China: migrants to Russian territories in Yeltsin era, 121–22, 124, 135; Russia’s post–Cold War foreign policy and, 257, 265
Chubais, Anatoly, 83, 235
Churkin, Alexander, Soviet psychiatry and, xiv–xv, 25, 48, 53, 57
Cold War: end of, and new realities for Russian foreign policy, 255–56; end of, and nostalgia for phantom greatness of past, 265–90
Collapse of the Pedestal (Boldin), 92
Committee of State Security. See KGB
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), xxiii, 120–21, 260–62, 277
Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), 83–84
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), xxx, 178; “hypnosis” and, 206; Lockhart plot and, 245; redistribution of property and power after August 1991 coup, 142–43; special services and, 175, 176
“Comrade Wolf,” 270
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE). See Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE); Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
Congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR (1989), 33, 38, 79
conscience, freedom of, 23, 27, 35, 36, 40, 42, 44, 58, 197
conservatism, concept of, xxvi
Constitution of the USSR, 27, 33
Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon), 259
Council of the Russian Federation Assembly, 269–70
Council on Religious Affairs, 24–25, 40–43
Crimea, xv, xl, 12, 16, 121, 275, 293, 310
Criminal Code of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR): perestroika and, 31–36, 60, 178; Putin era controls and, 222–23
Dagestan, 126, 127, 130, 133, 229, 329n17
dedovshchina (“systematic bullying”) in the military, xxii
democracy: espionage and, 245–52; moves to end and to revive totalitarianism, 217–53; after perestroika and Gorbachev’s transition from totalitarianism to democracy, xiii–xvi, xxv, xxvii, 1; political assassination, 234–45; population’s rejection of, 7–15, 296; Putin’s vertical of power, 164, 179, 217–53, 273; Soviet Union’s collapse blamed on, 265; terrorism and need for enemy of Russia, 226–34, 333n4; violence against Russian citizens, 224–26
Deriabin, Yury, 59
dètente, 164, 289; Anatoly Kovalev and, xxxiii–xxxiv
The Devils (Dostoevsky), 313
Diachenko, Tatyana, xviii, 144, 148
diplomatic service, in Yeltsin era, 152–64
Directorate for Humanitarian and Cultural Cooperation, in Foreign Ministry, 18
dishonor, right to, 313–14
Dobroliubov, Nikolai, 187
Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak), 107
Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 298, 313
Dovlatov, Sergei, 151, 331n3
dualism, in Russia, 139, 161
Dubrovka theater center attack, 230, 231, 232
Dudaev, Dzhokhar, 128, 227
Dzasokhov, Alexander, 69
Dzerzhinsky, Feliks, 174; statue of, 170
ecology: crises in Putin era, 311; crises in Yeltsin era, 116, 117–20; education, neglected since Yeltsin era, xxii, 112, 131, 150, 311–12; espionage and, 247
Ekho Moskvy radio station, 170, 207–8, 216
Ekonomtsev, Ioan, 192
elections, control by state under Yeltsin and Putin, 219–26, 333n1
Engels, Friedrich, 2–3, 24, 183, 218
espionage, 174, 245–52, 282
Estonia, 3, 93, 161, 259; ethnic Russians in, 335n5; NATO and, 271, 309; in post–World War II Soviet sphere, 158–59, 256; Putin’s policy toward, 277–79
European Union, 230, 277, 302, 309; Kaliningrad and, 124, 138; Putin’s dislike of, 307; Russia and expansion of, 262, 264; Syrian refugees and, 308
extermination of persons, OGPU circular on, 102–3
“extremist activities,” Putin era control of elections and, 221–24
Farrand, Robert, 52, 54, 56
Federal Security Service (FSB): espionage and, 251; political assassinations and, 236–37, 239, 305; Putin as head of, xvi–xvii, xx; Russian elections and, 333n1; terrorism and need for enemy of Russia, 228–29
Fedorov, Ivan, 240
Filaret (of Minsk), 41
Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), xx, xxxiii–xxxv, 19, 27, 47, 63, 168, 177, 258–59, 268
First Chechen War, 112, 128–30, 191, 229, 286
forest fires (2010), falsified news about, 214–16
former socialist republics: European Union and, 262, 264, 277; NATO and, 120–24; reclaiming of sovereign rights, 125–27, 329nn16–17
Fourth Main Department of the Ministry of Health of the USSR (Kremlin Clinic), 76–77
Fradkov, Mikhail, 154–56
Gaidar, Yegor, 112, 237–38
Gamsakhurdia, Konstantin, 283
Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 280
Gavrilov, Sergei, 195–96
The Generation of the Thaw (Alekseeva), 327n1
Georgia, xxiii, 267, 271; Chechnya and, 130; ethnic Russians in, 335n5; Putin’s policy toward, 225, 273–75, 279–84, 291, 292, 294, 303; Rose revolution in, 251, 274, 281; in Yeltsin era, 121, 124
Giliarovskii, Vladimir, xxx
glasnost (transparency), 32–34, 178. See also speech, freedom of
Glukhov, Alexei, xiv, 22, 25, 29, 328n1
Golovlev, Vladimir, 235
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 1, 3, 12, 38, 88, 313; Anatoly Kovalev and, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxv–xxxvi, 19, 20, 76, 93–94; emasculation of Communist Party, xvi; hatred for, 78, 79; John Paul II and, 44; on LDPR, 209; loss of power, 91–95; speech at United Nations, 22–23, 61; “world imperialism” as enemy of, 226. See also Gorbachev era; perestroika
Gorbachev era: absence of system of governance and, 217; August 1991 coup and outcomes of, xvi, 64, 67–72, 78, 79, 86–87, 88; diplomatic services and, 152–64; dismantling of Yalta-Potsdam system and end of Stalinist model of international relations, 257, 259–60; espionage and, 246; religious freedom and, 39; special services and, 218–19; West’s mistakes during, 286–90
Grachev, Pavel, 128
Grishin, Viktor, xxxvii
Gromyko, Andrei, xxxvii, 17, 18, 163–64, 177, 335n1; Anatoly Kovalev and, xxxiv–xxxv
Group of Eight (G8), 273
GRU (military intelligence), 238–39, 241–42, 334n17
GUBOP, 238, 240, 331n14
GULAG (Main Directorate for Corrective Labor Camps), 11, 23; creation of “Soviet person” and, 101–5; forerunner of, 225; slave labor and, 107–8, 164; special services power and, 173
The Gulag Archipelago (Solzhenitsyn), xxxiv–xxxv, 102
Gusarov, Evgeny, 329n12
Gusinskii, Vladimir, 170, 206, 207, 242
Helsinki Act. See Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)
Herzen, Alexander, 292–93, 312–13
homophobic law (2013), 303
Hungarian revolution, xx, 176–77
Hussein, Saddam, 162, 263
Huxley, Aldous, dystopia of, 313
“hypnosis” of Russian people: “active measures” (aktivka) and, 208–10; falsified current events, 214–16; falsified history, 211–14; as foundation of Russian politics, 182–83; propaganda and, 205–6; suppression of freedom of speech, 206–8
ideological state, Soviet myths and national pride and, 183–86
Idushchie vmeste (Going Together) youth movement, 208
Ignatenko, Vitaly, 69, 94
Iliumzhinov, Kirsan, 127
Illarionov, Andrei, 142–43
illegal arms sales, xxii, 145
imperialism, “new” Russia, 255–90; nostalgia for Cold War and new realities for Russian foreign policy, 255–56; Putin and post-Soviet republics, 272–85; Putin’s anti-Western policies, 265–72; West’s mistakes and, 285–90; Yalta-Potsdam system and, 256–60; Yeltsin’s policies and missed opportunities, 260–65
infantilizm (childish willfulness), xxiii, 7–8, 172, 292, 295,
299, 304–5
Ingushetia, Republic of, 126, 329n16
intellectual freedom, perestroika and, 35–36
intelligentsia versus intellectuals, in Yeltsin era, 166–67
internal enemies, National Idea and search for, 197–200
International Bill of Human Rights, 26, 27
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, 62
International Treaty on Civil and Political Rights, 64
Internet providers, surveillance and, 334n12
Invitation to a Beheading (Nabokov), 9
Iraq, 4, 109, 263
Iskander, Fazil, 28
Islam: filling of religious void left by National Idea, 191; fundamentalism of, 131–33, 308, 331n29
Israeli visas, 29
Ivanov, Igor, 52, 162–63, 307
Ivanov, Sergei, xix, 149, 150
Ivan the Terrible, 145, 181, 328n6
Izvestiia, 41, 50
Japan, 124, 127, 138, 247
John Paul II, Pope: Gorbachev and, 44; visit to USSR, 23, 39
journalism and journalists, Putin’s attacks on, 234–45
Kabardino-Balkar Republic, 126, 329n17
Kaliningrad region, 124, 135–38
Kalmykia, 125
Kalniete, Sandra, 158–59
Karachaevo-Cherkessia Republic, 329n17
Karadžić, Radovan, 161
Karaev, Nikolai, 215
Karelia, 126, 127
Kazakhstan, 271, 276, 335n5
KGB, xxx–xxxix, 173; Andropov and, 176; August 1991 coup and, 70, 76; hatred of Gorbachev, 79; hatred of West, 184; “hypnosis” and, 206; Pope John Paul’s visit and, 23; present in every Soviet department, 175; psychiatry and, 56; publication classification and, 203; redistribution of property and power after August 1991 coup, 80–84, 142–43; Russian Orthodox Church and, 39, 171, 180, 188, 192; special services in Yeltsin era and, 98, 99; U.S. rabbis’ visit to Ukraine and, 25; in Yeltsin era, 164, 165–66
Khanty-Mansiiskii Autonomous District, 126
Khasavyurt Agreement, 129, 330n20
Khindrava, Georgy, 283
Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 169, 243, 244, 303
Khokhol’kov, Yevgeny, 240
Kholodov, Dmitry, 234, 238
Khristenko, Viktor, 235
Khrushchev, Nikita S., 99, 121, 165
Kirill, Patriarch (Vladimir M. Gundyaev), 41–42, 191–92, 194–95
Kiselev, Evgeny, 81
Kiveledi, Ivan, xxi
Kokoshin, Andrei, xviii, 147, 149, 150
Kolosovskii, Andrei, 62
Komi, 125, 126, 329n17
Kommunist (Communist) journal, 206
Komsomol (Communist Youth League), 205, 206, 208, 210–11
Komsomolskaia pravda (Komsomol truth), 215
Korol’kov, Igor, 238
Korzhakov, Alexander, xvi, 110–11, 144, 177–78, 207
Kosovo, 279
Kovalev, Anatoly, xxxii–xxxvii, 168, 209, 288; character and personality, 19–20; Gorbachev and, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxv–xxxvi, 19, 20, 76, 93–94; hospitalized after August 1991 coup, 72–77; perestroika and, xiii–xv, 18, 22, 47, 60; special services and, 177
Kovalev, Nikolai, 240
Kovalev, Sergei, 65, 235, 330n23
Kovalev, Valentin, 158
Kovtun, Dmitry, 237
Kozyrev, Andrei, 62, 153, 161, 262, 263
Krasnodarskii and Stavropolskii territories, 329n17
Kravchuk, Leonid, 78
Kriuchkov, Vladimir, xxxvii, 63, 68–69, 70, 73, 75, 92–94, 209
Kruchina, Nikolai, 71
Kudrin, Aleksei, 301
Kulikov, Anatoly, 228
Kungaeva, Elza, 240–41
Kuril Islands, 124, 127, 138
Kuznetsov, Rudolf, 25, 29–30
Kyrgyzstan, 335n5
Latvia, 158–59, 161, 256, 259, 277; ethnic Russians in, 335n5; NATO and, 271, 309
Lavrov, Sergei, 163, 282
Law on Freedom of Conscience and of Religious Organizations (1990), 42
Lazovsky, Maxim, 239, 334n15
Lebed, Alexander, 129, 139, 330n20
Lebedev, Alexander, 81
Lebedev, Platon, 243, 244
Lenin, Vladimir, xv, 15, 24, 99–100, 105, 113, 173, 175, 180, 183, 201, 205, 225
Leninism-Stalinism, 10, 98–113, 164, 211, 218–19, 246, 301
Leninist norms, 24, 32, 40, 50, 114
Leonova, Lidia, 193
Lesin, Mikhail, 207
Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), 11, 90–91, 139, 209, 237
Liberal Russia party, 235
Ligachev, Yegor, xxxvii, 39, 61, 72–73, 210, 329n7
Lithuania, 158–59, 256, 259; ethnic Russians in, 335n5; NATO and, 271, 309
Litvinenko, Alexander, xxi, 13, 164, 209, 237, 267–68, 305
Lockhart, R. H. Bruce, 245–46
Lugovoi, Andrei, 209, 237
Lukashenko, Alexander, 162, 263
Lukyanov, Anatoly, 93
Luzhkov, Yury, 207
Magnitsky, Sergei, 303–4
Malashenko, Igor, 206, 207
Malkevich, V., 148
Manzhosin, Alexander, 146–47
Markelov, Stanislav, 241–42
Marx, Karl, 2–3, 24, 183, 205, 208
Marxism-Leninism, 2, 4, 15, 40, 108, 188
Maskhadov, Aslan, 232, 233, 330n20
media, Putin era control of, 167, 170, 211, 221
Media-Most Group, 170, 206–7, 224
medical information, secrecy and, 204
Medvedev, Dmitry, xxi, 7, 9, 167, 181, 211, 223, 284, 300, 301, 302, 305
Medvedev, Vadim, 89, 328n7
Men, Alexander, xvi, 189, 322n10
Milëkhin, Gennady, 56
military: decline of power in Yeltsin era, 122–25, 142–43; dedovshchina (“systematic bullying”) in, xxii; remilitarization under Putin, xx, 4, 10, 270–74
Milošević, Slobodan, 161, 162, 263
Ministry of Health, psychiatry and, xiv–xv, 25, 34, 48, 50, 53–56, 58, 59, 76
Moiseev, Valentin, 250
Moldova, 121, 271; ethnic Russians in, 335n5; Putin’s policy toward, 279, 283, 284–85, 291
Molodaia Gvardiia (Young Guard), 208, 278
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939), xxi, 65, 158, 213, 256, 277, 284
Montesquieu, Charles de, xxxix, 187
Moscow, terrorist acts in, 229, 239, 334n8
Moscow Conference on the Human Dimension of the CSCE, 20, 22, 59–65, 88
Moscow Patriarchate, 43–44, 191–95
Moskovskie novosti, 82
“Munich,” as shameful label, 289
Murashkovites, 42, 328n4
Nabokov, Vladimir, 9
Nagorno-Karabakh, 36–37, 62, 121, 166
The Naked King (Schwartz), 301, 335n7
narodnost’ (dense xenophobia), 292. See also xenophobia
Naryshkin, Sergei, 212
Nashi (Ours) party, 170–71, 208, 278
Natelashvili, Shalva, 283
National Bolshevik Party, 208
National Idea, 171, 186–87; search for internal enemies and, 197–200; suppression of religion and, 188–97
nationality, as ethnicity in Russia, xxxviii–xxxix
Nazarbaev, Nursultan, 79
Nazism, in Russia today, 11
Nekrasov, Nikolai, xx, 252
Nemtsov, Boris, 304
NHK television, 247
Nicholas I, xii, 292
Nicholas II, xxvi
Nikitin, Alexander, 247
nomenklatura (privileged elite): benefits of being, 107–8; coup’s outcomes and, 67, 83–85, 142–43; religion and, 188–89
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs): espionage and, 251–52; laws controlling, 223–24
Nord-Ost musical, terror attacks, 230, 231–32, 241
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), xxviii; former socialist republics and expansion of, 120–24, 261–62, 271, 277, 329n13, 329n15; in Gorbachev era, 87; in Yeltsin era, 158,
161–62
North Caucasus, 127, 132–33, 138–39, 331n29, 335n5
North Ossetia, 126, 280
nostalgia: for Cold War, 255–56; for phantom greatness of past, 265–90; for stagnation, 168; for totalitarianism, 167–68, 302
Novaia gazeta (New paper), 207–8, 231–32, 235, 238, 239–41
Novocherkassk, restoring of order in, 225, 333n2
NTV, 206–7, 224
nuclear submarines, espionage and, 247
nuclear weapons: Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (1972), 271–72; dangers of Russian state disintegration and, 310; missile disarmament, 249; nonproliferation treaties, 146–48; restraint of use as foundation of Cold War, 268
Öcalan, Abdullah, 227
Ogata, Sadako, 156–57
OGPU, 329n3; circular on physical extermination, 102–3
oil and gas: Chechnya and, 128; Russian national pride and, 185; Russian policies toward former SSRs, 272–74; Russia’s energy blackmail and, 266–67
“On Departure from the USSR and Reentry into the USSR of Citizens of the USSR” law, 63
OPGs, 239, 334n17
opinion, Putin’s suppression of freedom of, 170
oprichnina: of Ivan the Terrible, 181, 328n6; perestroika and, 59; punitive psychiatry and, 59; Putin and new, 182, 218
Orange Revolution in Ukraine, 251, 268, 274
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), xxi, 213, 261, 268, 270
Orlov, Dimitri, 333n1
Orwell, George, dystopia of, 313
Owen, Robert, 305
paganism, Soviets’ use of, 105
Pamyat’, 11, 63
Pankin, Boris, 246
Paris, terror attacks in, 307–8
Pas’ko, Grigory, 247
Pasternak, Boris, 73, 107
patriotism. See National Idea
Patriots SS (Patriots of State Security), 80–81
Patrushev, Nikolai, 305
Pavlov, Ivan, 104
perestroika, 17–66, 108–9, 164–65; achievements of, 178, 181; Anatoly Kovalev and, xiii–xv, xxxvii; criminal codes and political censorship, 31–36, 60; economics and, 143; freedom of information and, 201–2; as Gorbachev’s “Democratic Relief,” 3–4; and Gorbachev’s transition from totalitarianism, xiii–xvi, xxv, xxvii, 1; and human rights, generally, 17–22; “hypnosis” and, 206; international obligations of USSR and, 20–21, 26–27, 36–37, 40, 63–64; Moscow Conference on the Human Dimension, 20, 22, 59–65; political abuse of psychiatry and, 7, 20, 45–59, 60, 245; political power and, 36–39; refuseniks and right to leave and return, 20, 23, 25–31; religious freedom and, xiv, xv–xvi, 24, 36, 39–45, 60, 189, 197; special services and, 177; violence during, 225; within-system dissidents and, 2–3
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