Young Stalin

by Simon Sebag Montefiore

  12. Viceroy: the description of the viceroy’s character and arrival are direct quotes from Jones, pp. 172–75; and prostitutes and palm readings, p. 186.

  13. Speech at Khoni: Nutsubidze: Montefiore, p. 286. Stalin, Works, 1:90–132 “Briefly about Disagreements in the Party.” Murders in Georgia: Jones, pp. 184–87. Stalin opens the era of bank robberies: Davrichewy, p. 175, and competitiveness, p. 181. Bibineishvili, p. 85. Bomb-making Bolsheviks: Vano Jejilava, “My Memoirs,” Revolyutsiis Matiane (henceforth RM), no. 3, 1923, p. 135. Stalin orders bomb attacks on Cossacks: Davrichewy, p. 219. Terror: Daly, Watchful State, pp. 16–20. 3, 600 wounded: Geifman, Thou Shalt Kill, p. 21. Svanidze cousin Dvali blows himself up: GF IML 8.2.1.34.327–37, Mikheil Misha Monoselidze. GDMS 87.1955–368.1–16, Alexandra “Sashiko” Svanidze-Monoselidze.

  14. Unpublished memoirs of Kasiane Gachechiladze: thanks to his grandson Shalva Gachechiladze.

  15. Jones, pp. 188–89. Stalin’s Cossack attacks: Davrichewy, p. 200. Stalin, Works, 1:133–39 “Armed Insurrection and Our Tactics.” Baberowski, Der Feind, p. 79.

  15 · 1905: FIGHTERS, URCHINS AND DRESSMAKERS

  1. Kamo kills, Stalin offers: Davrichewy, pp. 188–90.

  2. Svanidzes: GF IML 8.2.1.34.327–37, Mikheil Misha Monoselidze. GDMS 87.1955368.1–16, Alexandra “Sashiko” Svanidze-Monoselidze. Ravishing girl: Davrichewy, p. 228;pistol, p. 160. Koba at hospital: GDMS 3(1).1955–146.45–6, G. Elisabedashvili. Author’s interview with Kato’s cousin Katevan Gelovani, Tbilisi,2005: Stalin hidden in Kutaisi by Svanidze parents and police chief Dvali. Author interview with Mariam Svanidze (aged 109) in Tbilisi,2005.

  3. Iremashvili, pp. 32–35. Skirtless woman: Jones, p. 189. Stalin, Works, 1:178–86. Jones, pp. 188–89. Stalin’s Cossack attacks: Davrichewy, p. 200. Stalin, Works, 1:133–39. Baberowski, Der Feind, p. 79. Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 67 and 79.

  4. Alliluyev Memoirs, pp. 101–2.

  5. Stalin, Works, 1:191, “To All Workers,” 19 Oct. 1905.

  6. Talakvadze, Kistorii Kommunisticheksoi partii Gruzii, 1:143.

  7. Service, Stalin, p. 59. Kavtaradze Memoirs. Story of lamp-throwing: memoirs of Maya Kavtaradze.

  8. Minadora Ordzhonikidze-Toroshelidze unpublished memoirs. Davrichewy, pp. 174–76 and 181.

  9. Massacres in Tiflis and armed SDs: Jones, pp. 189–94. Davrichewy, pp. 194–95. Trotsky, Stalin, p. 67.

  10. Jones, pp. 189–95. Davrichewy, pp. 194–96. Seething cauldron: Trotsky, Stalin, p. 79.

  16 · 1905: THE MOUNTAIN EAGLE STALIN MEETS LENIN

  1. Tammerfors: best account of the Finnish angle is Antii Kujala et al., Lenin Ja Suomi. Portrait of Lenin is based on: Figes, pp. 141–51, 385–98; Service, Lenin, pp. 255–73; Service, Stalin, pp. 129 and 179; Tucker, p. 103. Stalin on Lenin: Stalin, Works, 6: 53–55. Davrichewy on Lenin and on Stalin as only fighter, shooting, pp. 160, 212–13. Krupskaya, pp. 128–29. Trotsky, Stalin, p. 69. Timing of Stalin’s travels: Ostrovsky, pp. 242–43. Smith, p. 150. E. Yaroslavsky, “Tri vstrechi,” Pravda, 23 Dec. 1939.

  2. Jones, pp. 194–96. Alliluyeva Memoirs, pp. 101–7. Blocking the tunnel, crushing of Guria, terrorists to Tiflis, assassination of traitors, etc.: Kote Tsintsadze, RM, no. 2, 1923, pp. 79–85. Stalin regathers squad in Tiflis and conquest of west: GDMS 3(2).1955–146.68–72, G. Elisabedashvili. Stalin negotiates with peasants: Chaureli, “Vstrechi s vozhdem narodov,” in Vstrechi s tov. Stalinym, p. 156. Formation of the Outfit on Stalin’s orders: GF IML 8.2.1.624.1–26, Bachua Kupriashvili.

  3. Griiazonov: Tsintsadze, pp. 40–41. Davrichewy, pp. 216–17. Stalin in charge according to Armenian terrorist: Kun, p. 79. Essad Bey, p. 72. Jones, p. 197. Geifman, Thou Shalt Kill, pp. 99–100. Boris Souvarine, Staline, pp. 98–100. Smith, p. 156. GF IML 8.2.1.34.327–37, Mikheil Misha Monoselidze. GDMS 87.1955–368.1–16, Alexandra “Sashiko” Svanidze-Monoselidze. GF IML 8.2.1.5, G. F. Berdzenoshvili. GF IML 8.2.1.3, N. Akhmeteli. RGASPI 558.4.658, B. Loshadze-Bochoridze. GOAG 153.1.764. Hiding wounded Stalin: Ostrovsky, p. 247. RM, no. 4, 1923, memoirs of A. Magriabiants. Uratadze, pp. 130–32. GF IML—Bolshevik killers of Griiazanov: Chumburidze; the other assassin was Alexander Vashakidze. Hiding wounded Stalin, dreaming of seizing Tiflis on map: GF IML 8.2.1.3.291–310, Niko Akhmeteli.

  17 · THE MAN IN GREY: MARRIAGE, MAYHEM (AND SWEDEN)

  1. The gangsters, holdups, girls, pawnshop, Chiatura gold train: GF IML 8.2.1.624.1–26, Bachua Kupriashvili. Davrichewy, pp. 178–84, 226, 174–76. The gang: Nikolaevsky box 207, folders 207–10 and 207–11, Tatiana Vulikh to Boris Nikolaevsky. Uratadze, pp. 163–66. Dubinsky-Mukhadze, Kamo, pp. 45–58. Kutaisi and girls: Alexandra Darakhelidze-Margvelashvili. Urchins: GF IML 8.1.2.4. GARF 102.1906.206. Stalin on death: GF IML 8.2.1.34.317–54, Mikheil Misha Monoselidze. Griiazanov, expropriation, Druzhina, pawnshop, competition and cooperation with Mensheviks, robberies recounted including Chiatura train, Kutaisi treasury and Tiflis: Tsintsadze, pp. 40–49. Stalin’s technical assistant (Niko’s brother Mate): GF IML 8.2.1.3.291–310, Niko Akhmeteli. Money raising by rackets in Tiflis: Essad Bey, pp. 90–95. Stalin on Tsintsadze and Kamo: see Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Stalin’s austerity: Jordania, “Stalin.”

  2. Hiding wounded Stalin, dreaming of seizing Tiflis on map: GF IML 8.2.1.3.291–310, Niko Akhmeteli. GDMS 278 A. N. Mikaberikdze. GDMS 118 Ruben Dashtoian.

  3. GF IML 8.2.1.34.317–54, Mikheil Misha Monoselidze. GDMS 87.1955–368.1–16, Alexandra “Sashiko” Svanidze-Monoselidze. Escape out of the window: Service, Stalin, pp. 65–66. Man in grey: Minadora Ordzhonikidze-Toroshelidze unpublished mss. 1906 recruits, Nato to newspaper: GF IML 8.2.1.15.266–72, Natalia Dondarov (Azarian).

  4. Avlabar arrest: Arsenidze, pp. 218–36. Stalin in scarf: GF IML 8.2.1.37, Raisa Okinshevich. Ostrovsky, pp. 248–52. For conspiracy theory, see Isaac Don Levine, Stalin’s Great Secret, p. 90.

  5. Stockholm: Voroshilov, Rasskazy o zhizni, 1:247. Shipwreck: see Kujala et al., Lenin Ja Suomi. Hans Bjorkegren, Ryska Posten, pp. 43–56. Thanks to the investigations of Martin Stugard of Dagens Nyheter and also to the help of the grandson of Inspector Mogren, Per Mogren. Williams, p. 75, Michael Futrell, Northern Underground, p. 47. Service, Lenin, p. 179. Service, Stalin, pp. 62–64. Tucker, pp. 41,127 and 146. Smith, p. 175: shipwreck, quoting S. G. Strumenko. Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 72–73. Dzerzhinsky: Rayfield, Stalin and the Hangmen, pp. 56–57. GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani. Report on Stockholm by Comrade K: Stalin, Works, 1:261–77. On agrarian question: Stalin, Works, 1:238–40 and 217–39. Shaumian also challenged by Mensheviks: Akopian, Shaumian, p. 44. Berlin: RGASPI 558.1.5095, Stalin to Monoselidze.

  6. RGASPI 558.1.5095.

  7. Minadora Ordzhonikidze-Toroshelidze unpublished mss. GF IML 8.2.1.34.317–54, Mikheil Misha Monoselidze. GDMS 87.1955–368.1–16, Alexandra “Sashiko” Svanidze-Monoselidze. Kato Rachvelian: Mgeladze, p. 199. Letter about Alyosha and Kato: RGASPI 558.1.5095, quoted in Kun, pp. 341–42. Loved her so much: RGASPI 558.4.647, Pelageya Onufrieva. Soso as demigod: Iremashvili, pp. 30, 39–40. Very beautiful, melted my heart: Svetlana Alliluyeva tapes—thanks to Rosamund Richardson. Ravishing: Davrichewy, p. 228. Katovan Gelovani interview with author: Stalin hid with teacher father of Svanidzes in Kutaisi, Kato and Alyosha enchanted, fascinated by Stalin. Mariam Svanidze, interview with author, Tbilisi,2005. Stalin laughing and scruffy: GDMS 1955–146.51–6, G. Elisabedashvili. Marriage, little woman, what kind of family life: GF IML 8.2.1.9, Anna Nikitin-Geladze.

  8. Shooting policeman: GF IML 8.2.1.34.317–54, Mikheil Misha Monoselidze.

  18 · PIRATE AND FATHER

  1. Tsarevich Giorgi: S. Lakoba et al. (eds.), Istoria Abkhazia, p. 219. S. Lakoba, Boeviki Abkhazii v revolyutsii 1905–7, pp. 65–68. S. Lakoba, “Legendarnoe nacholo veka.” Thanks to S. Z. Lakoba for access to his interviews with T. Kapba-Arshba and Kamshisi Gvaramia. For legend of Stalin leading horses with money from the ship: Fasil Iskander, Sandro of Chegem, pp. 202–4. Davrichewy’s piracy, p. 236. Tiflissky Listok, 22 and 24 Sept. 1906; Kavkaz, 24 Sept
. 1906; Kavkazskaya Zhizn, 29 Sept. and 6 Oct. 1906; Chernomorsky Vestnik, 22 and 23 Sept. 1906. For the mules of Chiatura, see memoirs of Father Gachechiladze; for Stalin’s horse riding, see his attempt to ride in the 1945 Victory Parade, in Montefiore; for shooting, see earlier memoirs of M. Monoselidze and J. Davrichewy; for robbery of ship Nikolai I, see later chapters on Baku. Koba prank: Arsenidze, p. 220. Stalin greater involvement in robbery: Razhden Arsenidze, interviews nos. 1–3, 103–4, Nikolaevsky box 667, series 279, folder 4–5. Baku Tiflis Conference: GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani. Uratadze, pp. 66–69.

  2. Kamo’s adventures: Imnaishvili, Kamo, pp. 47–51. Russian Review, vol. 19, no. 3, July 1960, pp. 227–47. Williams, pp. 75, 185. Kun, p. 75. Geifman, Thou Shalt Kill, pp. 85–95 and 167. Krasin, “Bolshevistskaya partiinaya tekhnika,” p. 813. B. Nikolaevsky, “Bol-shevistky zentr,” Rodina, nos. 2 and 5, 1992:no. 2, pp. 13–36. Krasin and Bogdanov: Stanford, Paris Okhrana, box 200, folder ID XVII n4a and folder XVII m 1. Tsintsadze on Chiatura railway heist—21,000 roubles in Souvarine, Staline, p. 100. Arsenidze, p. 232. Bombs and Krasin: Williams, pp. 61–63, 112. Radzinsky, Stalin, p. 59. Baikaloff, I Knew Stalin, pp. 20–21. Litvinov’s arms buying: see Istorichesty Arkhiv, no. 4, 1960, pp. 95–110. Hugh D. Phillips, Between the Revolution and the West: A Political Biography of Maxim M. Litvinov, pp. 9–11. “From Bolshevik to British Subject—the Early Years of M. Litvinov,” Slavic Review 48, no. 3, Fall 1989, pp. 388–98. Kamo’s visit to Lenin: Krupskaya quoted in Trotsky, Stalin, p. 105. Bibineishvili, pp. 116–30. S. F. Medvedeva-Ter-Petrossian, “Tovarish Kamo.” RGASPI 332.1.53: 15 (2) O2. 23 (10), 1905–1910, TSK Organized Committee to Investigate Tiflis Expropriation: abroad led by Y. Tychko and A. Ornatsky (Chicherin); in Tiflis led by Tigranov, Angreevsky, Nadejdin; it conducted interviews with Voznesensky, 20 Sept. 1907, and 10 June 1908 and in Baku with Comrade Koba (J. Stalin), 19 Mar. 1908. GDMS 87.1955–368.11–13, Alexandra “Sashiko” Svanidze-Monoselidze. The other inside man: GF IML 8.2.1.54.214–15, Kote Charkviani. GF IML 8.2.1.22, G. Kasradze, quoted by Ostrovsky, pp. 259–67. Tiflis Committee including Stalin and Philip Makharadze approve robbery: Arsenidze, interviews nos. 1–3, 103–4, Nikolaevsky box 667, series 279, folder 4–5. On Gigo Kasradze: GF IML 8.2.1.624.1–26, Bachua Kupriashvili.

  3. Arrest of Kato: GF IML 8.2.1.34.317–54, Mikheil Misha Monoselidze. GDMS 87.1955–368.1–16, Alexandra “Sashiko” Svanidze-Monoselidze. Note from Moscow police: GIAG 153.1.3440. Bakinsky Rabochyii, 25 Apr. 1931, and 21 Apr. 1936. November 1906 heist: Kote Tsintsadze in Souvarine, Staline, pp. 99–100. Baikaloff, I Knew Stalin, pp. 20–21. Arsenidze, p. 232. Kutaisi: Tsintsadze, pp. 41–49. Dubinsky-Mukhadze, Kamo, pp. 61–80. Kutaisi Kamo, and girls: GF IML 8.2.2.64, Alexandra Darakhvelidze-Margvelashvili. Geifman, Thou Shalt Kill, p. 115.

  4. Berlin: Smith, pp. 194–96, Krupskaya on Berlin. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe Sobranie Sochineniya (henceforth Lenin PSS), 15:571. Stalin on Berlin: Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin, p. 79. W. S. Churchill, Second World War (London, 1951), 6:601. Stalin, Works, 2:408–9. RGASPI 71.0.406 and 558.4.583. Kun, pp. 85–87. Ostrovsky, pp. 256–59. H. Barbusse, Stalin: A New World through One Man, p. 53. Stalin, Sochineniya, 13:122, Stalin to Ludwig. Voroshilov, Rasskazy o zhizni, 1:336. V. I. Lenin, Biograficheskaya khronika, 2:223.

  19 · STALIN IN LONDON

  1. Ultra tense, like animals: RGASPI 337.1.44, description of anonymous delegate. Tskhakaya nursed: RGASPI 157.1.18. GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani. Stanford, Paris Okhrana, box 195.16c, folder 1, on paying agent 1,500 roubles and Zhitomirsky, etc. Andrew Rothstein, Lenin in Britain, pp. 21–29. I. Muravyova and I. Sivolap-Kaftanova, Lenin in London, pp. 165–68. Ivan Maisky, Journey into the Past (henceforth Maisky), pp. 54, pp. 137–44. Volkogonov, Trotsky, p. 47. Williams, pp. 82–83. Service, Stalin, pp. 67 and 78–79. Service, Lenin, pp. 170 and 181–82. For Congress, Jews, Trotsky pretty but useless and numbers of delegates, see “On Notes of a Delegate”: Stalin, Works, 2:47–80. Sympathetic to Jews: Stalin, Works, 1:20. I. V. Stalin o Lenine, quoted in Smith, p. 188. Radzinsky, Stalin, pp. 54–55. Smith, pp. 183–84. Trotsky, My Life, pp. 88–91. Akopian, Shaumian, p. 44. Maxim Gorky, Days with Lenin (London, n.d.), pp. 5–7. Stalin and Churchill, 15–16 Aug. 1942: RGASPI 45.1.282. Gromyko, Memoirs, p. 31. W. J. Fishman, Streets of East End, pp. 76–114. Alan Palmer, The East End, p. 111. George Lansbury, My Life, p. 246. J. Carswell, The Exile: The Life of Ivy Litvinov, pp. 63–70. Medvedev, Let History Judge, p. 309.W.J. Fishman, East End Jewish Radicals, p. 264. See also: London Landmarks: A Guide with Maps and Places Where Marx, Engels and Lenin Lived and Worked. Piaty (Londonsky) syezd Protokoly, pp. 121, 241, 349, 350. Voroshilov, Rasskazy o zhizni, 1:336. Tskhakaya ill and Ivanovich signs loan agreement: Dubinsky-Mukhadze, “Mikhail G. Tskhakaya,” pp. 111–12. “Friend of Illich—Mikho,” Literaturnaya Gruzia, no. 1, 1965, pp. 15–20. Tower House: Observer, 24 Oct. 2004; Mussolini: Evening Standard, 14 Oct. 2004. Bacon: Daily Express, 5 Jan. 1950. Congress: Daily Mail, 10, 11, 13, 20, 21 May 1907; The Times, 13, 17 May 1907; Daily Mirror, 22 May 1907 and 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22 May 1907; Daily Express, 10 May 1907. Who is that, Stalin asked Shu-mian: Yves Delbars, The Real Stalin, pp. 53–55. I am especially grateful to Dr. John Callow, director and researcher of the Marx Memorial Library, London, who is the expert on this subject and gave me generous guidance as well as his own memories of the “Stalin in Wales/Liverpool” urban myths, heard at the Morning Star bazaar and Profile Books in Liverpool during the 1980s, respectively.

  2. Paris: GF IML 8.2.1.56, G. I. Chochia. For travel timing and dates: Ostrovsky, pp. 255–59.

  20 · KAMO GOES INSANE: THE GAME OF BANDITS AND COSSACKS

  1. Tiflis expropriation: see the notes to the Prologue. GF IML 8.2.1.624.1–26, Bachua Kupriashvili. GF IML 8.2.1.50.239–55, Dzhavaira Khutulashvili. Chavchavadze killing: Ordzhonikidze; see V. M. Gurgenidze, quoted in Geifman, Thou Shalt Kill, pp. 92–96. Stolypin: Williams, p. 85. Service, Stalin, p. 69. Arsenidze, interviews nos. 1–3, 103–4, Nikolaevsky box 667, series 279, folder 4–5. Tsintsadze, pp. 40–49. Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Thirteen Hours Tiflis-Baku: Baedeker, p. 471. Krupskaya, pp. 40 and 151–52. Radzinsky, Alexander II, p. 227, on Bakunin. Capt. Zubov bribed: Ostrovsky, pp. 545–47. Fanny: Futrell, p. 60.

  2. GF IML 8.2.1.624.1–26, Bachua Kupriashvili. Kamo: Bibineishvili, pp. 94–110. Imnaishvili, Kamo, pp. 47–51. Dubinsky-Mukhadze, Kamo, pp. 12–86. Russian Review, vol. 19, no. 3, July 1960, pp. 227–47. Williams, pp. 74, 104, 114–23, 185. Kun, p. 75. Geifman, Thou Shalt Kill, pp. 38, 85–92, 116–18, 167, 190, 201. Krasin, “Bolshe-vistskaya partiinaya tekhnika,” p. 813. Nikolaevsky, “Bolshevistky zentr.” Stanford, Paris Okhrana, box 200, folder ID XVII n4a and folder XVII m 1. Tsintsadze on Chiatura railway heist—21,000 roubles in Souvarine, Staline, p. 100. Arsenidze, p. 232. Bombs and Krasin: Williams, pp. 61–63, 112. Radzinsky, Stalin, p. 59. Baikaloff, pp. 20–21. Litvinov’s arms buying: see Istorichesky Arkhiv, no. 4, 1960, pp. 95–110. Phillips, Between the Revolution and the West, pp. 9–11. “From Bolshevik to British Subject,” Slavic Review, 48, no. 3, Fall 1989, pp. 388–98. Krupskaya quoted in Trotsky, Stalin, p. 105. Bibineishvili, pp. 116–30. Medvedeva-Ter-Petrossian, “Tovarish Kamo.” RGASPI 332.1.53: TSK organized committee to investigate Tiflis expropriation. Stanford, Paris Okhrana, 209 folder XXb, folder 2; 209 XXb folder 1; folder XVII L folder 2, XX.328, XXb, XXVII C, XXVc folder 1, XXVIIc folder I, XXVIIc on Wallach and Kamo from the chief of the Intelligence Service Paris (including claim that sixty-three people took part in heist). On Okhrana informer reports that SRs conducted Tiflis expropriation and money stolen by Kamo: Vahtang Guruli, Materials for Stalin’s Biography, pp. 9–11, and Tiflis Okhrana agents “N” and “Bolshaya” on 15 July and 2 July 1907. GIAG 95.1.82.15, 21, 23. Carswell, The Exile, p. 55. Credit Lyonnais: see Ostrovsky, pp. 499–500. Lenin versus Bogdanov: Service, Lenin, p. 98.

  3. Chavichvili, Révolutionnaires russes à Genève, pp. 74–91. RGASPI 332.1.53: TSK organized committee to inve
stigate Tiflis expropriation. Expelled: Arsenidze, p. 232.Y. Martov on Stalin’s expulsion: Vperod, 31 Mar. 1918. Y. Martov, Spasiteli il uprazdniteli? Kto i kak razrushal RSDRP?, Paris, 1911, p. 23. Martov case: Service, Stalin, p. 164. Revolutionary Tribunal: 5 Apr. 1918—RGASPI 558.2.42, quoted in Kun, pp. 79–84; exactly the sort of person Lenin needs, expulsions not serious, p. 127. Pravda, 1, April 1918. Trotsky, Stalin, pp. 101–9. GF IML 8.2.1.624.1–26, Bachua Kupriashvili.

  21 · THE TRAGEDY OF KATO: STALIN’S STONY HEART

  1. 1. Stalin’s house: Alliluyev Memoirs, pp. 52–54, 137; Nadya falls into sea, p. 110, though Anna says their brother rescued Nadya. Home: GDMS 1955–146.51–6, G. Elisabedashvili. RGASPI 558.4.663, Sergei Alliluyev. Tidiness—Sergei Alliluyev quoted in Lily Marcou, Staline: Vie privée (henceforth Marcou), p. 53. Kun, p. 38. Tiflis a marsh: Stalin, Works, 2:188, and 8:174–75. Service, Stalin, p. 70. Suny, “A Journeyman for the Revolution,” pp. 373–94. Spandarian’s women: Vulikh in Kun, pp. 129–30. Tucker, p. 105. Starts in Russian: Stalin, Works, 2:42–46. Rothschilds: Smith, p. 399. Police laxer: RGASPI 124.1.2035, M. Frumkin. Fighting squads and arsenal, ship heists, Vyshinsky: GDMS 49, I. Bokov. RGASPI 558.4.583, I. Bokov. GF IML 8.2.1.19, S. Kavtaradze. GF IML 8.2.1.624.1–26, Bachua Kupriashvili. Ostrovsky, pp. 259–67. Pushing for strikes: see Sergo Ordzhonikidze and others in A. Rokhlin, Dvadtsat piat let Bakinskoi organizatsii bolshevistikov. GF IML 8.2.1.35, I. P. Nadiradze. Anastas Mikoyan, Tak bylo, pp. 347–48. Shaumian and filth of Baku: Mikoyan, Memoirs, pp. 72–74. Shaumian tensions, Tartars in meetings, Stalin’s protection-rackets, killing informers, Spandarian debauchery, Stalin true boss, gangsterism: Tatiana Vulikh to Boris Nikolaevsky, in Nikolaevsky, box 207, folder ID 207–9. Persia: RGASPI 558.4.583 Mir Bashir Kasumov. Stalin’s relations with Muslims in Baku: “History of the Working Turkic Proletariat” by Effendiev, “Istoriya rabochego,” p. 53.