shelter in, 103–6
slavery and, see slavery
social change in, 29, 237–44, 275–313, 316
and tourism, 315–16
trading posts in, 220–21
water companies in, 76, 81, 86, 237, 238, 241–42, 249–50, 251–58, 277, 311–13, 324, 341
Spicer, John, 174
Stanislaus River, 27, 92, 164, 176, 222, 227, 237, 244, 249–50, 251, 341
State Journal (Sacramento), 331
Stickney, Elizabeth Le Breton, 282
Stilwell, “Sister,” 171
Stockton:
Chinese brothels in, 299
fandangos in, 164, 279, 297
as supply center, 27, 28, 107, 109, 210, 244, 265
Stockton, Robert F., 260
Stockton Mining Company, 220
Stockton Times:
on foreign miners’ tax, 210–11, 214, 215, 218
on Gardes Mobiles, 226
on Mariposa War, 228
on Miwok livestock raids, 225–27
and San Joaquin Republican, 247
on Southern Mines, 259
strikes, 251–52, 257, 281
Suey Hin, 301
“Sunday claims,” 190
Supreme Court, U.S., and land claims, 264–65
Sutter, John, 91–92, 93, 222, 223, 315, 343
Sutter’s mill, gold discovered at, 92
Taiping Rebellion (1851–64), 85, 305
TCWC, see Tuolumne County Water Company
Teatro Campesino Cultural Center, 344
temperance, 153–54, 157, 282, 285
Tenaya (native leader), 229
“Tennessee’s Partner” (Harte), 72, 334–37, 339
Terán, José del Carmen, and Chilean War, 201, 203, 204, 205
Texas, annexation of, 69
Thill (Belgian miner), 109
Thorne, Mary, 69, 115
Thorne, Thomas, 68–69, 115, 190
“Three Fingered Jack,” see Duarte, Manuel
Troutman, James, 159–60
Tucker, Wood, 68, 71, 191
Tuolumne County Water Company (TCWC):
capital stock of, 250, 256
class relations and, 76, 251–58
competition of CSRWC with, 252–58, 311–13
CSRWC bought by, 258
employees of, 250, 253, 280, 281, 299
first completed ditch of, 249–50
land bought by, 251
merchants and, 252–53
miners’ strike against, 251–52, 257, 281
politicians and, 254–56
stock certificate of, 255
Tuolumne River, 27, 92, 192, 193, 225, 232, 237, 244, 246
Twain, Mark, 333
Two Eras in the Life of the Felon Grovenor I. Layton, 317–23, 319, 324, 332–33
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 159
unions, 257, 274
United Farm Workers, 344
United States:
army of, 43–44
California admitted as free state to, 69–70, 114, 189–90
California territory acquired by, 31, 57, 69
and China, 84
class relations in, 72–73, 76, 144, 151–52, 188–89, 208, 322, 338
cotton industry in, 68–69, 71
economic transformation of, 152, 208
Indian treaties and, 45, 229–31, 263
Mexican War and, see Mexican War
party politics in, 188, 242, 254, 260, 261, 266–67
slavery in, see slavery
Supreme Court, 264, 265
Texas annexed by, 69
westward expansion of, 48, 52, 69, 259–60
Urbina, Juan, 66, 67
Vallejo, Mariano Guadalupe, 91
vein or quartz gold, 187, 188, 231, 232, 234, 241–42, 249, 258–59, 262, 288, 311; see also Mariposa Estate
vigilance activities, 218, 246, 320
Wallis, John, 164
Ward, Samuel:
on domestic arrangements, 115, 116
on Indian activities, 137, 222, 231–32
water companies, 76, 81, 86, 237, 238, 241–42, 249–50, 251–58, 277, 311–13, 324, 341
Water-Cure Journal, 283
Watts, Jennifer A., 175
Weaverville War (1854), 303, 304, 305
Weber, Charles, 220
Weekly Ledger (Amador County), 286, 331, 333
Weller, John B., 273
West Indian immigrants, 269–70
Whigs, 71, 294
Whipple-Haslam, Mrs. Lee:
on laundry, 122
on social relations, 142
on violence, 46, 48–49
“whiteness,” 71, 275–77, 286, 289; see also Anglo American men; Anglo Americans, dominance of; and Anglo American women
Whitman, Walt, 173, 174
Williams, Dick, 178
Williams, James, 191–92
women:
population of, 163, 280, 313
see also specific immigrant and Indian tribal groups
Wong Cho, 126
Woods, Rev. Daniel:
on Chilean miners, 195–96
on domestic work, 99, 110, 117, 123
on exclusionary practices, 209, 215–16
on Indian life, 221, 224
on leisure, 156
on religion, 155
work, see labor
Wright, Henry Clarke, 282
Yaqui Indians:
Anglo harassment of, 35–36
dances of, 172
in Mexico, 60–61
northward migration of, 35, 61
resistance of, 31, 61
Yellow Bird, see Ridge, John Rollin
Yeung-wo Company, 305
Yokuts Indians, 89, 219
changes in daily lives of, 219
immigrant employment of, 220–22
and Mariposa War, 228–31
Copyright © 2000 by Susan Lee Johnson
All rights reserved
First published as a Norton paperback 2001
For information about permission to reproduce selections from
this book, write to Permissions, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.,
500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110
Composition by Tom Ernst.
Book design by Lane Trubey.
The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
Johnson, Susan Lee.
Roaring Camp : the social world of the California Gold Rush / Susan Lee Johnson.
p. cm.
Includes bibliiographical references and index.
ISBN 0-393-04812-8
1. California—Gold discoveries—Social aspects. 2. California—Social life and customs—19th century. 3. Sierra Nevada (Calif. and Nev.)—Gold discoveries—Social aspects. 4. Mining camps—Sierra Nevada (Calif. and Nev.)—History—19th century. 5. California—Ethnic relations. I. Title.
F865.J675 2000
979.4'04—dc2199-33684
CIP
ISBN 0-393-32099-5 pbk.
ISBN 978-0-393-29207-7 (e-book)
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