52 John Taylor, Body Horror: Photojournalism, Catastrophe and War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), p. 63
53 Vulliamy, ‘Concentration Camps’, p. 102
54 Ibid., p. 103
55 UN Human Rights Committee document, GE.93–16824 (E), 27 April 1993, paragraph 7. In paragraph 6 the document uses the term ‘concentration camp’ to describe the camps and lists over ninety Bosnian Serb-controlled camps in paragraph 7. Later paragraphs provide details of the numbers of detainees, organisation, conditions and deaths.
56 The commission reported: ‘“Informative talks” or interrogations basically took place in the Omarska and Keraterm camps … more than 6,000 adult males were taken to these concentration camps in the short period they existed (from the end of May to the beginning of August 1992). Since only 1,503 were moved on to Manjača camp according to Mr Drljača [Deputy Minister of Interior of the Serb Republic of Bosnia], a limited number transferred to the Trnopolje camp and almost none released, it may be assumed that the death toll was extremely high.’ See final report of the United Nations commission of experts established pursuant to security council resolution 780 (1992), S/1994/674, 27 May 1994, paragraph 170, pp. 40–41.
57 The UN commission’s report (Annex VIII) identified 639 camps: Serb-controlled: 331 (of which 204 were corroborated and 128 were uncorroborated); Muslim-controlled: 83 (of which 38 were corroborated and 45 were uncorroborated); Croat-controlled: 51 (of which 30 were corroborated and 21 were uncorroborated); unknown (i.e. no controlling group was positively established): 174 (of which 102 were corroborated and 72 were uncorroborated).
58 Ed Vulliamy’s other journalism awards for his Bosnia coverage were: 1992 Granada TV International Reporter of the Year; 1992 Amnesty International Reporter of the Year; and 1994 James Cameron Memorial Award.
59 Final report of the United Nations commission of experts established pursuant to security council resolution 780 (1992), Annex V, The Prijedor report, S/1994/674/Add.2 (Vol. I), 28 December 1994
60 Ibid.
61 See: (Milošević) Carlotta Gall, ‘Serbian tells of Spiriting Milosevic Away’, New York Times, 1 July 2001, and Chris Stephen, Judgement Day: The Trial of Slobodan Milosevic (London: Atlantic Books, 2004), especially Chapter 7; (Karadžić) ‘Serbia Capture Fugitive Karadžić’, BBC News, 21 July 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7518543.stm (accessed 26 November 2012); (Mladić) ‘Ratko Mladic Arrested: Bosnia War Crimes Suspect Held’, BBC News, 26 May 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13561407 (accessed 26 November 2012)
62 See ICTY Tadić summary, http://www.icty.org/x/cases/tadic/cis/en/cis_tadic_en.pdf (accessed 26 November 2012)
63 ‘Germany Prosecutes Serb for War Crimes in Bosnia’, Agence France Presse – English, 14 February 1994
64 Lindsey Hilsum, war crimes trial: http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/bosnia/war_crimes_5-7.html
65 Ed Vulliamy, ‘Tadić Stood Where No Man Has Since Goering and Hess, Ed Vulliamy at the first Bosnian war-crimes trial in The Hague’, The Guardian, 8 May 1996, p. 2
66 Ed Vulliamy, ‘Testimony for the Terrorised’, The Guardian, 15 June 1996, p. 29
67 Transcript, day 8 am, p. 17, lines 21–22
68 Transcript, day 8 pm, p. 72, lines 40–54
69 David Campbell, ‘Atrocity, Memory, Photography: Imaging the Concentration Camps of Bosnia – The Case of ITN Versus Living Marxism, Part 1’, Journal of Human Rights, vol. 1, no. 1 (March 2002), pp. 8–9
70 Transcript, day 8 pm, p. 73, lines 1–11
71 Transcript, day 8 am, p. 18, lines 44–55
72 Transcript, day 8 am, p. 17, lines 46–47
73 Transcript, day 8 am, p. 19, lines 3–8
74 Thomas Deichmann, ‘The Picture that Fooled the World’, Living Marxism, no. 97, February 1997
75 Private information
76 Martin Bell, Through Gates of Fire: A Journey into World Disorder (London: Phoenix, 2004), p. 166
77 Luke Harding, ‘Second Front: A Shot that’s Still Ringing’, The Guardian, 12 March 1997
78 Ibid.
79 Mick Hume, ‘Letter: The Rocky Road From Dunblane’, The Guardian, 18 March 1996, p. 10 (‘Nothing like the school gym shooting has ever happened in Britain before. There is nothing to suggest that it will happen again. So why should we allow this extraordinary incident to determine the degree of security, surveillance and controls we are prepared to accept in our society?’)
80 Mick Hume, ‘Letter: Battle Rages over Bosnia’, The Guardian, 14 March 1997, p. 16
81 Andy Beckett, ‘Licence to Rile’, The Guardian, 15 May 1999
82 Ed Vulliamy, ‘I Stand by My Story’, The Observer, 2 February 1997, p. 25
83 Andrew Culf, ‘ITN Wins Apology over Bosnia Libel, Press Release Alleged Camps Stories Fabricated’, The Guardian, 18 April 1997, p. 9
84 Private information
85 Martin Bell, Through Gates of Fire, pp. 164–65
86 Richard Tait, Letter to the Editor, The Times, 23 October 1998, p. 27
87 John Simpson interview with Vin Ray at Frontline Club, London, 16 January 2013
88 John Simpson, Strange Places, Questionable People (London: Pan, 1999), p. 449
89 Eddie Gibb, ‘John Simpson to Act for Defence Against ITN in Libel Trial’, Sunday Herald, 6 February 2000, p. 6
90 Eddie Gibb, ‘Ready for Another War’, Sunday Herald, 6 February 2000, p. 4
91 John Simpson, witness statement for LM in ITN v LM libel case, London, 2000
92 Deborah Lipstadt, History on Trial: My Day in Court with a Holocaust Denier (New York: HarperPerennial, 2006); Richard Evans, Telling Lies about Hitler (London: Verso, 2002)
93 Transcript, day 8 am, p. 27, lines 53–54
94 Mick Hume, ‘Spare Any Change Guv?’, The Times, 17 March 2000
95 David Campbell, ‘Atrocity, Memory, Photography: Imaging the Concentration Camps of Bosnia – The Case of ITN Versus Living Marxism, Part 2’, Journal of Human Rights, vol. 1, no. 2 (June 2002), pp. 143–172
96 Transcript, day 7 am, p. 3, lines 5–16
97 Transcript, day 1, pp. 11–12, lines 48–55 and 1
98 Ibid., p. 10, lines 53–54
99 Transcript, day 7 am, p. 11, lines 18–27
100 Ibid., p. 11, lines 42–46
101 Ibid., p. 12, lines 13–26
102 Ibid., p. 12, lines 28–32
103 Ibid., p. 13, line 1
104 Ibid., p. 13, lines 14–19
105 Ibid., p. 13, lines 30–32
106 Ibid., p. 14, lines 1–22
107 Ibid., p. 14, lines 24–29
108 Ibid., p. 15, lines 41–52
109 Ibid., p. 16, lines 45–50
110 Ibid., p. 17, lines 9–19
111 David Campbell, ‘Atrocity, Memory, Photography: Imaging the Concentration Camps of Bosnia – The Case of ITN Versus Living Marxism, Part 1’, p. 25
112 Transcript, day 11 am, pp. 10–14
113 Transcript, day 11 pm, pp. 17–19
114 Ibid., p. 20
115 Broadcasting Standards Commission, Adjudication, 2 October 2000
116 Ibid.
117 Ibid.
118 Hume, ‘Spare Any Change Guv?’
119 Mick Hume, There is No Such Thing as a Free Press: And We Need One More Than Ever (Exeter: Imprint Academic, 2012), Kindle location 2711
120 John Simpson, A Mad World, My Masters, p. 321
121 Ibid., p. 322
122 Ed Vulliamy, The War is Dead, Long Live the War, p. 83
123 Email exchanges: Stewart Purvis with Henry De Zoete (special adviser to Michael Gove), April and May 2013
124 John Simpson, ‘Book Review: The War is Dead, Long Live the War: Bosnia: The Reckoning by Ed Vulliamy’, The Observer, 22 April 2012, p. 37
125 TNA KV2/1016, 172532/ME/16, 26 January 1920
126 TNA CAB 24/132 CP 3209, weekly report on revolutionary organisations in the United Kingdom, no. 138
127 John Callaghan and Kevin Morgan, ‘The
Open Conspiracy of the Communist Party and the Case of W. N. Ewer, Communist and Anti-Communist’, Historical Journal, vol. 49, no. 2 (June 2006), p. 553
128 Federated Press of America, FPA, based in London’s Strand.
129 TNA KV2/1016, s809a, p. 12
130 TNA KV2/1016, folio 1101, p. 5
131 TNA KV2/485; Keith Jeffery, MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service, 1909–1949, revised edn (London: Bloomsbury, 2011), pp. 230–231
132 Francis Williams, Nothing So Strange (New York: American Heritage Press, 1970), p. 113
133 TNA FO 371/56885/N 6092G, Kirkpatrick memorandum; minutes, 7 May 1946
134 Sir John Rennie (MI6); Sir Ray Whitney (Conservative MP)
135 Paul Lashmar and James Oliver, Britain’s Secret Propaganda War (Stroud: Sutton, 1998)
136 John Jenks, British Propaganda and News Media in the Cold War (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006), p. 82
137 Alter Litvin and John Keep, Stalinism: Russian and Western Views at the Turn of the Millennium (London: Routledge, 2005), p. 11
138 See Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (London: Bodley Head, 2010), Chapter 1; Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivisation and the Terror-Famine (London: Pimlico, 2002); Robert Service, A History of Twentieth Century Russia (London: Allen Lane, 1997); Lynne Viola, Peasant Rebels Under Stalin: Collectivization and the Culture of Peasant Resistance (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); for the unreliability of records see Litvin and Keep, Stalinism; Sheila Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999; D’Ann Penner, The Agrarian Strike of 1932–33, Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies at the Hoover Institution, occasional paper, no. 269, 1998
139 Walter Duranty, I Write as I Please (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1933), p. 287
140 Harrison E. Salisbury, Without Fear or Favor: The New York Times and its Times (New York: Times Books, 1980), p. 458
141 Walter Duranty, Search for a Key (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1943), p. 1. The book mixes fiction and fact.
142 S. J. Taylor, Stalin’s Apologist: Walter Duranty, The New York Times’s Man in Moscow (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 4
143 Ibid., p. 23
144 Ibid., p. 18
145 Crowley, Duranty, Jane Chéron and Victor Neuberg took part in a series of twenty-three satanic, sexual and magic rituals, the so-called ‘Paris Workings’, which lasted for seven weeks from 31 December 1913. The New York Times would not have approved. Richard Kaczynski, Perdurabo: The Life of Aleister Crowley, revised edn (Berkeley: North Atlantic Books, 2010); and Aleister Crowley, The Equinox: The Vision and The Voice – With Commentary and Other Papers, v. 4, no. 2, new edn (York Beach, ME: Red Wheel/Weiser, 1999), pp. 351–395
146 S. J. Taylor, Stalin’s Apologist, p. 32
147 Tobias Churton, Aleister Crowley: The Biography (London: Watkins Publishing, 2011), p. 306
148 Williams said Duranty uttered ‘the first mention that I remember of the word “war” in connection with the events that followed so fast for the next few weeks…’, Wythe Williams, Passed by the Censor, 1916 (Forgotten Books reprint, 2012), p. 3
149 Duranty, I Write As I Please, pp. 283–284
150 The Kapp Putsch was an uprising that sought to overthrow the German government which had accepted the terms of the Versailles Treaty ending the First World War.
151 Duranty, I Write As I Please, pp. 74–75. The diplomat only found out about the story when Washington asked for details.
152 Ibid., p. 93
153 W. Lippmann and C. Merz, ‘A Test of the News’, New Republic, 4 August 1920
154 Ibid., p. 3
155 Ibid., p. 45
156 Duranty, I Write As I Please, p. 99
157 TNA FO 371/16323, (William) Strang to Collier, 6 December 1932
158 Salisbury, Without Fear or Favor, p. 462
159 Ibid., p. 462
160 Ibid., p. 463
161 David C. Engerman, ‘Modernization from the Other Shore: American Observers and the Costs of Soviet Economic Development’, American Historical Review, vol. 105, no. 2 (April 2000), pp. 390–391; see also the articles: Walter Duranty, New York Times: ‘All Russia Suffers Shortage of Food’; ‘Supplies Dwindling’, 25 November 1932, p. 1; ‘Food Shortage Laid to Soviet Peasants’, 26 November 1932, p. 9; ‘Soviet Press Lays Shortages to Foes’, 27 November 1932, p. 4; ‘Soviet Not Alarmed over Food Shortage’, 28 November 1932, p. 6; ‘Soviet Industries Hurt Agriculture’, 29 November 1932, p. 4; ‘Bolsheviki United on Socialist Goal’, 30 November 1932, p. 4.
162 Engerman, ‘Modernization from the Other Shore’, p. 206
163 Ibid., p. 200
164 Walter Duranty, ‘Red Russia’, New York Times, 14 June 1931
165 Engerman, ‘Modernization from the Other Shore’, p. 384
166 Walter Duranty, ‘Red Square’, New York Times, 18 September 1932
167 For 1932 Pulitzer Prizes: http://www.pulitzer.org/awards/1932
168 Taylor, Stalin’s Apologist, p. 182
169 TNA FO 371/16323/N7289 Strang to Collier, 6 December 1932
170 Engerman, ‘Modernization from the Other Shore’, p. 391
171 David C. Engerman, Modernization from the Other Shore: American Intellectuals and the Romance of Russian Development, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003) p. 197
172 William Henry Chamberlin: ‘The Russian Peasant Sphinx’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 7, no. 3 (April 1929), pp. 477–487; ‘Making the Collective Man in Soviet Russia’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 10, no. 2 (January 1932), pp. 280–292; ‘The Balance Sheet of the Five-Year Plan’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 11, no. 3 (April 1933), pp. 458–469; ‘What is Happening in Russia?’, International Affairs, vol. 12, no. 2 (March 1933), pp. 187–204.
173 Chamberlin, ‘What is Happening in Russia?’, p. 189
174 Engerman, ‘Modernization from the Other Shore: American Observers and the Costs of Soviet Economic Development’, p. 392.
175 Duranty’s interview with Stalin was published in the New York Times on 1 December 1930. It is reprinted in Walter Duranty, Russia Reported (London: Victor Gollancz, 1934), pp. 202–207.
176 Originally published by the Alton Press Inc., Pittsburgh, USA in 1932. A PDF is available online: http://www.garethjones.org/soviet_articles/experiences_in_russia_1931.pdf (accessed 19 September 2012)
177 TNA FO 371/16336/N6494, Strang, record of meeting with Mr Duranty, 14 November, 1932
178 Engerman, Modernization from the Other Shore: American Intellectuals and the Romance of Russian Development, p. 201
179 See Snyder, Bloodlands, Chapter 1
180 Simon Sebag-Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2003), p. 80. Stalin had told Churchill that collectivisation ‘had been a terrible struggle, “in which he had to destroy ten million. It was fearful. Four years it lasted. It was absolutely necessary … there was no use arguing with them”’, (citing Winston Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 4, pp. 447–448).
181 Whitman Bassow, The Moscow Correspondents: Reporting on Russia from the Revolution to Glasnost (New York: William Morrow and Co., 1988), p. 67
182 Richard Ingrams, Muggeridge (London: Harper Collins, 1996), p. 72
183 Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, Report to Congress by the Commission on the Ukraine Famine, 19 April 1988 (submitted to Congress, 22 April 1988), United States Government Printing Office, Washington: 1988, p. 168 (hereafter referred to as Congressional report)
184 Gareth Jones, Letter to the Editor, New York Times, 1 May 1933
185 Malcolm Muggeridge (unattributed – ‘From a Correspondent in Russia’), ‘The Soviet and the Peasantry, an Observer’s Notes, II, Hunger in the Ukraine’, Manchester Guardian, 27 March 1933, pp. 9–10
186 Malcolm Muggeridge (unattributed – ‘From a Correspondent in Russia’), ‘The Soviet and the Peasantry, an Observer’s Notes, III, Poor Harv
est in Prospect’, Manchester Guardian, 28 March 1933, pp. 9–10
187 Malcolm Muggeridge, ed. John Bright-Holmes, Like It Was: The Diaries of Malcolm Muggeridge (London: Collins, 1981), p. 74
188 For a comprehensive account of Jones’s life and supporting information, as well as transcripts of many relevant articles: http://www.garethjones.org
189 From the 1933 diary of Gareth Jones, vol. 2: http://www.garethjones.org/diaries/1933-2/gareth_jones_1933_diary_2_part_2.pdf, accessed 18 September 2012
190 Gareth Jones was the subject of a Storyville documentary, Hitler, Stalin and Mr Jones, (BBC4, 5 July 2012, 9 p.m.) while Duranty was the subject of a Radio 4 documentary, But They Are Only Russians, (12 January 2013, 11.30 a.m.).
191 Ingrams, Muggeridge, p. 72
192 Edgar Ansel Mowrer, ‘Russian Famine Now as Great as Famine of 1921 says Secretary to Lloyd George’, Chicago Daily News, 29 March 1933, p. 2
193 ‘Millions Starving in Russia’, Daily Express, 30 March 1933, p. 2.
194 ‘“Keep Cool” says Soviet Ambassador’, Daily Express, 30 March 1933, p. 2. The engineers were all released. See Gordon W. Morrell, Britain Confronts the Stalin Revolution: Anglo-Soviet Relations and the Metro-Vickers Crisis (Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1995)
195 Walter Duranty, ‘Russians Hungry, but Not Starving’, New York Times, 31 March 1933
196 Thirty-five agriculture bureaucrats were shot as a result.
197 Walter Duranty, ‘Soviet Industry Shows Big Gains’, New York Times, April 6, 1933
198 [George] Bernard Shaw and Twenty Others, Letter to the Editor, Manchester Guardian, 2 March 1933
199 Ingrams, Muggeridge, p. 75
200 Dana G. Dalrymple, ‘The Soviet Famine of 1932–1934’, Soviet Studies, vol. 15, no. 3 (January 1964), p. 250
201 Ingrams, Muggeridge, p. 69
202 Lyons mistakenly telephoned a despatch to London without clearing it first with the censor; failing to stop its circulation on the newswires was the end of his career in Moscow. He left in January 1934. See: Bassow, Moscow Correspondents, pp. 86–87.
203 James Crowl, Angels in Stalin’s Paradise: Western Reporters in Soviet Russia, 1917 to 1937 (Washington: University Press of America, 1982) p. 141
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