The President dismissed: ibid.
“very confidentially, that the State Department… .”: PSF Box 100.
“did not feel it was worthwhile… .”: ibid.
“I thought you would want… .”: ibid.
“My own opinion on the subject… .”: ibid.
Late in the fall: ibid.
However, Colonel Davenport: ibid.
“The source of this information… .”: ibid.
“Dear George,” he wrote: ibid.
In launching the invasion: William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, p. 829.
During delirious celebrations: ibid., p. 824.
On April 6, German bombers: Winston S. Churchill, Memoirs of the Second World War, p. 428.
The punitive diversion set: Anthony Cave Brown, The Last Hero, p. 457.
Initially Churchill did support him: Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World at Arms, p. 524.
When one of his staff asked him: David Stafford, Churchill and Secret Service, p. 272.
“… [T]he guerrilla forces appear… .”: Brown, The Last Hero, p. 456.
Churchill complained that Donovan: Stafford, pp. 280–81.
“We have no sources of intelligence… .”: PSF Box 153.
“We are now in the process… .”: Francis L. Loewenheim, Harold D. Langley, and Manfred Jonas, eds., Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence, p. 482.
“In view of your expressed opinion… .”: ibid., p. 483.
“The situation,” he wrote: PSF Box 153.
“[p]lease ask General Marshall… .”: ibid.
He told the British foreign secretary: James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, p. 365.
“to be launched against… .”: Loewenheim, Langley, and Jonas, p. 688.
“… [I]f the enemy were to take… .”: ibid., pp. 688–89.
One week after D-Day: David G. McCullough, ed., The American Heritage Picture History of World War II, p. 420.
“Combat experience with this weapon… .”: Loewenheim, Langley, and Jonas, p. 689.
The pilot was: Richard J. Whalen, The Founding Father, p. 370; Michael R. Beschloss, Kennedy and Roosevelt: The Uneasy Alliance, p. 254.
“… Hitler was the greatest genius… .”: POF Box 3060.
“Harbors sheltering… .”: M 1642, Reel 128, Frame 177.
The man Donovan chose: Joseph E. Persico, Casey: From the OSS to the CIA, p. 449.
By June 17, 1944: M 1642, Reel 128, Frame 213.
On August 12 the first mission: Whalen, pp. 370–71; Beschloss, p. 256; Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen, Spy Book, p. 468.
“Harry,” he snarled: David G. McCullough, Truman, p. 328.
Yet, the President was disconcerted: FRUS, 2d Quebec Conference, p. 492.
Lowen had earlier talked himself: Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, p. 621.
During a year at Oxford: Liva Baker, Felix Frankfurter, p. 4.
Eager to exploit Bohr’s expertise: Thomas Powers, Heisenberg’s War, pp. 231–32; Baker, pp. 4–5.
Bohr subsequently went to America: Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, p. 457.
He told the Americans, incorrectly: Thomas Powers, p. 230.
Should Russia learn: Baker, pp. 273–74; Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p. 528.
The swift pace of work: Baker, p. 275.
After leaving Los Alamos: Thomas Powers, p. 241.
Bohr returned to England: Baker, pp. 275–76.
According to an eyewitness account: Jim Bishop, FDR’s Last Year, p. 143.
“He talked inaudibly… .”: William Stevenson, A Man Called Intrepid, p. 438.
Churchill’s thoughts, at the time: Bishop, p. 144.
The Prime Minister, through his: Norman Moss, Klaus Fuchs, pp. 1–2.
Anything Bohr required: Burns, Roosevelt: The Soldier of Freedom, p. 458; Moss, p. 2.
“I did not like the man… .”: Rhodes, p. 530.
Felix Frankfurter, in a “Dear Frank” letter: PSF Box 136.
Better Stalin should learn: ibid.
He included along with: ibid.
“Roosevelt agreed that an approach… .”: Rhodes, pp. 536–37.
Niels Bohr had even been led: ibid., p. 537.
Lunch was served immediately: FRUS, 2d Quebec Conference, ed. note.
Next, the interfering Niels Bohr: Bishop, p. 144.
The only reason the Russians wanted: ibid.
“The suggestion that the world… .”: ibid.
“Enquiries should be made… .”: ibid.
That day Churchill left Hyde Park: FRUS, 2d Quebec Conference, ed. note.
“He [Bohr] is a great advocate… .”: Baker, pp. 276–77.
The NKVD code name: Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood, p. 181.
The month before Churchill: Dan Kurzman, Day of the Bomb, p. 62.
Thereafter, Oppenheimer invited: Moss, p. 72.
“He worked days and nights… .”: Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen, Spy Book, p. 223.
“one compartment I allowed… .”: Moss, p. 200.
Even before coming to Los Alamos: Kurzman, pp. 130–32.
“I was worried about the dangers… .”: NYT Magazine, Sept. 14, 1997, p. 72.
Hall was nineteen: Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield, p. 131; NYT Magazine, Sept. 14, 1997, pp. 70–73.
“… [H]e remembers Woodrow Wilson… .”: Suckley, Binder 16, p. 274.
No one, she thought: ibid., Binder 17, p. 96.
“[I]f the election were held tomorrow… .”: ibid., pp. 50–51.
He chose Senator Harry S Truman: Goodwin, p. 526.
Kolbe delivered the incriminating: Neal H. Petersen, ed., From Hitler’s Doorstep, pp. 191–93.
“The OSS report did not seem… .”: Ladislas Farago, The Game of the Foxes, pp. 348–49.
“Stores are closing one by one… .”: RG 457 CBOM 77.
“Living conditions of the people… .”: ibid.
“My Dear Mr. President… .”: PSF Box Navy 62.
“Well,” Dewey said: Christopher Andrew, For the President’s Eyes Only, p. 143.
“I am writing to you… .”: Roberta Wohlstetter, Pearl Harbor, p. 177; Andrew, pp. 144–45.
“… largely result from the fact… .”: Wohlstetter, p. 177.
“… Some of Donovan’s people… .”: ibid.
A Dewey aide pointed out: Andrew, p. 144.
“The President was surprised… .”: Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, p. 827.
The Nazi RSHA: David Kahn, Hitler’s Spies, pp. 339–40.
“the Germans were fitting… .”: MR Box 164.
“… [O]ur own submarine campaign… .”: ibid.
how hard the Germans continued: John Morton Blum, Years of War, 1941–1945: From the Morgenthau Diaries, p. 340.
“We have got to be tough… .”: ibid., p. 342.
“left no doubt… .”: ibid.
“I … gave him my idea… .”: ibid., p. 344.
“… [I]f you let the young children of today… .”: ibid.
“[T]hat is not nearly as bad… .”: ibid.
“This so-called ‘Handbook’ …”: ibid., pp. 348–49.
“All Junker estates… .”: ibid., p. 358.
“No German shall be permitted… .”: M 1642, Reel 52, Frames 378–84.
Stimson remained adamantly opposed: Stimson to FDR, Sept. 15, 1944, FDRL.
He and Churchill then signed: Blum, Years of War, pp. 373, 381.
By mid-September, Allied troops: Joseph E. Persico, Piercing the Reich, p. 8.
American GIs, he predicted: Blum, Years of War, pp. 378, 382.
“I will stay here… .”: ibid., p. 379.
“No one,” he told Cordell Hull: ibid., pp. 380–81.
Its advantage to the enemy: ibid., p. 382.
“According to what American officials… .”: RG 457 CBOM 76.
“… feels there is an excellent… .”: Suc
kley, Binder 18, p. 169.
“I still think he is… .”: Burns, p. 530; Bishop, pp. 195, 196.
chapter xxiv: “take a look at the oss”
By the fall of 1944: Thomas F. Troy, Donovan and the CIA, p. 295.
“… [T]he results achieved by OSS… .”: Roger J. Spiller, “Assessing Ultra,” Military Review, vol. 7 (August 1979), p. 239.
Through his bookshop contacts: Joseph E. Persico, Piercing the Reich, pp. 167–68.
His recruits were Communists: Persico, Piercing the Reich, pp. 253–58.
“a question which will rise… .”: Donovan to FDR, Dec. 1, 1944, FDRL.
“what we are prepared to do… .”: FRUS, 1944, vol. I, p. 566; M 1642, Reel 81, Frame 642.
“What do you think?”: PSF Box 151.
Rosenbaum happily reported back to Donovan: NA Microfilm A3304, Rosenbaum to Donovan, Oct. 12, 1944.
“Bill Donovan’s Office of Strategic Services… .”: Anthony Cave Brown, The Last Hero, p. 624.
“In my opinion, consideration… .”: PSF OSS Box 153.
“I am sending the enclosed to you… .”: ibid.
“I am afraid that the author… .”: PSF Box 150.
Under his proposal, the new service: PSF Box 153.
Finally, Donovan’s brainchild: ibid.
“Though in the midst of war… .”: ibid.
What Donovan was saying to FDR: Brown, The Last Hero, p. 623.
“civil service regulations… .”: M 1642, Reel 3, Frames 756–61.
The document brashly styled: ibid., Frame 764.
Four days after receiving: PSF Box 153.
“Such power in one man… .”: Curt Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, p. 313.
Hoover placed her under: ibid., p. 311.
Revealing his closeness to FDR: Athan Theoharis, ed., From the Secret Files of J. Edgar Hoover, p. 325.
“The Germans believe that this station… .”: POF Box 106.
“a rather amusing sidelight… .”: ibid.
“The well known American writer… .”: ibid.
“OSS intends, according to this source… .”: ibid.
The Secret Service first delivered him: David Brinkley, Washington Goes to War, p. 165.
The truth was: John Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect, p. 139; Jim Bishop, FDR’s Last Year, p. 44.
“the day the late President… .”: Troy, Donovan and the CIA, p. 282.
However seriously, or specifically: Troy, Donovan and the CIA, p. 282.
“Cadillac automobile is essential… .”: M 1642, Reel 45, Frame 481.
Over the next several months: Stanley Lovell, Of Spies and Stratagems, p. 107.
And then, on December 16: John Keegan, The Second World War, p. 440.
Prior to the offensive: Lyman B. Kirkpatrick Jr., Captains Without Eyes, pp. 261–62; F. W. Winterbotham, The Ultra Secret, p. 254.
On the very day the Germans: Bradley F. Smith, The Shadow Warriors, p. 279; Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, p. 564; Kirkpatrick, pp. 261–62; Winterbotham, p. 254.
On December 19, President Roosevelt: Day-by-Day, Dec. 19, 1944, FDRL.
The initial ferocity of the assault: Kirkpatrick, pp. 261–62; Winterbotham, p. 254.
“In great stress, Roosevelt… .”: Goodwin, pp. 564–65.
He was a West Pointer: Academic American Encyclopedia, vol. 15, p. 154.
“the biggest sonovabitch… .”: Richard Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p. 426.
As soon as an atom bomb could be ready: Thomas Powers, Heisenberg’s War, p. 404; Dan Kurzman, Day of the Bomb, pp. 106, 107; “FDR,” The American Experience, PBS, Aug. 3, 1999.
Oddly, while worrying about a dud: Kurzman, p. 107.
“… [W]hen a ‘bomb’ is… .”: FRUS, 2d Quebec Conference, p. 492.
“Following a successful test… .”: Nat S. Finney, “How FDR Planned to Use the A-Bomb,” Look, vol. 14, no. 6 (March 14, 1950), pp. 23–24.
Sachs also left that day: ibid., p. 24.
“Only I know that my father… .”: James Roosevelt, My Parents, p. x.
The Argentine reported: PSF Box 1.
“We studied the papers by candlelight… .”: F. H. Hinsley, British Intelligence in the Second World War, vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 586.
“If we do not keep ahead… .”: Jim Bishop, FDR’s Last Year, p. 244.
chapter xxv: sympathizers and spies
But the ciphers: Robert Louis Benson, A History of U.S. Communications Intelligence During World War II, p. xiii.
In effect, each message sent: Venona Historical Monograph #2.
Colonel Carter Clarke of SIS: Benson, p. xiii.
The operation, initially called Bride: ibid., p. vii.
Still, the traffic of the NKVD and GRU: Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen, Spy Book, p. 577; Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood, p. 291.
Had the Soviet codes been decrypted: Weinstein and Vassiliev, p. 48.
A December 1944 message: Benson, p. 383.
Years later, the Venona codebreakers: ibid., p. 337.
In a cable: ibid., p. 324.
On another occasion: ibid., p. 375.
“R expressed doubt… .”: ibid., p. 299.
“an exceptionally keen mind… .”: ibid., p. 423.
Rulevoi, the Russian word: Weinstein and Vassiliev, p. 300.
“If the election were to take place… .”: Benson, p. 266.
The fact that he: Weinstein and Vassiliev, p. 307.
In 1944, Moscow engineered: ibid., p. 301.
FDR also admired the man’s ability: Roger J. Sandilands, The Life and Political Economy of Lauchlin Currie, pp. 96–97.
Currie came to the White House: NYT, Dec. 30, 1993; Sandilands, p. 390.
A fresh assessment: Sandilands, pp. 107, 108.
Thus, in January 1941: Robert Thompson, A Time for War, p. 306.
Currie also deduced: Sandilands, p. 107.
“a queer character… .”: John Keegan, ed., Who Was Who in World War II, p. 56.
If he really wanted to undercut: Sandilands, p. 110.
“I alerted FDR to the inefficiency… .”: ibid., p. 124.
“It appears to me… .”: ibid., p. 120.
Back in 1940, FDR had favored: ibid., p. 115.
That scheme had not come to pass: ibid., p. 116.
More significantly, it was Currie: ibid., p. 112.
“We have respected… .”: PSF Box 132.
Should there be the slightest doubt: ibid.
With the border between France: Sandilands, p. 138.
“You have not only thwarted… .”: ibid., p. 139.
Puhl, according to Kolbe: M 1642, Reel 21, Frames 168–69.
Currie had been a graduate: Washington Post, Aug. 14, 1948.
When Silverman came to the capital: ibid.
Thereafter, Currie continued to see: ibid.
Silvermaster was born in Odessa: NYT, Oct. 15, 1964.
The Civil Service Commission, MID: U.S. Congress, Hearings on Proposed Legislation to Curb or Control the Communist Party of the United States, February 1948, p. 618.
“A few days ago,” it read: Venona Decrypt, National Security Agency, Sept. 2, 1943.
Therefore Currie did not regard him: Herbert Romerstein, “Ideological Recruitment of Agents by Soviet Intelligence, in the Light of Venona,” Symposium on Cryptological History, National Security Agency, Fort Meade, Maryland, Oct. 29–31, 1992, p. 15.
“It’s no use fighting… .”: Elizabeth Bentley, Out of Bondage, Devin-Adair edition, p. 173.
Silvermaster’s productivity had grown: ibid., p. 175.
“pull every string you can… .”: ibid., pp. 173, 174.
By now the two men: Sandilands, p. 164.
“I have personally made… .”: Hearings, p. 628.
“Greg [Silvermaster] was permitted… .”: Bentley, Devin-Adair edition, p. 174.
Vasili Zarubin: Weinstein and Vassiliev, p. 161; Polmar and Allen, p. 578.
“a letter from a f
riend in China… .”: PSF Box 91.
“could find no evidence of graft… .”: ibid.
“I accepted, thinking that I might… .”: PSF Box 132.
“I think Lauch Currie would be good… .”: John Morton Blum, Years of War, 1941–1945: From the Morgenthau Diaries, p. 164.
“did not want Currie… .”: ibid.
“T.V. Soong, had opposed Laughlin… .”: John Franklin Carter Diary, April 14, 1943.
Currie informed Harry Hopkins: Michael Warner and Robert Louis Benson, “Venona and Beyond,” Intelligence and National Security, vol. 12, no. 3 (July 1997), p. 10.
The building: David Brinkley, Washington Goes to War, p. 36.
The beneficiary: Romerstein, p. 16.
What Currie had done for Hagen: ibid.
On August 7, J. Edgar Hoover: Weinstein and Vassiliev, p. 274.
Zarubin was one of those: Warner and Benson, pp. 11, 13.
Currie was apparently: Whittaker Chambers, Witness, p. 383.
Elizabeth Bentley later stated: Statement of Elizabeth Ferrill Bentley to the FBI, Nov. 30, 1945, p. 24; Hearings, p. 552.
According to an August 1944 NKVD cable: Venona Decrypt, National Security Agency, Aug. 31, 1944.
“I have been reliably informed… .”: Washington Post, July 22, 1948.
At this time, Bentley: ibid.
Currie further reported progress: PSF Box 13.
Bentley delivered plans for the B-29: Washington Post, July 22, 1948.
“Mr. Silverman told me… .”: Hearings, pp. 519, 552–53.
It achieves some credibility: Benson, p. xiv.
In The Haunted Wood, Currie: Weinstein and Vassiliev, pp. 106, 161, 243.
One cable sent in 1942: ibid., p. 154.
An NKVD message dated April 6: ibid., p. 160.
“Find out from Albert… .”: Venona Decrypt, Feb. 15, 1945.
“P. [for Pazh] trusts R… .”: ibid., March 20, 1945.
“The man was not a Communist”: Bentley statement to FBI.
She was not sure that Currie: Hearings, p. 553.
Harry Hopkins, before the Tehran conference: Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield, p. 111; Weinstein and Vassiliev, pp. xxvii, 239.
“No one who talked to the Bureau… .”: Sandilands, p. 149.
chapter xxvi: a leaky vessel
What Currie had learned: Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield, p. 130.
In November 1944, Wilho Tikander: Michael Warner and Robert Louis Benson, “Venona and Beyond,” Intelligence and National Security, vol. 12, no. 3 (July 1997), p. 9.
Joseph E. Persico Page 68