 159
Parietal lobes, 120, 149–50, 159
Parkinson, James, 102
Parkinson’s disease
antipsychotics and, 40
deep brain stimulation, 35
defined, 159
described, 102
neurotrophic factors, 65
REM behavior disorder and, 81, 160
risk factors for, 102–3
spice effects, 65–66
treatment, 103, 115
Parkinson’s pugilistica, 120
Phenethylamine (PEA), 69–70
Pia mater, 118, 159
Pill color effects, 116
Placebo effect, 111–17, 124, 159
Placebome, 116
Poikilotherms, 93, 159
Polyphenols, 63
Prefrontal cortex, 159
Presynaptic, 159
Prevagen, 124
Progesterone, 19, 69
Proinflammatory proteins, 32
Protein, 95
Protoneurons, 126, 127
Pseudoscience, 114, 159
Public speaking, 25–26
Punch-drunk syndrome, 120
Quercetin, 63
Receptors, 13, 19–20, 134, 160
REM atonia, 80–81, 159
REM behavior disorder, 81, 160
REM sleep, 80, 82–87, 89, 93
Restriction diets, 64, 107
Resveratrol, 63
Retina, 104
Retrograde amnesia, 11
Reuptake, 134, 160
&nb
sp; Saccadic eye movement, 140
Salvinorin A, 148
Schizophrenia
defined, 36–38, 151
dopamine in, 37–38, 40
genetics in, 34
glutamate in, 37–38
hallucinations in, 38–39, 147
incidence of, 28
nicotinic receptors, 20
Seizures, 73, 144–46
Self-reflection, 141–42
Serotonin
defined, 160
in depression, 30, 32–34
hallucinations and, 147–48
loss of in Parkinson’s disease, 102–3
in venom, 43
Sickness behaviors, 33
Sleeping/dreaming
adenosine, 86–87
aging effects, 89–90
circadian rhythm, 73, 77–78
daily rhythm control, 78–80
daily rhythm disruptions, 76–78
daily rhythms, 75–76, 85–86
deprivation, 31, 73–74, 79, 88–89, 110
described, 73–74
dreams, 74
dreams, content of, 81–83
dreams, time spent in, 85
dreams of children, 83–84
dreams of suffocation, 83
food/drug effects, 78
gender differences, 82–83, 86
hormone fluctuations, 76
importance of, 74–75
insomnia, 74, 75, 89
lucid dreams, 84–85
narcolepsy, 79, 158
nondream (slow wave), 74
non-REM, 79–80, 82, 83, 85, 159
prolonged cycle, 87–88
quality, efficiency, 86, 90, 92
REM, 80, 82–87, 89, 93
REM atonia, 80–81, 159
REM behavior disorder, 81, 160
wakefulness, 74
Smoking, 13, 19–20, 92
Social cues, 26
Sodium benzoate, 65
Speech, 138–39, 144, 153–54, 156
Spices, 48, 65–66
SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), 30–31
Statins, 76
Stress, chronic, 25
Strokes, 113, 139
Sugar, 44–45, 52–53, 58–59, 78
Sulcus (sulci), 120, 160
Sympathetic nervous system, 160
Synapses, 15, 134, 160
Synaptic vesicles, 160
Synesthesia, 148–49, 160
Taste sense, 51, 105
Telomeres, 94
Temporal lobes, 5, 120, 143–46, 160
Testosterone, 94, 96–97
Touch sense, 105–6
Tryptophan, 33, 48–49
Turmeric, 65–66
Tyramine, 69–70
Ursolic acid, 63–64
Vagus nerve, 17
Valproate, 35
Vegetarian/vegan diet, 33
Vertigo, 105
Vestibular system, 104–5
Visual system, 104, 139–42
Vitamins, dietary, 49–50, 62
Weight reduction, 64
Wernicke’s area, 144, 160
White matter, 160
Willow tree bark, 65
Wine, 66–67