Public exigencies may Lruman Smith to AL, November 7, 1860, ALPLC.
“It is with the most profound” AL to Lruman Smith, November 10, 1860, CW, 4:138.
“You would look” AL to Grace Bedell, October 19, 1860, CW, 4:129-30 n. 1.
“He sits or stands” New York Herald, November 11, 14, 20, 1860.
“He is precisely the same man” Lincoln on the Eve of’61: A Journalist’s Story by Henry Villard (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941), 20.
“each and all of the States” “Passage Written for Lyman Lrumbull’s Speech at Springfield, Illinois,” November 20, 1860, CW, 4:141-42.
“all knowledge of the Southern” New York Herald, November 22, 1860.
“would lean heavily” Mark M. Krug, Lyman Trumbull: Conservative Radical (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1965), 165.
“The long continued” James Buchanan, “Fourth Annual Message,” Decembers, 1860, The Works of James Buchanan: Comprising His Speeches, State Papers, and Private Correspondence, ed., John Bassett Moore (Philadelphia: J. B. Lip-pincott Company, 1910), 11:7-9.
written to urge Lincoln Henry J. Raymond to AL, November 14, 1860, ALPLC.
“a demonstration in favor” AL to Henry J. Raymond, November 28, 1860, CW, 4:145-46.
reaching for a way Francis Brown, Raymond of the Times (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1951), 197.
“Theyseeka sign” Matt. 12:39, 16:4.
“delayed so long” AL to William H. Seward, December 8, 1860, CW, 4:148.
“free in his communications” Bates, Diary, December 16, 1860, 164.
at least one Southerner David M. Potter, Lincoln and His Party in the Secession Crisis (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1942), 151.
Lincoln sent Speed Joshua F. Speed (WHH interview), [1865—66], 475.
“Don’t give up the ship” Schott, Alexander Stephens of Georgia, 306.
“The country is certainly Alexander H. Stephens to AL, December 14, 1860, ALPLC.
“Do the people of the South” AL to Alexander H. Stephens, December 22, 1860, CW, 4:160.
“In addressing you thus” Alexander H. Stephens to AL, December 30, 1860, CW, 4:160-61 n.l.
“frequent allusion” “Editorial in the Illinois State Journal, “ December 12, 1860, CW, 4:150.
“While Mr. Lincoln” Weed, Autobiography, 606—11.
“For one politically” John A. Gilmer to AL, December 10, 1860, ALPLC.
“May I be pardoned” AL to John A. Gilmer, December 15, CW, 4:151-53.
“consent to take” AL to William H. Seward, January 12, 1861, CW, A-.Y13.
“But why do you assume” Weed, Autobiography, 610.
offered compromise legislation Albert Dennis Kirwan, John J. Crittenden: The Struggle for the Union (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1962), 373ff.
“The secession feeling” Elihu Washburne to AL, December 9, 1860, ALPLC.
“Let there be no compromise” AL to Lyman Trumbull, December 10, 1860, CW, 4:149-50.
“Prevent, as far as possible” AL to Elihu B. Washburne, December 13, 1860, CW, 4:151.
“The election of Lincoln” Robert S. Harper, Lincoln and the Press (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1951), 67-70.
“If she violates” Illinois State Journal, December 20, 1860.
begun his research Amy Louise Sutton, “Lincoln and Son Borrow Books,” Illinois Libraries, June 1966, 443—44.
accepted an invitation Harry E. Pratt, Lincoln’s Springfield (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Society, 1955), 12; Harry B. Rankin, Intimate Character Sketches of Abraham Lincoln (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Company, 1924), 146-47.
copies of two speeches HL, 287.
Clay’s memorable speech AL, “Eulogy on Henry Clay,” July 6, 1852, CW, 2:126; Remini, Henry Clay, 733—38.
she feared Sarah Bush Lincoln elaborated on these sentiments in her interview with William Herndon on September 8, 1865. “I did not want Abe to run for Presdt—did not want him Elected—was afraid Somehow or other—felt it in my heart that Something would happen to him and when he came down to see me after he was Elected Presdt I still felt that Something told me that Something would befall Abe and that I should see him no more.” HI, 108.
“Let it hang there” HL, 290.
“The Presidentelect” New York Tribune, February 11, 1861.
“face was pale” Villard, Memoirs, 1:149.
“My friends—No one” AL, “Farewell Address at Springfield, Illinois,” February 11, 1861, CW, 4:190.
“silent artillery of time” AL, “Address Before the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois,” January 27, 1836, CW, I, 115.
capacity to connect New York Tribune, February 12, 1861.
“We will do it” Harper’s Weekly, February 23, 1861, 119.
“Many eyes” James C. Conkling to Clinton Conkling, February 12, 1861, in Pratt, Lincoln’s Springfield, 50.
“We have known Mr. Lincoln” Illinois State Journal, February 12, 1861.
The twelve-day trip Much of the detail of the journey to Washington is taken from local newspapers. The standard account of the train trip to Washington is Victor Searcher, Lincoln s Journey to Greatness: A Factual Account of the Twelve-Day Inaugural Trip (Philadelphia: John C. Winston Company, 1960), but it contains no footnotes. Harold Holzer’s new book, Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008) challenges the traditional story of a weak and vacillating Lincoln in the four months between his election and inauguration and instead shows his political dexterity in facing the emerging crisis.
“I therefore renew” William H. Seward to AL, December 29, 1860, quoted in CW, 4:170 n. 1. The letter, highly secret, was unsigned; Nicolay and Hay, 3:289.
carried by boat The description of Jefferson Davis’s train trip can be found in William Cooper, Jefferson Davis, American (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), 328—29; and William C. Davis, Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour (New York: Harper Collins, 1991), 304—6; New York Times, February 11, 1861.
“I do not expect” AL, “Reply to Oliver P. Morton at Indianapolis, Indiana,” February 11, 1861, CW, 4:193.
“temporary” and “for a limited” Ibid.
left the oilcloth bag Searcher, Lincoln’s Journey, 29—31.
“All the power” This copy, with Browning’s comment, is in the Huntington Library, San Marino, California.
“occupied every available” New Orleans Daily Delta, February 14, 17, 1861.
“with stern serenity” Papers of Jefferson Davis, ed. Lynda Lasswell Crist and Mary Seaton Dix (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992), 7:38,41.
“go forward” Davis, Jefferson Davis, 304—5.
“I have not maintained” AL, “Address to the Ohio legislature, Columbus, Ohio,” February 13, 1861, CW, 4:204.
“England will recognize” Memphis Daily Appeal, February 19, 1861, quoted in Papers of Jefferson Davis, 7:42—43.
“The tariff is” AL, “Speech at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,” February 15, 1861, CW, 4:211-12.
“the least creditable” Villard, Memoirs, 1:152.
“Frequent allusion” AL, “Speech at Cleveland, Ohio,” February 15, 1861, CW, 4:215.
“These speeches thus far” Paul Revere Frothingham, Edward Everett: Orator and Statesman (Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1925), 415.
“let his whiskers” AL, “Remarks at Westfield, New York,” February 16, CW, 4:219.
“We Will Pray” Searcher, Lincoln’s Journey, 129.
“its systematic aggression” Atlanta Intelligencer, February 18, 1861; Papers of Jefferson Davis, 7:44—45.
of the same speech New York Tribune, March 5, 1861.
Looking forward to Jefferson Davis, “Inaugural Address,” February 18, 1861, Papers of Jefferson Davis, 7:45—50.
I had, I say Walt Whitman, Prose Works 1892, ed. Floyd Stovall (New York: New York University Press, 1963-64), 2:499-501.
“Many an assassin’s” The Co
mplete Writings of Walt Whitman, ed. Richard Maurice Bucke, Thomas B. Harned, and Horace L. Träubel (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1902), 15:243-44.
“Lincoln is making” Strong, Diary, February 18, 1861, 3:100.
“the great rail-splitter’s face” Ibid., 101.
“He approaches the capital” “Lincoln and His Wayside Speeches,” Baltimore Sun, reprinted in the Crisis (Columbus, Ohio), February 21, 1861.
“The wiseacres” Chicago Tribune, February 21, 1861.
some pro-Lincoln editors Stephen G. Weisner, Embattled Editor: The Life of Samuel Bowles (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1986), 27.
“Lincoln is a ‘simple Susan’ “ George Merriam, The Life and Times of Samuel Bowles (New York: The Century Company, 1885), 1:318.
“[Lincoln’s speeches]” Charles Francis Adams Diary, February 20, 1861, cited in Martin B. Duberman, Charles Francis Adams, 1807—1886 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1961), 253-54.
“struggles for” AL, “Address to the New Jersey Senate at Trenton, New Jersey,” February 21, 1861, CW, 4:235.
“I shall be most happy” Ibid., 236.
“All my political” AL, “Reply to Mayor Alexander Henry at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,” February 21, 1861, CW, 4:238-39; Psalms 137:5-6.
“I have never had” AL, “Speech in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,” February 22, 1861, CW, 4:240.
“I would rather be assassinated” Ibid.
“could not lay straight” Norma B. Cuthbert, ed., Lincoln and the Baltimore Plot, 1861 (San Marino, Calif.: Huntington Library, 1949), xx, 80-81.
CHAPTER 17. We Must Not Be Enemies: February 1861-April 1861
the plot to smuggle the president Cuthbert, Lincoln and the Baltimore Plot, utilizes the Pinkerton documents, including his record book, at the Huntington Library, 15-16, 82.
Seward informed Lincoln Charles Francis Adams, 1835—1915: An Autobiography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1916), 64.
“This surreptitious nocturnal” Strong, Diary, February 23, 1861, 3:102.
“He reached the Capital” Douglass’ Monthly, April 1861, in The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, vol. 3, The Civil War, 1861—1865, ed. Philip S. Foner (New York: International Publishers, 1952), 71.
speak with Senator Stephen Douglas Johannsen, Douglas, 840—41.
“He is very cordial” William H. Seward to Frances Seward, February 23, 1861, Seward, Seward at Washington, 511.
“Your case is quite like” William H. Seward to AL, February 24, 1861, in Nicolay and Hay, 3:312-20.
“You are about to assume” Francis P. Blair to AL, January 14, 1861, ALPLC.
“A host of ravenous partisans” Muriel Burnitt, ed., “Two Manuscripts of Gideon Welles,” The New England Quarterly 11, no. 3 (September 1938): 594.
“It was bad enough” Villard, Memoirs, 1:156.
“When you were brought forward” AL to Schuyler Colfax, March 8, 1861, ALPLC.
“Circumstances which have occurred” William H. Seward to AL, March 2, ALPLC.
“I can’t afford” John G. Nicolay, An Oral History of Abraham Lincoln: John G. Nicolay’s Interviews and Essays, ed. Michael Burlingame (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1996), 154.
“I feel constrained” AL to William Seward, March 4, 1861, CW, 4:273.
“had a long and confidential” William H. Seward to AL, March 5, 1861, ALPLC.
“more intent on the distribution” Charles Francis Adams, Autobiography, 126.
“was accused of wasting” Burnitt, “Two Manuscripts of Gideon Welles,” 594.
“appeared pale” Philip Shriver Klein, President James Buchanan: A Biography (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1962), 402.
“If you are as happy” Jean H. Baker, James Buchanan (New York: Times Books, 2004), 140.
“Fellow citizens of the United States,” AL, First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861, CW, 4:262-268.
“Apprehension seems to exist,” Ibid., 262.
he almost expected to hear Horace Greeley, Recolledions of a Busy Life (New York: J. B. Ford and Company, 1868), 404.
“I hold, that in contemplation” AL, First Inaugural Address, 264.
“Good,”“That’s so” Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas, 844.
“I am loathe to close” All of William H. Seward’s suggestions are included in the footnotes to the text in CW, 4:249-71, and in Nicolay and Hay, 3:27-44.
“The avowal” New York Tribune, March 6, 1861.
“conservative people” New York Times, March 5, 1861.
“No document” Chicago Tribune, March 5, 1861.
“The Inaugural Address” Illinois State Journal, March 6, 1861.
“aloose, disjointed” Chicago Times, March 6, 1861.
“neither candid nor statesmanlike” New York Herald, March 6, 1861.
“the cool, unimpassioned” Richmond Enquirer, March 5, 1861.
“lamentable display” Charleston Mercury, March 5, 1861.
“Before the Inaugural” New York Times, March 6, 1861.
“news from Washington” Strong, Diary, March 4, 1861, 3:105-6.
“result in Civil War” Frothingham, Edward Everett, 414—15.
“tension and frustration” Douglass’ Monthly, April 1861; and The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, 3:72–/’4.
“Some thought we had” David Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith with Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 78—79.
supplies to last Browning, Diary, July 3, 1861, 476.
Absent from the floor Niven, Salmon P. Chase, 237—38.
“I accept the post” Salmon P. Chase to AL, March 6, 1861, ALPLC.
Bates confided Bates, Diary, March 6, 1861, 177.
large walnut table William O. Stoddard, Inside the White House in War Times: Memoirs and Reports of Lincoln’s Secretary, ed. Michael Burlingame (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 11.
“he had no administrative” David Davis (WHH Interview), September 20, 1866, Hi, 351.
“When [I] first commenced” Robert L. Wilson to WHH, February 10, 1866, HI, 207.
“There was little order” John Hay, Addresses of John Hay (New York: The Century Company, 1906), 323-24.
“He was disinclined” Welles, Diary, March 30, 1861, 1:4, 6. Welles, although referring to events by date, often entered his comments days or weeks after events and conversations.
wrote out three questions AL to Winfield Scott, March 9, 1861, CW, 4:279.
“To raise, organize” Winfield Scott to AL, March 11, 1861, ALPLC.
“I may have said” Francis P. Blair, Sr., to Montgomery Blair, March 12, 1861, ALPLC.
“Assuming it to be possible” AL to William H. Seward, March 15, 1861, CW, 4:284.
“the Sentiment of National Patriotism” Stephen A. Hurlbut, March 27, 1861, ALPLC.
There entered William Howard Russell, My Diary North and South, ed. Eugene H. Berwanger (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988), 44-45.
“Resolved, the opinion” Krug, Lyman Trumbull, 183.
“ambitious, but indecisive” Ibid., 171, 183.
“but he took care” Richard N. Current, Lincoln and the First Shot (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1963), 188.
“If to be the head of Hell” Nicolay, Lincoln’s Secretary, 101.
“Abe’ is getting heartily sick” Sam Ward to Samuel L. M. Barlow, March 31, 1861, in Samuel L. M. Barlow Papers, Huntington Library.
“Wanted—A Policy” New York Times, April 3, 1861.
“We are atthe end” William H. Seward to AL, April 1, 1861, ALPLC.
“It must be somebody’s business” John M. Laylor, William Henry Seward: Lincoln’s Right Hand (New York: Harper Collins, 1991), 150-54.
“This had your distinct” AL to William H. Seward, CW, 4:316. The exchange between Seward and Lincoln did not become known for thirty years after Lincoln’s death. The fact that Lincoln’s letter is not to be found i
n Seward’s papers is a strong indication it was never sent.
“Would it impose” AL to Winfield Scott, April 1, 1861, CW, 4:316.
“Noreport” “Memorandum,” April 19, 1861, CW, 4:338.
“An attempt will be made” War Department to Robert S. Chew, April 6, 1861, CW, 4:323.
Beauregard ordered a Confederate battery For a description of the attack on Fort Sumter, see James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 264-74.
“Everybody much excited” Taft, Diary, April 13, 1861.
“God, in his merciful” David Rankin Barbee, “President Lincoln and Doctor Gurley,” ALQ 5, no. 1 (March 1948): 5.
“I would make it 200,000” Stephen A. Douglas, Letters, ed. Robert W. Johannsen (Urbana: University of Illinois, 1961), 509—10.
“spoke of the present” Johannsen, Douglas, 859—60.
“I’ve known Mr. Lincoln” Forney, Anecdotes of Public Men, 1:224—25.
critics have scrutinized Richard N. Current offers an admirable summary of the historiographical debate about Lincoln’s actions in the crisis of Fort Sumter, as well as its larger implications for the movement for secession, in the “Afterthoughts” of Lincoln and the First Shot, 182—208.
“You and I both anticipated” AL to Gustavus V. Fox, May 1, 1861, CW, 4:350; for an excellent account, see Ari Hoogenboom, “Gustavus Fox and the Relief of Fort Sumter,” Civil War History 9 (December 1963): 383-98.
“The plan succeeded” Browning, Diary, July 3, 1861, 476.
CHAPTER 18. A People’s Contest: April 1861-July 1861
“nervous tension” Nicolay and Hay, 3:151.
“We are in a beleaguered City” Taft, Diary, April 13, 1861.
Lee, the son of Mary M. Thomas, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1995), 147-49.
“by combinations too powerful” “Proclamation Calling Militia and Convening Congress,” April 15, 1861, CW, 4:331-32.
“The people of Maine” Reinhard H. Luthin, The Real Abraham Lincoln (Engle-wood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1960), 279-80.
“Kentucky will furnish” William Best Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948), 147-48.
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