Chapter 3: Motivation
[42]. Bulletin announcement, in Glenn Schwartz, “Two Awesome Problems: How Short-Term Missions Can Go Wrong,” International Journal of Frontier Missions 20, no. 4 (2004): 33.
[43]. Adapted from Hattaway, Back to Jerusalem, 101.
[44]. The effect our expectations have on how we experience new situations is referred to as “anticipatory socialization.” Robert Merton, who initially articulated this theory, examined how the expectations of US Army recruits influenced their experiences as privates. Merton found that those privates who most accurately anticipated and embraced the US Army culture and its values were the privates most likely to experience promotions within the army’s hierarchy. I’ve done some work applying this important theory to the effect short-termers’ expectations had on their actual engagement in short-term missions (see Robert Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure [New York: Free Press, 1968], 319).
[45]. Roger Peterson, Gordon Aeschliman, and R. Wayne Sneed, Maximum Impact, Short-Term Mission: The God-Commanded Repetitive Deployment of Swift, Temporary Nonprofessional Missionaries (Minneapolis: STEM, 2003), 199–210.
[46]. Byron Shearer, “Mission Trip: A Microcosm of Life,” Vision for Youth Magazine, Spring 2005, 17, 30.
[47]. Group Magazine, November/December 2004, 39.
[48]. Schwartz, “Two Awesome Problems,” 33.
[49]. Hattaway, Back to Jerusalem, 101.
[50]. R. Judd, “Do Short-Term Programmes Achieve the Purposes for Which They Were Established?” (PhD diss., London Bible College, 1996), 16, 19; Terence Linhart, “The Curricular Nature of Youth Group Short-Term Cross-Cultural Service Projects” (PhD diss., Purdue University, 2004).
[51]. Terence Linhart, “They Were So Alive: The Spectacle Self and Youth Group Short-Term Mission Trips” (paper presented at the North Central Evangelical Missiological Society Meeting, Deerfield, IL, April 9, 2005).
[52]. Christian Smith, Soul Searching: The Religious and Spiritual Lives of American Teenagers (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 69.
[53]. Ridge Burns and Noel Bechetti, The Complete Student Missions Handbook (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1990).
[54]. Marshall Allen, “International Short-Term Missions: A Divergence from the Great Commission?” Youthworker Journal 16 (May/June 2001): 41.
[55]. Ibid.
[56]. Linhart, “Curricular Nature”; Kurt VerBeek, “The Impact of Short-Term Missions. A Case Study: House Construction in Honduras after Hurricane Mitch,” May 3, 2005, www.calvin.edu/academic/sociology/staff/kurt.htm.
[57]. David Maclure, “Wholly Available? Missionary Motivation where Consumer Choice Reigns,” William Carey, 2001, www.williamcarey.org.uk/FILES/essay1.htm.
[58]. Jeff Edmondson, “The End of the Youth Mission Trip as We Know It,” Youthworker Journal 16 (May/June 2001): 30–34.
[59]. Reported from a fellow missionary to JoAnn Van Engen, “The Cost of Short-Term Missions,” The Other Side (January/February 2000): 20.
[60]. VerBeek, “Impact of Short-Term Missions.”
Chapter 4: Urgency
[61]. Dooling, White Man’s Grave (New York: Picador, 1994), 146.
[62]. Robert Webber, The Younger Evangelicals: Facing the Challenges of the New World (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2002), 41.
[63]. Roger Peterson, Gordon Aeschliman, and R. Wayne Sneed, Maximum Impact, Short-Term Mission: The God-Commanded Repetitive Deployment of Swift, Temporary Nonprofessional Missionaries (Minneapolis: STEM, 2003), 29.
[64]. Rob Bell, “Jesus Is Difficult,” part 3 (sermon, Mars Hill Bible Church, Grandville, MI, April 17, 2005).
Chapter 5: Common Ground
[65]. Earley and Soon, Cultural Intelligence, 239.
[66]. Paul H. Ray and Sherry Ruth Anderson, The Cultural Creatives: How Fifty Million People Are Changing the World (New York: Three Rivers, 2001), 41.
[67]. Terence Linhart, “They Were So Alive: The Spectacle Self and Youth Group Short-Term Mission Trips” (paper presented at the North Central Evangelical Missiological Society Meeting, Deerfield, IL, April 9, 2005), 7.
[68]. Ibid.
[69]. Stuart Hall, Representation: Cultural Representation and Signifying Practices (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 1997).
Chapter 6: The Bible
[70]. Jacob Loewen, “The Gospel: Its Content and Communication,” in Down to Earth: Studies in Christianity and Culture, ed. J. Stott and R. Coote (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1980), 121.
[71]. I explore this further in my book Connecting Your Journey with the Story of God: Disciplemaking in Diverse Contexts (Elburn, IL: Sonlife Ministries, 2001).
[72]. Michael Horton, ed., A Confessing Theology for Postmodern Times (Wheaton: Crossway, 2001), 96.
[73]. Ibid., 99.
[74]. N. T. Wright, The Challenge of Jesus: Rediscovering Who Jesus Was and Is (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1999), 181.
[75]. I discuss this further in my book Connecting Your Journey with the Story of God.
[76]. Arthur Patzia, The Emergence of the Church: Context, Growth, Leadership, and Worship (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 2001), 13.
[77]. My GRTS colleague Gary Meadors provides some helpful perspective and tools for applying Scripture to our current contexts in his book Decision Making God’s Way (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2003), 104–26.
[78]. Aida Besancon Spencer and William David Spencer, eds., The Global God: Multicultural Evangelical Views of God (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998).
[79]. Mark Noll, back cover of The Global God.
Chapter 7: Money
[80]. Brad Pitt, interview by Diane Sawyer, Primetime Live, ABC News, June 7, 2005.
[81]. Ibid.
[82]. Simon Robinson, “Do They Know It’s Simplistic? Band-Aid’s Intentions Are Good but Africa Needs More than Just a Christmas Jingle,” Time, November 28, 2004, www.time.com/time/europe/.
[83]. Glenn Schwartz, “Two Awesome Problems: How Short-Term Missions Can Go Wrong,” International Journal of Frontier Missions 20, no. 4 (2004): 32.
[84]. Jo Ann Van Engen, “The Cost of Short-Term Missions,” The Other Side (January/February 2000): 21.
[85]. Ibid., 22.
[86]. Schwartz, “Two Awesome Problems,” 28.
[87]. Shane Claiborne, “Downward Mobility in an Upscale World,” The Other Side (November/December 2000), 11.
[88]. Dooling, White Man’s Grave, 157.
[89]. Max Van Manen, “Moral Language and Pedagogical Experience,” Journal of Curriculum Studies 32, no. 2 (March/April 2000): 315–27.
[90]. Terence Linhart, “They Were So Alive: The Spectacle Self and Youth Group Short-Term Mission Trips” (paper presented at the North Central Evangelical Missiological Society Meeting, Deerfield, IL, April 9, 2005), 6.
[91]. Ibid., 9.
[92]. Van Engen, “Cost of Short-Term Missions,” 22.
Chapter 8: Simplicity
[93]. President George W. Bush, transcript of address to joint session of congress, CNN, September 20, 2001, http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/20/gen.bush.transcript/.
[94]. Jefferson Morley, “Michael Moore, Ugly American: Filmmaker Taken to Task for Arrogance, Ignoring Israel,” Washington Post, July 13, 2004.
[95]. Linhart, “They Were So Alive,” 6.
[96]. Ibid., 10.
[97]. R. Slimbach, “First, Do No Harm: Short-Term Missions at the Dawn of a New Millennium,” Evangelical Missions Quarterly 36, no. 4 (October 2000): 432.
[98]. Terence Linhart, “The Curricular Nature of Youth Group Short-Term Cross-Cultural Service Projects” (PhD diss., Purdue University, 2004), 190–91.
Part 3: Sharpening Our Focus and Service with Cultural Intelligence (CQ)
[99]. P. Christopher Earley of London Business School and Ang Soon of Naynang Business School in Singapore developed CQ as a framework for nurturing effective cross-cultural interactions. The focus of their work has been the cross-cultural interactions of those in the business world and the hospitality industry. I’ve had the
privilege of interacting with Ang Soon a number of times and am grateful for her help in adapting CQ for use in the missions arena. See Earley and Soon, Cultural Intelligence.
[100]. The case study of college students traveling to Shanghai is fictitious, though it was developed using my research on short-term experiences.
Chapter 9: Try, Try Again
[101]. Earley and Soon, Cultural Intelligence, 124.
[102]. When we do this, we engage in what marriage counselors call “idealistic distortion”—the tendency to see something in an overly positive manner and to believe that rose-colored view is reality. Sometimes marriages are eroding, but the husband is in such denial that he sees the marriage as he longs for it to be, even though that isn’t close to reality. We often do this with our short-term missions experiences.
Chapter 10: Seek to Understand
[103]. A portion of this material was adapted from Kenneth Cushner and R. W. Brislin, Intercultural Interactions: A Practical Guide (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE, 1996).
[104]. Geert Hofstede, Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997), 5.
[105]. Robert Levine, A Geography of Time: The Temporal Misadventures of a Social Psychologist, or How Every Culture Keeps Time Just a Little Bit Differently (New York: Basic, 1997).
[106]. P. Christopher Earley, Ang Soon, and Tan Joo-Seng, CQ: Cultural Intelligence at Work (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2006).
[107]. Edward Hall and M. R. Hall, Understanding Cultural Differences: Germans, French, and Americans (Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural, 1990).
[108]. Hofstede explored five dimensions that help expose cultural differences: individualism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and long-term orientation. The first three are the most useful for developing CQ Knowledge (see Geert Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values [Newbury Park, CA: SAGE, 1980]).
[109]. L. Robert Kohls and John Knight, Developing Intercultural Awareness: A Cross-Cultural Training Handbook (Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural, 1994), 44.
[110]. Ibid., 45.
[111]. Riki Takeuchi, Paul Tesluk, and Sophia Marinova, “Role of International Experiences in the Development of Cultural Intelligence” (paper presented at the Academy of Management, New Orleans, LA, August 11, 2004).
[112]. Adapted from Hall and Hall, Understanding Cultural Differences; Levine, Geography of Time; and Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences.
[113]. David Thomas and Kerr Inkson, Cultural Intelligence: People Skills for Global Business (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2004), 19.
Chapter 11: On Second Thought
[114]. Ang Soon, personal communication with the author, April 22, 2005.
[115]. David Thomas and Kerr Inkson, Cultural Intelligence: People Skills for Global Business (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2004), 52.
[116]. Adapted from Keith Ferrazzi’s use of the Johari window in his business book on networking (see Keith Ferrazzi, Never Eat Alone: And Other Secrets to Success, One Relationship at a Time [New York: Random House, 2005], 154).
[117]. Riki Takeuchi, Paul Tesluk, and Sophia Marinova, “Role of International Experiences in the Development of Cultural Intelligence” (paper presented at the Academy of Management, New Orleans, LA, August 11, 2004).
[118]. Kenneth Cushner, Beyond Tourism: A Practical Guide to Meaningful Educational Travel (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Educational, 2004), 45.
Chapter 12: Actions Speak Louder than Words
[119]. Earley and Soon, Cultural Intelligence, 5.
Chapter 13: The Heart of the Matter
[120]. N. T. Wright, Following Jesus: Biblical Reflections on Discipleship (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994), 10.
[121]. David Livermore and Steve Argue, Explore 1: Shepherd through Following (Grand Rapids: Intersect, 2005), 6–7.
[122]. Kenda Creasy Dean, Practicing Passion: Youth and the Quest for a Passionate Church (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2004), 192–93.
[123]. Henri Nouwen, In the Name of Jesus: Reflections on Christian Leadership (New York: Crossroad, 1989).
[124]. Jonathan Edwards, “Thoughts on the Revival of Religion in New England,” in The Works of Jonathan Edwards, vol. 1 (Carlisle, PA: Banner of Truth Trust, 1834), 380.
[125]. Chip Huber, “Building a Community Bridge across the World: The God-Engineered Link between Chicago and Zambia,” Youthworker Journal 20, no. 4 (July/August 2005): 46–49.
[126]. Leslie Newbigin, The Open Secret: An Introduction to the Theology of Mission (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1995), 174.
[127]. David Stoner, “The Missional Church Is Passionately ‘Glocal’: A North American Perspective,” Connections, March 2005.
David A. Livermore (PhD, Michigan State University) is president of the Cultural Intelligence Center in East Lansing, Michigan, and has written several books on cultural intelligence and global leadership. He has worked with leaders in more than one hundred countries globally.
www.davidlivermore.com.
Serving with Eyes Wide Open Page 19