by David Owen
;
22 The Australian, op. cit.
23
24 The Mercury, 12 May 2008, p. 2.
25 Sunday Tasmanian, 11 May 2008, p. 10.
26
27
28 Coppleson, V.M. (1958), Shark Attack: A study of swimmers, surfers, skin divers, shipwreck survivors and sharks, Sydney: Angus & Robertson, p. 68.
29
30
31 The Australian, 27 January 2008,
32 The Age, 28 January 2008, p. 14. Letter written by Geoff Russell, St Morris, SA,
33
34
35
36
37 Coad and Papahn, ‘Shark attacks’, p. 131.
38
2. The Way of the Shark Roads: Sharks and Indigenous Societies
1 Köhnke, Glenys (1974), The Shark Callers: An ancient fishing tradition of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea, Boroko: Yumi Press, p. 16.
2 Torben, C. Rick, Erlandson, Jon M., Glassow, Michael A., Moss, Madonna L. (2002), ‘Evaluating the economic significance of sharks, skates and rays (Elasmobranchs) in prehistoric economies’, Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 29, pp. 111–22 (quote taken from p. 112).
3 ibid., p. 114.
4 ibid., p. 116.
5 ibid., p. 117.
6 Gracey, Michael (2000), ‘Historical, cultural, political, and social influences on dietary patterns and nutrition in Australian Aboriginal children’, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 72, no. 5, 1361S–1367s,
7 McDavitt, Matthew T., (2005), ‘The cultural significance of sharks and rays in Aboriginal societies across Australia’s Top End’, information sheet prepared for Shark Bay Seaweek 2005 [Natural Heritage Trust, Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Marine Education Society of Australia], p. 3,
8 Matthews, R.H. (1910), ‘Reminiscences of Maori life fifty years ago’, Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 1868–1961, vol. 43, pp. 602–3.
9
10
11 Gudger, E.W. (1927), ‘Wooden hooks used for catching sharks and Ruvettus in the South Seas; a study of their variation and distribution’, in Anthropological Papers of The American Museum of Natural History, New York City: The American Museum of Natural History, pp. 201–359.
12 ibid., p. 210.
13 ibid., p. 209.
14 Gardiner, J. Stanley (1898), ‘The natives of Rotuma’, in Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, vol. 27, p. 425,
15 Gudger, op. cit., p. 218.
16 ibid., p. 238.
17 ibid., p. 220, quoting Otto Finsch.
18 In some parts of Hawaii, ground-up plants (the ‘auhuhu and the akia) produced a substance that, when diluted in a tidal pool or underwater cave, stupefied and also killed fish. See
19 Köhnke, op. cit., pp. 9, 11, 13.
20 ibid., pp. 46–8.
21 Ellis, William (1833), Polynesian Researches, During a Residence of Nearly Eight Years in the Society and Sandwich Islands, New York: J. & J. Harper, quoted in Harold W. McCormick and Tom Allen with Captain William E. Young (1963), Shadows in the Sea: The sharks, skates and rays, London: Sidgwick & Jackson, pp. 192–3.
22 Gonzalez, Manoel M.B. (2005), ‘Use of Pristis spp. (Elasmobranchii: Pristidae) by hunter–gatherers on the coast of Sao Paulo, Brazil’, in Neotropical Ichthyology 3(3), pp. 421–6.
23 McDavitt, op. cit., p. 3.
24 ibid.
25 Khan, Kate (2003), Catalogue of the Roth Collection of Aboriginal Artefacts from North Queensland, vol. 3, Sydney: Rodin Print Pty Ltd, p. 82.
26 The pahu is made from a hollowed coconut trunk, with an attached rope of sennit, its use once restricted to religious ceremonies.
27 Kozuch, Laura (1993), Sharks and Shark Products in Prehistoric South Florida, Monograph Number 2, Institute of Archaeology and Paleoenvironmental Studies, Gainesville: University of Florida, p. 32.
28
29 McDavitt, op. cit., p. 4.
30
31 McDavitt, Matthew T. (2002), ‘Cipactli’s sword, Tlaltecuhtli’s teeth: deciphering the sawfish & shark offerings in the Aztec Great Temple’, Shark News 14,
32
33 Greene, Linda Wedel (1993), A Cultural History of Three Traditional Hawaiian Sites on the West Coast of Hawai’i Island, Denver, United States Department of the Interior National Park Service, p. 3,
34 Holt, John Dominis (1993), Recollections, Honolulu: Kupa’a,
35 Robinson, George Augustus (1829), Friendly Mission: The Tasmanian journals and papers of George Augustus Robinson, 1829–1834, ed. N.J.B. Plomley, Hobart: Quintus Publishing, 2008, p. 1042.
36 Montgomery, Charles (2004), The Shark God: Encounters with myth and magic in the southern Pacific, London: Fourth Estate, pp. 171, 279.
37
38 Köhnke, op. cit., pp. 10, 12.
3. ‘This Straunge and Merueylous Fyshe’: Sharks and Europeans
1 William Shakespeare, Macbeth (4.1.5–37), c. 1605,
2 Weis, H. Anne (2000), ‘Odysseus at Sperlonga: Hellenistic hero or Roman foil?’, in de Grummond, Nancy T. and Ridgway, Brunilde S., From Pergamon to Sperlonga: Sculpture and context, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 155–6.
3
4 Rapp, Albert (1955), ‘The father of western gastronomy’, in The Classical Journal, vol. 51, no. 1, p. 43.
5 Pliny the Elder (1940), Natural History—With an English translation in ten volumes, Volume III, trans. by H. Rackham, London: William Heinemann Ltd, repr. 1947, pp. 261, 269.
6 Andrewe, Lawrens, The Noble Lyfe & Nature of Man, Of Bestes, Serpentys, Fowles & Fisshes y Be Moste Knowen, translated by James L. Matterer and published online in 2000 as Fantastic Fish of the Middle Ages. See
7 ibid.
8 Ashton, John (1890), Curious Creatures
in Zoology, London: J.C. Nimmo, e-published (2000) by Armant Biological Press, p. 154.
9 de Casteau, Lancelot (1604), L’Ouverture de Cuisine [Opening the Kitchen], Liège: Leonard Street, trans. by Daniel Myers. See also
10 Roberts, J.M. (1980), The Pelican History of the World, Harmondsworth: Penguin, p. 643.
11 Boorstin, Daniel (1983), The Discoverers, Harmondsworth: Penguin, p. 386.
12
13 The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, Volume II (1979), London, Book Club Associates, p. 2771;
14 Compact OED, ibid.
15 Castro, Jose I. (2002), ‘On the origins of the Spanish word “tiburon”, and the English word “shark” ’, Environmental Biology of Fishes, vol. 65, p. 250. See also Jones, Tom (1985), ‘The Xoc, the Sharke, and the Sea Dogs: An historical encounter’, in Robertson, M.G. and Fields, V.M., eds, Papers of the Fifth Palenque Round Table conference 1983, vol. vii, San Francisco: The Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, 1983.
16
17 From John Earle, Microcosmography, first published in 1628, quoted in Miehl, Dieter, Stock, Angela and Zwierlein, Anne-Julia (eds) (2004), Plotting Early Modern London: New essays on Jacobean city comedy, Aldershot: Ashgate, p. 90.
18 Roberts, op. cit., p. 643.
19 Acts 28:1–6,
20 Cutler, Alan (2003), The Seashell on the Mountaintop: A story of science, sainthood, and the humble genius who discovered a new history of the earth, London: Heinemann, pp. 6–7.
21 Elementary Mylogical Specimens (1669) and A Dissertation Concerning Solids Naturally Contained Within Solids (1671).
22 Dampier, William (1939), A Voyage to New Holland, 1703 and 1709, Edited, with Introduction, Notes and Illustrative Documents, by James A. Williamson, London: The Argonaut Press, pp. 78, 107.
23 Willemsen, Mathieu (1997), ‘Shagreen in western Europe: Its use and manufacture in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Apollo: The international magazine of arts, vol. 419, p. 37.
24 Plomley, N.J.B. (ed.) (2008), Friendly Mission: The Tasmanian journals and papers of George Augustus Robinson 1829–1831, Hobart: Quintus Publishing, p. 111.
25
4. Fathoming the Shark: Evolution, Classification
1 John Stainton’s description of the footage of Steve Irwin’s death as reported in The Australian newspaper, 5 September 2006, p. 1.
2
3 Compagno, Leonardo J.V. (1987), ‘Sharks and Their Relatives’, in John D. Stevens (ed.), Sharks, Drummoyne: Golden Press, p. 62.
4
5 Hamlett, William C. (ed.) (1999), Sharks, Skates and Rays: The biology of the elasmobranch fishes, Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 2.
6
7 McCormick, Harold W. and Allen, Tom, with Young, Captain William E. (1964), Shadows in the Sea: The sharks, skates and rays, London: Sidgwick & Jackson, p. vii.
8 Helfman, Gene S., Collette, Bruce B. and Facey, Douglas E. (1999), The Diversity of Fishes, Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Science, p. 3.
9 Gross, M. Grant (1987), Oceanography: A view of the earth, 4th edn, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, p. 33.
10 Harder, Ben (2002), ‘Water for the rock: Did Earth’s oceans come from the heavens?’ in Science News, vol. 161, no. 12, p. 184.
11
12 Alexander, R. McN. (1974), Functional Design in Fishes, 3rd edn, London: Hutchinson University Library, pp. 19, 22.
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20 Stead, David (1963), Sharks and Rays of Australian Seas, Sydney: Angus & Robertson, p. 46.
21 Compagno, Leonard J.V. (1999), ‘Checklist of living elasmobranchs,’ in Hamlett, William C. (ed.), Sharks, Skates and Rays: The biology of the elasmobranch fishes, Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 471–98.
22 Souza, Shirley P. and Begossi, Alpina (2007), ‘Whales, dolphins or fishes? The ethnotaxonomy of cetaceans in Sao Sebastiao, Brazil’, Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, vol. 3, pp. 6, 8,
5. Shark Biology: Form and Function
1 Shark researchers R. Aidan Martin and Anne Martin, quoted in
2 Hamlett, William C. (ed.) (1999), Sharks, Skates and Rays: The biology of the elasmobranch fishes, Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 48.
3 ibid., p. 91.
4 Stevens, John D. (ed.) (1987), Sharks, Drummoyne: Golden Press, p. 51.
5
6
7 Alexander, R. McN. (1974), Functional Design in Fishes, 3rd edn, London: Hutchinson University Library, p. 112.
8 Bright, Michael, ‘Jaws: The natural history of sharks’, Seminar Session 1, Natural History Museum, available online at
9 Mojetta, Angelo (1997), Sharks: History and biology of the lords of the sea, Shrewsbury: Swan Hill Press, p. 54.
10 Dean, Mason N., Wilga, Cheryl D., Summers, Adam P. (2005), ‘Eating without hands or tongue: Specialization, elaboration and the evolution of prey processing mechanisms in cartilaginous fishes’, in Biology Letters, vol. 1, p. 357.
11 Pennisi, Elizabeth (2004), ‘Shark flexes its teeth for tough meals’, Science, vol. 303, no. 5660, p. 950.
12
6. ‘Creatures of Extremes’: Descriptions of Sharks, Skates, Rays and Chimaeras
1
2
3 Last, P.R. and Stevens, J.D. (1994), Sharks and Rays of Australia, Hobart: CSIRO Australia, p. 98.
4 Stead, David G., Sh
arks and Rays of Australian Seas, Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1963, p. 121.
5 UBC Reports, vol. 52, no. 12, 7 December 2006.
6 ibid.
7 Harvey-Clark, Chris J. and Gallant, Jeffrey J. (2005), ‘Vision and its relationship to novel behaviour in St. Lawrence River Greenland Sharks, Somniosus microcephalus’, The Canadian Field-Naturalist, vol. 119, no. 3, pp. 355–9.
8
9 Stevens, John D., consulting editor, Sharks, Drummoyne: Golden Press, 1987, p. 21.
10 Last, P.R. and Stevens, J.D., op. cit., p. 106.
11
12 Heemstra, Phillip C., et al. (2006), ‘Interactions of fishes with particular reference to coelacanths in the canyons at Sodwana Bay and the St Lucia Marine Protected Area of South Africa’, South African Journal of Science, September, p. 461.
13 Summers, Adam P. and Koob, Thomas J. (1997), ‘A biographical sketch of Samuel Walton Garman’, pp. vii–viii,
14
15 Larson, Shawn (2005), ‘Sixgill shark (Hexanchus griseus) conservation ecology project update’, in Proceedings of the 2005 Puget Sound Georgia Basin Research Conference, p. 1.
16
17 Last and Stevens, op. cit., p. 259.
18
19 Whitney, Nicholas M., Pratt, Harold L. Jr and Carrier, Jeffrey C. (2004), ‘Group courtship, mating behaviour and siphon sac function in the whitetip reef shark, Triaenodon obesus’, Animal Behaviour, vol. 68, p. 1439.
20
21 Compagno, Leonard J.V. (1984), Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date, Part 2–Carcharhiniformes, FAO Species Catalogue, vol. 4, part 2 (FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125), Rome: United Nations Development Programme, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, p. 461.