p. 16
surpassing even soft drinks: Peter H. Gleick, The World’s Water (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2012), 157.
p. 16
312 single–serve bottles: “Bottled Water,” Container Recycling Institute, http://www.container-recycling.org/issues/bottledwater.htm; such as Perrier, Poland Spring: Bobby Caina Calvan, “Bottled-Water Deal Leaves Town Awash in Controversy,” Boston Globe, June 26, 2005, http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2005/06/26/bottled_water_deal_leaves_town_awash_in_controversy.
p. 17
and permitting fees: Conlin, “A Town Torn Apart.”
p. 17
annual payments to the town: Eric Bailey, “Plan to Sell Water Roils Town,” Los Angeles Times, Nov. 25, 2004, http://articles.latimes.com/2004/nov/25/local/me-mccloud25.
p. 17
“need the jobs”: Conlin, “A Town Torn Apart.”
p. 17
“Deal done”: Erica Gies, “Nestlé’s Thirst for Water Splits Small U.S. Town,” New York Times, Mar. 19, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/19/business/worldbusiness/19iht-rbognestle.html.
p. 18
“read like Nestlé’s lawyers”: Conlin, “A Town Torn Apart.”
p. 18
“sell its birthright”: Bailey, “Plan to Sell Water.”
p. 18
“trout fishing streams”: Gies, “Nestlé’s Thirst for Water.”
p. 18
“timber industry out of business”: Bailey, “Plan to Sell Water.”
p. 18
“privatize it, commodify”: Robert Downes, “Ecotage: The Elusive Earth Liberation Front Strikes the Ice Mountain Bottling Plant,” Northern Express, Oct. 9, 2003, http://www.northernexpress.com/editorial/features.asp?id=160.
p. 22
“blue is the new green”: Adam Bluestein, “Blue is the New Green,” Inc., Oct. 1, 2008, http://www.inc.com/magazine/20081101/blue-is-the-new-green.html.
1: The Fountain of Youth
p. 25
“sagacious and diligent”: Louise C. Slavicek, Juan Ponce de León (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2003), 52. Quoting Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, Historia General y Natural de las Indias (1535)
p. 25
the famed short story writer: The first few paragraphs of the quotation are excerpted. Washington Irving, Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus (1835).
p. 25
Ponce de León set out with three ships: Francis Chapelle, Wellsprings (Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005), 188.
p. 25
Ponce de León, 1474–1521: The sixteenth-century painting of Ponce de León can be found at Wikimedia, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n.jpg.
p. 28
fourteen years after Ponce de León’s death: Andrés Reséndez, A Land So Strange: The Epic Journey of Cabez de Vaca (New York: Basic Books, 2007), 264.
p. 28
to cure his sexual impotence: Oviedo, Historia General y Natural.
p. 29
the very oldest of recorded legends: J. F. Bierlein, Parallel Myths (New York: Ballantine Books, 1994), 200.
p. 30
“sweeter smelling than musk”: Gary R. Varner, The Mythic Forest, the Green Man and the Spirit of Nature (New York: Algora Publishing, 2006), 138.
p. 30
da Vinci brought with him to Milan: John Mandeville, The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, trans. C.W.R.D. Moseley (London: Penguin Books, 1982), 9.
p. 30
a forest near the city of Polumbum, India: Ibid., 123.
p. 30
Cranach’s vision of the Fountain: The painting can be found at Wikimedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lucas_Cranach_d._%C3%84._007.jpg.
p. 31
Odin gained eternal wisdom: John Carey, “Irish Parallels to the Myth of Odin’s Eye,” Folklore 94 (1983), 214.
p. 31
wisdom from swimming in the waters: Roy G. Willis, World Mythology (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1993), 185.
p. 31
chickens drank from the magical puddle: Charles A.S. Williams, Encyclopedia of Chinese Symbolism and Art Motives (New York: Julian Press, 1960), 170.
p. 33
Jesus commanded his disciples: Matthew 13:16.
p. 34
drink is called Wai-ni-dula: Basil H. Thomson, “The Kalou-Vu (Ancestor-Gods) of the Fijians,” The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 24 (1895), 340.
p. 35
cannot drink ordinary water: A. E. Crawley, “Drinks, Drinking,” Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, eds. James Hastings and John A. Selbie, vol. 9, (London: T&T Clark International, 2003), 76; this terminates the mourning: Ibid., 78.
p. 35
Chaco Indians of the American Southwest: Wilfred Bar-brooke Grubb, Among the Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco (London: Charles Murray & Co., 1904), 44.
p. 35
taking his spirit to heaven: Terje Tvedt and Terje Oestigaard, eds., A History of Water: The World of Water (London: I. B. Tauris, 2006), xii.
p. 36
continuous use for 4,700 years: Gary R. Varner, Sacred Wells: A Study in the History, Meaning, and Mythology of Holy Wells & Water (New York: Algora Publishing, 2009), 9.
p. 36
evidence of religious worship at springs: Robert Miller, “Water Use in Syria and Palestine from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age,” World Archaeology 11 (Feb. 1980), 331– 333. C.E.N. Bromehead, “The Early History of Water Supply,” Geographical Journal 99 (Mar. 1942), 142.
p. 36
examples compiled by a chronicler of sacred wells: Varner, Sacred Wells, 117–125.
p. 38
“ceremonies involving drinking from skulls”: R. J. Stewart, Celtic Gods, Celtic Goddesses (London: Blandford Press, 1990), as quoted in Varner, Sacred Wells, 125.
p. 38
natural springs around the islands: William Drake Westervelt, Legends of Old Honolulu (Boston: Press of Geo. H. Ellis, 1915), 29.
p. 39
walking through the town’s untended outskirts: The photograph can be found at Wikimedia, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bernadette_Soubirous.jpg.
p. 40
finding her story credible: Jason Szabo, “Seeing is Believing: The Form and Substance of French Medical Debates over Lourdes,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 76 (2002), 203.
p. 40
the Sisters of Charity Convent: Ibid.
p. 40
greatest concentration of hotel rooms: Melissa Flower, “More than 130 Years after Vision, Lourdes Achieves Miracles,” Kingston Whig-Standard, July 31, 1990, 1.
p. 41
Muggeridge derided the commerce: Malcolm Muggeridge, Jesus Rediscovered (New York: Doubleday & Company, 1969), 108.
p. 41
“this water may not be fit to drink”: The photograph can be found at Wikimedia, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lourdes_bidons_vierges_3.jpg.
p. 41
submerge up to their chins: Joseph P. Neville, “An ‘Inside Story’ about Lourdes,” New Oxford Review 69 (Feb. 2002), 42.
p. 42
due to heavy consumption: “France rations Lourdes water,” Toronto Star, Sept. 20, 1990, 23.
p. 42
officially “miraculous”: “Miracles under the Microscope,” The Economist, Apr. 22, 2000, 77.
p. 42
established these standards: Ibid.
p. 42
“must not result from medical treatment”: Ibid.
p. 42
doctors making pilgrimage to the site: Ibid.; the case cannot be accounted for by medical: Sanctuaires Notre-Dame at Lourdes, http://www.lourdes-france.org.
p. 42
the number of documented Lourdes miracles: “The cures at Lourdes recognised as miraculous by the Church,” Sanctuaires Notre-Dame at Lourdes, http://www.lourdes-france.org/upload/pdf/gb_guerisons.pdf.
p. 43
the international medical panel of doctors: Jamey Kea
ten, “Doctors call halt to certifying miracles,” Houston Chronicle, Dec. 4, 2008, A14.
p. 43
a multivolume history of water: Tvedt and Oestigaard, A History of Water, x.
p. 43
“a secular deity in this post-romantic age”: William Cronon, “Toward Reinventing Nature,” in Uncommon Ground, ed. William Cronon (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1995), 36.
p. 44
“no clear evidence of benefit”: Karen Bellenir, “Fact or Fiction? You Must Drink 8 Glasses of Water Daily,” Scientific American, June 4, 2009.
p. 44
sixty-four ounces for a day’s eating: Ibid.
p. 44
a kidney specialist at the National Institutes of Health: Benedict Carey, “Hard To Swallow,” Los Angeles Times, Nov. 20, 2000.
p. 44
bottled water drinkers believe it improves: “Water Past Its Peak,” Marketing, Aug. 17, 2011, 30.
p. 44
“no evidence that drinking”: Judy Foreman, “The water fad has people soaking it up,” Boston Globe, May 11, 1998, C1.
p. 44
“controlled by separate systems”: Ibid.
2: Who Gets to Drink?
p. 47
go dormant and “turn off”: See generally Luis P. Villarreal, “Are Viruses Alive?,” Scientific American, Dec. 2004, 100.
p. 48
the United Nations passed a resolution: The Human Right to Water and Sanitation, A/64/L.63/Rev.1 (2010).
p. 48
“lack of access to clean water”: Maude Barlow, “Access to Clean Water is Most Violated Human Right,” The Guardian, July 21, 2010.
p. 48
“access to clean water for basic needs”: Maude Barlow, “Blue Gold: The Global Water Crisis and the Commodification of the World’s Water Supply,” Council of Canadians (2001), http://www.canadians.org//water/publications/Blue_Gold.html.
p. 48
“the needs of the communities”: “Water Privatization,” Food & Water Watch, http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/water/private-vs-public.
p. 49
settlements since the Neolithic time: Robert Miller, “Water Use in Syria and Palestine from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age,” World Archaeology 11 (Feb. 1980), 331– 333; Andrew Sherratt, “Water, Sail and Seasonality in Early Cereal Cultivation,” World Archaeology 11 (Feb. 1980), 313–314.
p. 49
water storage sites have been found: Miller, “Water Use in Syria and Palestine,” 335–336.
p. 49
reservoirs and plumbing have been identified: “Global Trends In Urban Water Supply And Waste Water Financing And Management,” OECD, 2000.
p. 49
down the mountain slope: Jeff L. Brown, “Water Supply and Drainage at Macchu Picchu,” WaterHistory.org, www.waterhistory.org/histories/machu.
p. 50
Jewish law regarding drinking water: Melanne Andromecca Civic, “A Comparative Analysis of the Israeli and Arab Water Law Traditions and Insights for Modern Water Sharing Agreement,” Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 22 (1998), 437.
p. 50
“rivers and streams forming springs”: Ibid., citing Dante A. Caponera, Principles of Water Law and Administration 22 (1992); Talmud Bavli Shabbat, 121b; Beitza, 391; Eiruvin, 46a and 48a; Tosephta Baba Qama, 6, 15.
p. 51
“just as thou refused the surplus”: As quoted in Civic, “A Comparative Analysis of the Israeli and Arab Water Law Traditions,” 442. As quoted in Dante Caponera, “Water Laws in Moslem Countries,” U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization Development Paper No. 43 (Mar. 1954), 15–16.
p. 51
the Bedouin in the Negev: Aaron T. Wolf, “Indigenous Approaches to Water Conflict Negotiations and Implications for International Waters,” International Negotiation 5 (2000), 357–363.
p. 51
“neither may be denied anyone”: Ibid.
p. 51
described the system as “always ask”: Deborah Rose, “Fresh Water Rights and Biophilia: Indigenous Australian Perspectives,” Dialogue 23 (Mar. 2004), 37.
p. 51
“no one should be denied access”: Pinimidzai Sithole, “Environmental Cultures of Development and Indigenous Knowledge: The Erosion of Traditional Boundaries in Conserving Wetlands in Rural Zimbabwe,” IASCP 10th Biennial Conference (Aug. 2004).
p. 52
“You go to someone”: Nontokozo Nemarundwe and Witness Kozanayi, “Institutional Arrangements for Water Resource Use: A Case Study from Southern Zimbabwe,” Journal of Southern African Studies 29 (Mar. 2003), 202–204.
p. 52
upper castes maintain distinct water sources: Nandita Singh, “Water management traditions in Rural India: Valuing the Unvalued,” 18th European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies (July 2004), available at http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/21Nanditaingh.pdf.
p. 52
public utilities are required to provide: Jim Rossi, “The Common Law ‘Duty To Serve’ and Protection of Consumers in an Age of Competitive Retail Public Utility Restructuring,” Vanderbilt Law Review 51 (1998), 1233.
p. 52
treated as a fungible item for sale: Johannes M. Renger, “Institutional, Communal and Individual Ownership or Possession of Arable Land in Ancient Mesopotamia,” Chicago-Kent Law Review 71 (1995), 269, 302.
p. 53
aqueducts play a critical part: A. Trevor Hodge, Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply (London: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 1992), 5.
p. 53
The famed Pont du Gard in France: The photograph can be found at Wikimedia, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pontdugard.png.
p. 54
fountains, gardens, and even public toilets: In all, eleven aqueducts were constructed over approximately 550 years. O. F.Robinson, Ancient Rome: City Planning and Administration (London: Routledge, 1992), 98.
p. 54
the aqueducts forded rivers: Nelson Manfred Blake, Water for the Cities: A History of the Urban Water Supply Problem in the United States (Syracuse University Press, 1956), 14–15.
p. 54
prized water went to private uses: Evans, Water Distribution in Ancient Rome, 92 and 141.
p. 54
Excavations in Pompeii: Ibid., 11; “Watering Ancient Rome,” Nova (Feb. 2000), available at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/roman/watering2.html.
p. 54
the economics of Roman water supply: J. G. Landels, Engineering in the Ancient World (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002), 49. Hodge, Roman Aqueducts, 120: “The lacus must have been as significant a social institution as the mediaeval village well, and it is small wonder that people of sensitivity, and sufficient financial means, preferred to pay for a private supply.”
p. 54
40 percent of all the water delivered: Evans, Water Distribution in Ancient Rome, 141.
p. 54
pipes running from the main system: Landels, Engineering in the Ancient World, 34.
p. 55
jutting out from the sidewalk: The photograph can be found at Wikimedia, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pompeii0069.jpg.
p. 55
daily water delivered to a Roman household: Evans, Water Distribution in Ancient Rome, 19.
p. 55
Piped delivery of water: Christer Bruun, The Water Supply of Ancient Rome: A Study of Roman Imperial Administration (Helsinki: Societas Scientarum Fennica, 1991), 77.
p. 55
to draw water illicitly: See Rabun Taylor, Public Needs and Private Pleasures: Water Distribution, the Tiber River and the Urban Development of Ancient Rome (Rome: L’Erma Di Bretschneider, 2000), 73–74.
p. 55
fine of 100,000 sesterces: Frontinus, quoting the Lex Quinctia, quoted in Taylor, Public Needs and Private Pleasures, 73
p. 55
construction was funded: Deane R. Blackman and Trevor A. Hodge, eds, Frontinus’ Legacy: Essays on Frontinus’ De Aquis Urbis Romae (Ann Arbor: Univ. of Michigan Press,
2001), 86; Evans, Water Distribution in Ancient Rome, 8.
p. 56
to cover the costs of system maintenance: Landels, Engineering in the Ancient World, 49; Evans, Water Distribution in Ancient Rome, 9.
p. 56
from ninety-one to almost six hundred: Malott, Nomine Caesaris, 6.
p. 56
historian Matthew Malott has written: Ibid., 5–6.
p. 57
San Marco church carries an inscription: Paolo Squatriti, Water and Society in Early Medieval Italy, AD 400-1000 (Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the Univ. of Cambridge, 1998), 29–30.
p. 57
collected rainwater in cisterns: Michael C. Finnegan, “New York City’s Watershed Agreement: A Lesson in Sharing Responsibility,” Pace Environmental Law Review 14 (1997), 577, 586.
p. 58
cuts between Chambers and Canal: Charles H. Weidner, Water for a City: A History of New York City’s Problem from the Beginning to the Delaware System (1974), 15.
p. 58
“many publique wells enclosed”: As quoted in Gerard T. Koeppel, Water for Gotham: A History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), 21, citing Wayne Andrews, “A Glance at New York in 1697: The Travel Diary of Dr. Benjamin Bullivant,” New York Historical Society Quarterly 40 (Jan. 1956), 55–73.
Drinking Water Page 27