6. Schmidt, op. cit., p. 224.
7. FCNA, 1941, pp. 47–48.
8. N.D. NG–3437, Document Book VIII–B, Weizsaecker Case. Cited by H. L. Trefousse, Germany and American Neutrality, 1939–1941, p. 124 and n.
9. Text of telegram, NCA, VI, pp. 564–65 (N.D. 2896–PS).
10. Ibid., p. 566 (N.D. 2897–PS).
11. FCNA, 1941, p. 104.
12. NCA, VI, pp. 545–46 (N.D. 3733–PS).
13. Falkenstein memorandum of Oct. 29, 1940, NCA, III, p. 289 (N.D. 376–PS).
14. FCNA, 1941, p. 57.
15. Ibid.,
16. Ibid., Annex I (Raeder’s report to the Fuehrer, Feb. 4, 1941).
17. Ibid., (March 18, 1941).
18. Ibid.,(April 20, 1941).
19. Ibid., May 22, 1941.
20. Ibid.,(June 21, 1941).
21. NCA, V, p. 565 (N.D. 2896–PS).
22. German Naval War Diary, TMWC, XXXIV, p. 364 (N.D. C–118). The partial English translation in NCA, VI, p. 916, is quite misleading.
23. FCNA, Sept. 17, 1941, pp. 108–10.
24. Ibid., Nov. 13, 1941.
25. NCA, Suppl. B, p. 1200 (interrogation of Ribbentrop at Nuremberg, Sept. 10, 1945).
26. N.D. NG–4422E, Document Book IX, “Weizsaecker Case,” cited by Trefousse, p. 102.
27. Ibid. Numerous telegrams between Ribbentrop and Ott in May 1941, and Ott’s testimony in the “Far Eastern Trial” in Tokyo, cited by Trefousse, p. 103.
28. Vice-Minister Amau on Aug. 29 and Foreign Minister Adm. Toyoda on Aug. 30. Japanese minutes of the two meetings are in NCA, VI, pp. 546–51 (N.D. 3733–PS).
29. Hull, Memoirs, p. 1034. The texts of Toyoda’s telegrams to Nomura on Oct. 16, 1941, are given in Pearl Harbor Attack, Hearings before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, XII, pp. 71–72.
30. Hull, op. cit., pp. 1062–63.
31. Documents 4070 and 4070B, Far Eastern Trial, cited by Trefousse, pp. 140–41.
32. Hull, op. cit., pp. 1056, 1074.
33. Intercepted message of Oshima to Tokyo, Nov. 29, 1941, NCA, VII, pp. 160–63 (N.D. D–656).
34. Pearl Harbor Attack, XII, p. 204. The intercepted Tokyo telegram is also given in NCA, VI, pp. 308–10 (N.D.3598–PS).
35. NCA, V, pp. 556–57 (N.D. 2898–PS).
36. NCA, VI, p. 309 (N.D. 3598–PS).
37. Text of telegram, ibid., pp. 312–13 (N.D. 3600–PS).
38. Schmidt, op. cit., pp. 236–37.
39. TMWC, X, p. 297.
40. Intercepted message of Oshima to Tokyo, Dec. 8, 1941, NCA, VII, p. 163 (N.D. D–167).
41. N.D. NG–4424, Dec. 9, 1941, Document Book IX, Weizsaecker Case.
42. I have combined here Ribbentrop’s testimony in direct examination on the stand at Nuremberg—TMWC, X, pp. 297–98—and his statements during his pretrial interrogation which are contained in NCA, Suppl. B, pp. 1199–1200.
43. Hitler’s Secret Conversations, p. 396.
44. NCA, V, p. 603 (N.D. 2932–PS).
45. Schmidt, op. cit., p. 237.
46. A partial translation of Hitler’s speech is published in Gordon W. Prange (ed.), Hitler’s Words, pp. 97, 367–77.
47. English translation in NCA, VIII. pp. 432–33 (N.D. TC–62).
48. FCNA, 1941, pp. 128–30 (December 12).
CHAPTER 26
1. TMWC, XX, p. 625.
2. Hassell, op. cit., p. 208.
3. Ibid., p. 209.
4. Schlabrendorff, op. cit., p. 36.
5. Hassell, op. cit., p. 243.
6. The text of the first draft drawn up in January-February 1940, Hassell, op. cit., pp. 368–72; text of the second draft, composed at the end of 1941, Wheeler-Bennett, Nemesis, Appendix A, pp. 705–15.
7. Hassell, op. cit., pp. 247–48.
8. Ibid., p. 247.
9. The German Campaign in Russia—Planning and Operations, 1940–42 (Washington: Department of the Army, 1955), p. 120. This study is based largely on captured German Army records and monographs prepared by German generals for the Historical Division of the U.S. Army which, at the time of writing, were not generally available to civilian historians. However, I must point out that in the preparation of this and subsequent chapters the Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army, was most helpful in giving access to German documentary material.
10. TMWC, VII, p. 260 (Paulus’ testimony at Nuremberg). Hitler’s remark was made on June 1, 1942, nearly a month before the offensive began.
11. The Ciano Diaries, op. cit., pp. 442–43.
12. Ibid., pp. 478–79.
13. Ibid., pp. 403–4.
14. FCNA, 1942, p. 47 (conference at the Berghof, June 15). Also p. 42.
15. Halder, Hitler als Feldherr, pp. 50–51.
16. FCNA, 1942, p. 53 (conference of Aug. 16 at Hitler’s headquarters).
17. Halder, op. cit., p. 50.
18. Ibid., p. 52.
19. The quotations from Hitler and Halder are from the latter’s diary and book, and from Heinz Schroeter, Stalingrad, p. 53.
20. Quoted by Gen. Bayerlein from Rommel’s papers, The Fatal Decisions, ed. by Freidin and Richardson, p. 110.
21. Bayerlein quotes the order. Ibid., p. 120.
22. The source for this and for much else in this chapter about Hitler’s OKW conferences is the so-called OKW Diary, which was kept until the spring of 1943 by Dr. Helmuth Greiner, and thereafter until the end of the war by Dr. Percy Ernst Schramm. The original diary was destroyed at the beginning of May 1945 on the order of General Winter, deputy to Jodl. After the war Greiner reconstructed the part he had kept from his original notes and drafts and eventually turned it over to the Military History Branch of the Department of the Army in Washington. Part of the material is published in Greiner’s book, Die Oberste Wehrmachtfuehrung, 1939–1943.
23. Procès du M. Pétain (Paris, 1945), p. 202—Laval’s testimony.
24. The Ciano Diaries, pp. 541–42.
25. Gen. Zeitzler’s essay on Stalingrad in Freidin (ed.), The Fatal Decisions, from which I have drawn for this section. Other sources: OKW War Diary (see note 22 above), Halder’s book, and Heinz Schroeter, Stalingrad. Schroeter, a German war correspondent with the Sixth Army, had access to OKW records, radio and teleprinter messages of the various army commands, operational orders, marked maps and the private papers of many who were at Stalingrad. He got out before the surrender and was assigned to write the official story of the Sixth Army at Stalingrad, based on the documents then in the possession of OKW. Dr. Goebbels forbade its publication. After the war Schroeter rescued his manuscript and continued his studies of the battle before rewriting his book.
26. The Ciano Diaries, p. 556. Mussolini’s proposals are given on pp. 555–56 and confirmed from the German side in the OKW War Diary of December 19.
27. Felix Gilbert, Hitler Directs His War, pp. 17–22. This is a compilation of the stenographic record of Hitler’s military conferences at OKW. Unfortunately only a fragment of the records were recovered.
28. Goerlitz, History of the German General Staff, p. 431.
CHAPTER 27
1. NCA, IV, p. 559 (N.D. 1919–PS).
2. Ibid., III, pp. 618–19 (N.D. 862–PS), report of Gen. Gotthard Heinrici, Deputy General of the Wehrmacht in the Protectorate.
3. Bormann’s memorandum. Quoted in TMWC, VII, pp. 224–26 (N.D. USSR 172).
4. NCA, III, pp. 798–99 (N.D. 1130–PS).
5. Ibid., VIII, p. 53 (N.D. R–36).
6. Dr. Bräutigam’s memorandum of Oct. 25, 1942. Text in NCA, III., pp. 242–51; German original in TMWC, XXV, pp. 331–42 (N.D. 294—PS).
7. NCA, VII, pp. 1086–93 (N.D. L–221).
8. TMWC, IX, p. 633.
9. Ibid.,
10. TMWC, VIII, p. 9.
11. NCA, VII, pp. 420–21 (N.D.s EC–344–16 and −17).
12. Ibid., p. 469 (N.D. EC–411).
13. Ibid., VIII, pp. 66–67 (N.D. R–92)
.
14. Ibid., III, p. 850 (N.D. 1233–PS).
15. Ibid., p. 186 (N.D. 138–PS).
16. Ibid., pp. 188–89 (N.D. 141–PS).
17. Ibid., V, pp. 258–62 (N.D. 2523–PS).
18. Ibid., III, pp. 666–70 (N.D. 1015–B–PS).
19. Ibid., I, p. 1105 (N.D. 090–PS).
20. NCA, VI, p. 456 (N.D. 1720–PS).
21. Ibid., VIII, p. 186 (N.D. R–124).
22. Ibid., III, pp. 71–73 (N.D. 031–PS).
23. Ibid., IV, p. 80 (N.D. 1526–PS).
24. Ibid., III, p. 57 (N.D. 016–PS).
25. Ibid., III, p. 144 (N.D. 084–PS).
26. Ibid., VII, pp. 2–7 (N.D. D–288).
27. Ibid., V, pp. 744–54 (N.D. 3040–PS).
28. Ibid., VII, pp. 260–64 (N.D. EC–68).
29. Ibid., V, p. 765 (N.D. 3044–B–PS).
30. Eider’s Secret Conversations, p. 501.
31. Based on an exhaustive study from the German records made by Alexander Dallin, German Rule in Russia, pp. 426–27. He used figures compiled by OKW-AWA in Nachweisungen des Verbleibs der sowjetischen Kr. Gef. nach den Stand vom 1.5.1944. AWA are the initials for the General Armed Forces Department of OKW (Allgemeines Wehrmachtsamt).
32. NCA, III, pp. 126–30 (N.D. 081–PS).
33. Ibid., V, p. 343 (N.D. 2622–PS).
34. Ibid., III, p. 823 (N.D. 1165–PS).
35. Ibid., IV, p. 558 (N.D. 1919–PS).
36. TMWC, XXXIX, pp. 48–49.
37. Ibid., VI, pp. 185–86.
38. NCA, III, pp. 416–17 (N.D. 498–PS).
39. Ibid., pp. 426–30 (N.D. 503–PS).
40. NCA, VII, pp. 798–99 (N.D. L–51).
41. TMWC, VII, p. 47.
42. NCA, VII, pp. 873–74 (N.D. L–90).
43. Ibid., pp. 871–72 (N.D. L–90).
44. Harris, Tyranny on Trial, pp. 349–50.
45. Ohlendorf’s testimony on the stand at Nuremberg, TMWC, IV, pp. 311–23; his affidavit, based on Harris’ interrogation, NCA, V, pp. 341–12 (N.D. 2620–PS). Dr. Becker’s letter, ibid., III, pp. 418–19 (N.D.501–PS).
46. NCA, VIII, p. 103 (N.D. R–102).
47. Ibid., V, pp. 696–99 (N.D. 2992–PS).
48. Ibid., IV, pp. 944–49 (N.D. 2273–PS).
49. Case IX of the Trials of War Criminals [TWC] (N.D. NO–511). This was the so-called “Einsatzgruppen Case,” entitled “United States v. Otto Ohlendorf, et al.”
50. Ibid. (N.D.NO–2653).
51. Cited by Reitlinger in The Final Solution, pp. 499–500. Reitlinger’s studies in this book and in his The S.S. are the most exhaustive on the subject that I have seen.
52. NCA, III, pp. 525–26 (N.D. 710–PS). The English translation here of the last line misses the whole point. The German word Endloesung (“final solution”) is rendered as “desirable solution.” See the German transcript.
53. TMWC, XI, p. 141.
54. TWC, XIII, pp. 210–19 (N.D. NG–2586–G).
55. NCA, IV, p. 563 (N.D. 1919–PS).
56. Ibid., VI, p. 791 (N.D. 3870–PS).
57. Ibid., IV, pp. 812, 832–35 (N.D. 2171–PS).
58. Hoess affidavit, NCA, VI, pp. 787–90 (N.D. 3868–PS).
59. N.D. USSR-8, p. 197. Transcript.
60. TMWC, VII, p. 584.
61. Ibid.,
62. Ibid., p. 585 (N.D. USSR 225). Transcript.
63. Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals, I, p. 28. London, 1946. This is a summary of the twelve secondary Nuremberg trials, covered in the TWC volumes.
64. The above section on Auschwitz is based on, aside from the sources quoted, the testimony at Nuremberg of Mme. Vaillant-Couturier, a Frenchwoman who was confined there, TMWC, VI, pp. 203–40; Case IV, the so-called “Concentration Camp Case,” entitled “United States v. Pohl, et al.,” in the TWC volumes; The Belsen Trial, London, 1949; G. M. Gilbert, Nuremberg Diary, op. cit.; Filip Friedman, This Was Oswiecim [Auschwitz]; and the brilliant survey of Reitlinger in The Final Solution and The SS.
65. NCA, VIII, p. 208 (N.D. R-135).
66. NCA, Suppl. A, pp. 675–82 (N.D.s 3945–PS, 3948–PS, 3951–PS).
67. Ibid., p. 682 (N.D. 3951–PS).
68. Ibid., pp. 805–7 (N.D. 4045–PS).
69. The text, ibid., III, pp. 719–75 (N.D. 1061–PS).
70. TMWC, IV, p. 371.
71. Reitlinger, The Final Solution, pp. 489–501. The author analyzes the Jewish exterminations country by country.
72. TMWC, XX, p. 548.
73. Ibid., p. 519.
74. Examination of Josef Kramer, Case I of the Trials of the War Criminals—the so-called “Doctors’ Trial,” entitled “United States v. Brandt, et al.”
75. Sievers’ testimony, TMWC, XX, pp. 521–25.
76. Ibid., p. 526.
77. The testimony of Henry Herypierre is in the transcript of the “Doctors’ Trial.”
78. NCA, VI, pp. 122–23 (N.D. 3249–PS).
79. Ibid., V, p. 952 (N.D. 3249–PS).
80. Ibid., IV, p. 132 (N.D. 1602–PS).
81. Report of Dr. Rascher to Himmler, April 5, 1942, in the transcript of the “Doctors’ Trial,” Case I, “United States v. Brandt, et al.” Dr. Karl Brandt was Hitler’s personal physician and Reich Commissioner for Health. He was found guilty at the trial, sentenced to death and hanged.
82. NCA, Suppl. A, pp. 416–17 (N.D. 2428–PS).
83. Letter of Prof. Dr. Hippke to Himmler, Oct. 10, 1942, in transcript, Case I.
84. NCA, IV, pp. 135–36 (N.D. 1618–PS).
85. Testimony of Walter Neff, transcript, Case I.
86. Letter of Dr. Rascher to Himmler, April 4, 1943, transcript, Case I.
87. Testimony of Walter Neff, ibid.
88. Himmler’s letter and Rascher’s protest, ibid.
89. 1616–PS, in transcript of Case I. The document is not printed in TMWC, and the English translation in NCA is too brief to be of any help.
90. Alexander Mitscherlich, M.D., and Fred Mielke, Doctors of Infamy, pp. 146–70. This is an excellent summary of the “Doctors’ Trial” by two Germans. Dr. Mitscherlich was head of the German Medical Commission at the trial.
91. Wiener Library Bulletin, 1951, V, pp. 1–2. Quoted by Reitlinger in The S.S., p. 216.
CHAPTER 28
1. The Goebbels Diaries, p. 352.
2. FCNA, 1943, p. 61.
3. The Italian minutes of the Feltre meeting are in Hitler e Mussolini, pp. 165–90; also in Department of State Bulletin, Oct 6, 1946, pp. 607–14, 639; Dr. Schmidt’s description of the meeting is in his book, op. cit., p. 263.
4. The chief sources are the stenographic records of Hitler’s conferences with his aides at his headquarters in East Prussia on July 25 and 26, published in Felix Gilbert, Hitler Directs His War, pp. 39–71; also The Goebbels Diaries, entries for July 1943, pp. 403–21; and the Fuehrer Conferences on Naval Affairs [FCNA], entries for July and August 1943, made by Adm. Doenitz, the new commander of the German Navy.
5. The Memoirs of Field Marshal Kesselring (London, 1953), pp. 177, 184. I have used this British edition of Kesselring’s memoirs; they have been published in America under the title A Soldier’s Record.
6. See Kesselring, op. cit., and Gen. Siegfried Westphal, The German Army in the West, pp. 149–52.
7. Firsthand accounts of Mussolini’s rescue are given in Otto Skorzeny, Skorzeny’s Secret Missions, by the Duce himself in his Memoirs, 1942–43, and by the Italian manager and manageress of the Hotel Campo Imperatore in a special article included in the British edition of the Memoirs.
8. Hitler quotation from FCNA, 1943, p. 46; the item from Doenitz’ diary is quoted by Wilmot, op. cit., p. 152.
9. Halder, Hitler als Feldherr, p. 57.
10. I have quoted the lecture at length in End of a Berlin Diary, pp. 27086. The text (in English) is in NCA, VII, pp. 920–75.
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich Page 188