spread of Spanish 340, 343, 347, 364-373, 376, 444, 495
Amharic 36, 92
Amish community 92
Ammonite 70
Amorite 60n
Amorites 35n, 40, 42, 53, 60, 111, 164
Anacharsis, Scythian sage 243
Anáhuac, town in north-eastern Mexico 344
Anatolia 38, 42, 43n, 47-48, 65, 71, 83-84, 86, 106, 153, 247, 249, 250, 260, 260n, 262, 263-265
incursions by Gauls 293-294, 314
and Russia 434
Sultanate of Rum 263
Turkish advances 264, 266
Andalūs, el- see Spain
Andalusi dialect of Arabic 99
Andalusia 332
Anderson, Benedict 400n, 557
Angevin dynasty 460n, 463, 465-466
Anglesey 302, 313
Anglo-Dutch war 493
Anglo-Norman 460n, 461-465 see also
Norman French
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 461
Annales Cambriae 313
Annals of Ulster 313
Anshan 56-58
Antialkidas, king 192, 247
Antioch 90, 247, 250n
Antiochus Soter, king 68
Apollinaris, Sidonius 300
Apollonius of Tyana 258
Aquitanians 301
Arabia 101, 102, 121, 209
Arabic 20-22, 35, 38, 49, 78, 88n, 93-105, 335, 527n
Andalusi dialect 99
bilingualism 97-100, 163
demographics 527n, 530
diglossia 98
Language Teaching 521
Maghrebi dialect 78n
phonetic distinctions 108
pronunciation 69n, 94
and Queen Cleopatra 131
sacred language 93-96, 98, 100-101, 110, 520
script 94n, 97
similarity to Hebrew 110
spread of 95, 97-98, 102-105, 108, 111-112, 134, 141, 149, 164-165, 209, 212, 260, 377, 490, 528n, 536, 547, 554
Arabs, and Egypt 164-165, 260
Aragon 99, 332
Aram 35n, 64, 80, 83
Aramaeans 43-44, 64-66, 111, 164
Aramaic 12, 13, 21, 22, 35, 35n, 38, 47-50, 57, 80, 250, 335, 536
alphabetic script 63-64
chancery language 269, 517, 548
in China 141
and Christianity 88-90, 90n, 111
coins 247, 249
and Egypt 129-132, 149, 164-165
Imperial 80-81
inscriptions 83-85, 249
and Iran 108
and Islam 88n, 97
as lingua franca 246, 258
overtakes Akkadian 60-61, 63, 65-68, 70, 76, 78
pronunciation 81
related to Arabic 93, 110
supplanted by Greek as language of Persia 85
written interlingua 82
Arcadia 236
Arcado-Cyprian dialects of Greek 236
Archaeology 31, 46n, 67, 124-129, 136, 281, 290, 357
Ardashir, king of Persia 259
Argentina 339, 372
Nonconformist Welsh 93
Aristophanes 551
Aristotle 265, 278
Armenia 41, 88, 93, 96, 241, 269
Armenian 24n, 43, 300n, 434, 435, 442
alphabet 88
Arnold, Matthew 516n
Arphaxad, Hebrew ancestor 35n
Arrian, Greek historian 272
Arsaces, Parthian king 85
Arsames, Persian governor 83
Artaxerxes, king of Persia 82
Arte de la Lengua General …del Perú 334, 346
Arthur, legendary king 461
Arthurian legends 313
Arwadites 35n
Aryan languages 41, 176-178, 187-190, 195-198, 212n, 216-217, 223
Aryāvarta 186-187
Ashdod 129
Ashurbanipal, king of Assyria 32, 54, 59
Asia
English 505, 513, 528
French empire 417
immigration 535
Iranian languages 109
Persian 108
Portuguese empire 385-390, 496
Roman rule 252
Turkic languages 107
Asia Minor 12, 295
Aśoka, emperor 84, 151, 178, 186-9, 197-9, 208, 215, 218, 220, 246, 503n
Assamese 176
Asshur 35n, 61, 66
Asshurbanipal 56
Assyria 13, 30, 40, 42, 44, 46-47, 49, 56, 61-65, 111, 120, 423n
deportations 65-66, 79
and Egypt 128-129, 164-165
Astrakhan 106, 427
Atahuallpa, Inca emperor 342-343, 356
Atatürk, Turkish priest 105n
Athens 232-233, 242, 254n
Attila, Hun general 106, 306
Atsuya, Washisu 449
Attic dialect of Greek 229-230, 231n, 271
Atticism 255-257, 329
literature 268
writers 254n
Augustine (Saint), bishop of Hippo, 46, 75-76, 307n, 308
Augustus, Roman emperor 76, 259
Austin, Moses, US developer 490, 494
Australia 12, 19, 505-506, 508, 510, 514n, 535
Austria 448
Austro-Asiatic languages 201, 205
Austronesian 22, 205
Avars 41, 262, 306, 425
Avesta scriptures 48, 96
Avienus, Roman poet 290
Aymara 357, 364, 368, 370
Ayvu Rapyta 361
Azerbaijan 93, 434-435, 443n
Aztecs 1-4, 12, 15, 348, 351-355, 372
Babur, emperor 106, 212
Babylon 53, 55-57, 278
civilization 30, 50, 53, 56-57, 58-61, 63-64, 66, 70, 79-80, 82, 129, 165
dynasties 44, 47, 68
Kassite takeover 40-41, 55, 60, 62, 63
use of Akkadian 42, 61, 67n, 111, 130, 247
and Nimrod 35n
origin of name 58
Talmud 90
Babylonia, Greek overlordship 245, 247
Bacchylides, Greek lyric poet 130
Bacon, Francis, English sage 328
Bactria 178, 257-258
Bactrian 48n, 108
Baghdad 101, 167
Bahasa Indonesia 403, 444, 532
Bairoch, P.510, 575-576n65
Bali 204, 207
Balkans 261, 424
and German 447
military catastrophe 273
population 260n
Slav invasions 310, 423
spread of Slavic 275, 280, 309
Baltic states 429, 431, 432-433, 439, 442
Baluchistan 47
Bantu languages 9, 22, 23n, 103-104, 507, 532
Banu Hilal 100-101
Barbarians 158, 160, 167-170, 227, 228, 230, 232
Basa Perteges (Dutch) 389n
Basham, A.L. 216
Basil I, Byzantine emperor 262
Basque 301
Basques 290, 306n
Basshar bin Burd, Persian poet 98
Batavi 398n
Bayeux Tapestry 319
Bazin, Louis 139
Beal, Samuel 138n
Becket, Thomas à, Norman bishop 408
Bedouin 93
Behistun, rock inscription 32, 57
Beijing 143, 144, 145, 151, 529
Beja 131n
Belarus 425, 429, 431, 439, 443
Belgium 407, 418-419
Bengal/Bengali 149, 527n, 528, 530
Berber (Tamazight) 127, 292, 307n, 412n
Berbers 36, 97, 99-100
Bernardino, Brother Gaspar de San 388
Bhāgavad Gītā 195
Bible
Authorised version in English 473n
Greek Septuagint 248
Latin Vulgate 294
New Testament 87
Matthew 87n
Old Testament 31, 70
translations 472-473, 485, 521, 573n114, 574n24
see also Hebrew, scriptures
Bislama 508
Bismarck, Otto, Ge
rman Chancellor 505
Bît Bazi 44
Bithia 76
Black et al 69n
Boer War 399
Bogotá 341, 362, 366, 568n15
Bohairic dialect of Coptic 92
Bokhara 101
Bolivia 339, 357, 368, 370, 372
Book of Routes and Kingdoms 422n
Borneo 507
Bosnian, William 399
Bosnians 430n
Bourguiba, Habib, President of Tunisia 420
Bousquet, G.H. 402n
Boutros Ghali, Boutros 420
Boxer, C.R. 396n
Boyl, Father 365
Brahmi script 85n, 156; see also Indic scripts Brahui 39
Braudel, Fernand 85n, 110
Brazil 336, 373n, 374n, 380, 384, 385, 390-395, 444, 446, 480, 531
Brennus 293
Britain
bubonic plague/Black Death 313, 466-468, 518
and China 148-149
colonies 412, 415, 444, 482-484, 490-495, 505-511
see also India
empire 19-20, 478
immigrants 491, 506, 533-537
Industrial Revolution 510, 519
language replacement 310, 312
military catastrophe 273
origin of name 517
Peasants’ Revolt 468
Roman invasion 301-304, 310-311
Saxon invasions 304-305, 310-314
see also India; United Kingdom
British and Foreign Bible Society 438
Brough, John, British scholar of Sanskrit 184
Brunei 505, 532
Brythonic languages 291
Buchanan, Claudius, British ranter 499
Buddhism 99, 108, 118, 120, 141, 143, 145n, 146, 147, 151, 158-159, 172, 225, 246
and Pali/Sanskrit 178-179, 189-192, 199-200, 203, 207-212, 214, 217-220, 536
Bukhara 435, 437
Bulgaria 262, 310
Bulgars 261, 306, 425
Burgundians 20
Burma 134, 178, 201, 202, 203, 205, 207-208, 505, 507
Burns, Robert, Scots poet 516
Burundi 105
Business see Trade
Byblos (Gubla) 39, 41, 44, 71-73, 128
Byzantine empire 96, 106, 121, 167, 260, 263n, 329, 425, 427
Byzantium see Constantinople
Cabot, Sebastian, French navigator 349n
Cadiz 45
Caesar, Julius, Roman dynast 277-278, 286, 293, 294, 297, 301
Caesarius of Arelate, Latin writer 308
Calderón de la Barca, Pedro, Spanish dramatist 344
Californios 495
Calhoun, John J., US Senator 488
Calliana 89 see Kalyana
Cambodia 199, 203-206, 417, 514
see also Khmer
Cambyses, king of Persia 47
Camões, Luis Vaz de, Portuguese poet 381-382
Canaan 35n, 69n, 70-71, 78, 110-111, 128
peoples 44, 67
Canaanite languages 129
Canada 411-415, 444, 487, 535
Canterbury Tales, The (Chaucer) 470n
Cantiga de Santa Maria (Alfonso X) 384
Canton (Guangzhou) 159-160, 334
Cantonese (Yuè) dialect of Chinese 136, 141, 147, 528
Carian 84
Caribbean 335, 337, 339, 346, 349, 365-366, 379, 411, 412, 419, 479-481, 494
Carlos III, Spanish king 374, 377
Carlos V, Spanish king 367, 377
Carolingian Renaissance 316
Carthage 21, 34, 45-46, 71, 75-78, 97, 241, 290, 292, 293-294, 305, 307n, 536
Cartier, Jacques, French explorer 412, 519
Castile 332, 334, 384, 529
Castilian dialect of Spanish 99-100, 332-333, 364-365, 367, 374, 382, 384, 400, 529
Catalan 300, 320n, 382
Catherine the Great, empress of Russia 410, 431, 433, 434, 435
Cato, Marcus, Roman senator 279
Catullus, poet 330
Caucasus 12, 429, 434
Cavalli-Sforza, Luca, human population geneticist 9n
Caxton, William 468, 471
Celtiberian 288, 291-292, 300, 301
Celtic languages 273, 276, 278, 281-295, 300, 462, 464-465, 517, 554n
Celts 274, 281
Atlantic Celtic 290-291
expansion across Europe 289
failure of Latin in Britain 295-299
Greek view 276
inscriptions 283, 284-285
mass migration 293
and Norman invasions 462-463
tribes 282
see also Gauls
Central Andes 358-359
Central Asia 101, 380, 435, 436-437, 443
Ceylon see Śri Lanka
Chad 98
Chadic languages 36, 98
Chagatay Turkic 106, 435
Chalcedonians 89
Chaldaeans 44, 47, 82, 335
Champlain, Samuel de, French explorer 412
Chandragupta Maurya, king 191, 245
Chang-an (Xian) 90, 91, 151
Chanson de Roland 319, 332n
Chardin, Teilhard de, French theologian 403n
Charlemagne, king 316-317
Charles the Bald, king 317-318
Charles II, king 485
Charles III (the Simple), king 460
Charles V, king 100, 364
Chaucer, Geoffrey, English poet 406, 470
Chechen-Ingush 423n
Chechnya 434
Chibcha (also Muisca/Muysca) 349, 361-364, 367, 568n15, 569n37
Chichimeca 351-352
Chile 339, 358, 373n
China 34
chronological charts 117-122
demographics 530
etymology of the name 137n
examination system 169-171
invasions
barbarian threat 158, 160, 167-170, 276
coping with 167-173
Portugese expeditions 334
Russian 427
and Korea 451
modern name Zhōng-guo 167
population 152-153, 161, 173
racial policy 143
religion 90, 150-152, 158-159, 172, 178
Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World Page 76