Rising Star

by David J. Garrow

  35. DJG interviews with Asif Agha, Chin See Ming, Sheila Quinlan, Sheila Jager, and Jerry Kellman; Sheila Miyoshi Jager, “Narrating the Nation: Students, Romance and the Politics of Resistance in South Korea,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, December 1994, p. viii; Florence Hamlish Levinsohn, Harold Washington: A Political Biography (Chicago Review Press, 1983); Kirkus Reviews, 1 November 1983; Bechetta Jackson, “Florence Hamlish Levinsohn, Writer,” CT, 30 October 1998; Kellman in Jonathan Kaufman, “For Obama, Chicago Days Honed Tactics,” WSJ, 21 April 2008, p. A1.

  36. DJG interviews with Sheila Jager and Michael Dees. Years later, Barack disagreed with Sheila’s account: “it’s not accurate that I asked her to marry me.” Sheila’s younger brother David would later write that their father Bernd believed that humans “live in a dual cosmos in which one’s own perspective is always countered and complemented by the different perspective of one’s neighbor” and that life was “a never-ending cultural task of building bridges.” David Jager, “Conversing with My Father,” Collection du CIRP 1 (2007): 12–16, at 15–16.

  37. “How to Organize Friends and Influence People—Salt Interviews Greg Galluzzo,” Salt, June 1983, pp. 21–25, esp. 24; Greg Galluzzo 1987 planning diary, Galluzzo Papers [GGP]; Gamaliel Foundation, “Community Participation and Leadership Program,” [9 January 1987], Greg Galluzzo to Stewart Wagner, 21 January 1987, Gamaliel Foundation Annual Report: 1986–1987, 10 June 1987, Gamaliel Papers; Galluzzo in Patti Wolter, “Consumer’s Guide to Organizer Training,” TNW, October–November 1991, pp. 16–21, esp. 17, and in Ben Whitford, “Coal and Clear Skies,” Plenty Magazine, 31 October 2008; Galluzzo, “Gamaliel and the Barack Obama Connection,” Organizing #1, December 2008, p. 3 (updated 2009); Galluzzo interview with Don Elmer, January 2009; DJG interviews with Greg Galluzzo, Mary Gonzales, Peter Martinez, Kevin Limbeck, Ellen Schumer, and Todd Dietterle; Tina Sfondeles, “Activist Who Taught Obama to Be Community Organizer Is Retiring,” CST, 2 June 2013. See also Galluzzo, “Church-Based Model of Community Organization,” Upturn, October–November 1983, pp. 3–4, and Galluzzo, “What Is a Community Organization,” SVPSB, 9 September 1984, pp. 3–4.

  38. Linda Lenz, “Wheatley Parents Resume Boycott,” CST, 6 January 1987, p. 52; Jon Jeter, “Parent Pullout Set at Wheatley in Asbestos Fight,” CST, 9 January 1987, p. 28; Lenz, “Wheatley Boycott Ends,” CST, 21 January 1987, p. 10; untitled photo, CT, 22 January 1987, p. C3; People for Community Recovery, January and February 1987 Activity Reports, esp. 19 February, CFP Box 30 Fld. 368; Lucille R. Dobbins to Olga Davidson, 6 February 1987, HWP DS Box 2 Fld. 2; Casey Bukro, “38 Carcinogens Found in Lake Calumet Air,” CT, 12 February 1987, p. C3; “Waste Management’s Earnings Up for Quarter,” DC, 20 February 1987, p. A2; DJG interviews with Bruce Orenstein, Mary Ellen Montes, and Hazel Johnson.

  39. “Julian Bond Narrates ‘Eyes on the Prize’ with Dr. King as Pivotal Force on WTTW,” CD, 13 January 1987, p. 15; Jack E. Wilkinson, “An Unvarnished Study of Dr. King,” CD, 15 January 1987, p. 40; Clifford Terry, “‘Prize’ Series a Masterful Telling of Painful Times,” CT, 21 January 1987; DJG, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (Morrow, 1986), esp. pp. 431–525; Basil Talbott Jr., “Raby’s Experience Helps Washington,” CST, 13 March 1983, p. 20; Robert McClory, “The Activist,” CT Magazine, 17 April 1983, pp. 26ff.; Manuel Galvan, “Al Raby to Head City Commission on Civil Rights,” CT, 16 January 1985, p. A3; Wes Smith, “Rush Street Area Trying to Survive Its Popularity,” CT, 3 October 1985, p. 1; Patrick Reardon, “Too Proud to Trade Welfare for Minimum Wage,” CT, 1 December 1985, p. D3; Galvan, “An Insider Looks Out for Rights,” CT, 2 January 1986, p. 1; Chinta Strausberg, “Mayor Names Grimshaw to IGA Position,” CD, 21 July 1986, p. 20; Wieboldt Foundation 1987 Annual Report [March 1988], p. 15; Wieboldt Foundation 1987 Form 990-PF, Part XVI, 13 May 1988; Grimshaw’s 1989 interview with Betty Brown-Chappell; Steve Perkins, “A Personal Remembrance of the Remarkable Life of My Dear Friend Al Raby,” 19 June 2004, esp. pp. 5, 23, 29, 32; McClelland, Young Mr. Obama, p. 47; John P. Martin, “Sarmina Described as Smart, Fair, Ambitious,” Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 February 2012; Pauline Dubkin Yearwood, “Long and Winding Road,” Chicago Jewish News, 16 March 2012; DJG interviews with John McKnight, Gwendolyn LaRoche Rogers, Steve Perkins, Patty Novick, Judy Stevens, Wayne Whalen, Jane Ramsey, and Jacky Grimshaw.

  40. Maria B. Cerda, “Update on LTV Activities,” 16 September 1986, HWP DS Box 5 Fld. 12; Larry Galica, “LTV Pension Takeover Set,” DC, 13 January 1987, p. A1; Galica, “LTV Pension Plan Takeover Reaction Mixed,” DC, 16 January 1987, p. A3; Robert Bergsvik, “LTV Pension Hearing Set for Tomorrow,” DC, 22 January 1987, p. A3; C. D. Matthews, “Reaction Is Mixed to New USX Pact,” DC, 24 January 1987, p. A3; Galica, “Labor Dispute Ends,” DC, 2 February 1987, p. A1; Galica, “Steel Poured at So. Works,” DC, 17 February 1987, p. A1; Galica, “Steel Supply Workers Waiting,” DC, 23 February 1987, p. A1; USWA Local 1033, Monthly Membership Meeting Minutes, esp. 25 February 1987, p. 2, and 26 May 1987, p. 6; Galica, “LTV Workers Fight for Pensions,” DC, 3 March 1987, p. A1; Galica, “Protection of Benefits Eyed,” DC, 30 March 1987, p. A2; David Moberg, “The Trouble in Steel City,” CR, 9 April 1987; Galica, “Tentative LTV Agreement Is Reached on Lost Benefits,” DC, 10 April 1987; “LTV Workers to Seek Federal Aid,” 21 April 1987, p. A1; Galica, “LTV Pension Aid Pledged,” DC, 12 May 1987, p. A1; Galica, “LTV Workers Feel Hassled Over Pensions,” DC, 15 May 1987, p. A3; “LTV Won’t Seek Court Help to Avoid Current Contract,” and Galica, “LTV to Honor Current Contract,” DC, 18 May 1987, p. A1; “LTV Pension Protection Extended 4 Months,” DC, 21 May 1987, p. A3; Galica, “LTV Talks Shift to Home Front,” DC, 2 June 1987, p. A1; Galica, “LTV Pact Lacks Local Support,” DC, 27 June 1987, p. A2; “LTV Pact OK’d,” DC, 7 August 1987, p. A1; DJG interviews with Maury Richards and Jerry Kellman.

  Raymond Coffey and John Camper, “Washington Wins at Wire,” and Jon Margolis, “Mayor’s Tight Win Just Half the Battle,” CT, 25 February 1987, p. 1; Gary Rivlin, “Mr. Machine,” CR, 2 April 1987.

  41. DJG interviews with Dan Lee, Adrienne Jackson, and Emil Jones Jr.; Juanita Bratcher, “Educational Potpourri,” CD, 7 May 1986, p. 4; Manuel Galvan, “Frost Successor Wins Approval,” CT, 22 November 1986; Galvan and Charles Mount, “Successor to Frost Is In—For Now,” and Mount, “Frost Clear to Vote on Successor,” CT, 27 November 1986; Galvan, “Frost’s Successor Sworn In,” CT, 2 December 1986; Fred Marc Biddle, “10 Vie to Replace Frost as Alderman,” CT, 19 February 1987; Biddle, “Mayor May Decide Race in 34th Ward,” CT, 6 April 1987; Obama, DFMF, p. 223; Bernard Schoenberg, “Don’t Expect Many Niceties in Keyes-Obama Contest,” SJR, 22 August 2004, p. 15; Jones in 93rd Illinois General Assembly, 8 November 2004, pp. 11–13, in Christopher Wills and Deanna Bellandi (AP), “Obama Learned Politics Helping the Poor,” 20 February 2008, on “The Making of Obama,” Nightline, ABC, 25 February 2008, in Letta Tayler and Keith Herbert, “Obama Forged Path as Chicago Community Organizer,” Newsday, 2 March 2008, p. A6, in Abdon M. Pallasch, “Grooming a Politician: Jones Took Obama, the ‘Pushy’ Organizer, Under His Wing,” CST, 24 August 2008, p. A14, in “They Met Obama When,” CT, 16 November 2008, p. 19, and in David Smallwood, “Two Guys Who Laid It on the Line,” N’Digo Profiles, December 2008, pp. 14–15.

  42. Anthony Van Zanten, “Worship at Pullman CRC: An Interview with Rick Williams,” Reformed Worship, March 1988; Kenan Heise, “Cecil Partee, Pioneer in Politics,” CT, 17 August 1994; “Cecil Partee, 73, Illinois Politician,” NYT, 19 August 1994; Williams in Kalari Girtley, “How Obama Got His Start,” HPH, 14 February 2007, p. 14; DJG interviews with Rick Williams, Adrienne Jackson, Tyrone Partee, John Webster, and Alonzo C. Pruitt. See also “Asque Named New Roseland Director,” CD, 8 April 1986, p. 2, and Patty Pensa, “Former Roseland YMCA Finds New Life as Affordable Housing,” CT, 15 January 2010.

  43. Larry Galica, “Steelworkers Face Dim Holiday,” DC, 26 November 1986,
p. A1; Beth Donaldson (Housing Commissioner) to Harold Washington, “Reverend Bernard Taylor and the Trinity Roseland Organizations,” 13 December 1985, DS Box 8 Fld. 9; Bruce A. Gottschall (NHS) to Benjamin Reyes, “Meeting with City Departments Regarding NHS Roseland Development,” 21 October 1985, HWP DSBox 6 Fld. 15; Benjamin Reyes to Harold Washington, “Departmental Monthly Reports,” 14 March 1986, HWP DS Box 2 Fld. 18; Minutes, NHS Central Board Meeting, 20 May 1986, and “Calendar of NHS Events,” 4 June 1986, HWP DS Box 13 Fld. 27; “Housing Group Gets $200,000 Lift,” CST, 9 June 1986, p. 16; Celeste Busk, “Roseland Ready for Revitalization,” CST, 13 June 1986, p. H26; Steve Kerch, “Housing Rehab Plan Set for Troubled Roseland,” CT, 29 June 1986, p. M1; Lorenzo Ealy (Acting President, GRO) to Jackie Shad, 17 July 1986, CFP Box 17 Fld. 207; Minutes, NHS Central Board Meeting, 16 September and 18 November 1986, NHS Chicago, Annual Report 1986, and “NHS Resource Development Campaign ’87,” 12 March 1987, all HWP DS Box 13, Flds. 26 and 27; M. W. Newman, “Execs Risk Millions on Housing,” CST, 12 April 1987, pp. 1, 34; DJG interviews with Ellen Benjamin and Salim Al Nurridin. See also William Peterman, Neighborhood Planning and Community-Based Development (Sage Publications, 2000), pp. 129–51.

  44. Henry Locke, “Petitions Seeks Bus Shelters in Roseland,” CD, 30 April 1986, p. 8; Madeline Talbott, “Organizing Plan . . . Chicago ACORN, 1 November 1986–30 June 1987,” IAP 2001-111 Box 2 Fld. 32; Talbott, “Chicago ACORN Report & Plan, YE/YB ’88,” 2–3 January 1988, IAP Box 2 Fld. 62; Henry Locke, “City Colleges Open Doors to Train Journeymen Here,” CD, 30 September 1985, p. 6; Juanita Bratcher, “Ministers Tackle Homeless Problem in Roseland Area,” CD, 28 January 1987, p. 3; Bratcher, “Ministers Don’t Bank on Beverly,” CD, 31 January 1987, p. 3; Bratcher, “Clerics Picket Beverly Bank,” CD, 3 February 1987, p. 3; Bratcher, “Ministers Will Bank on Beverly,” CD, 28 February 1987, p. 1; Bratcher, “Demand Jobs for Youth at Evergreen,” CD, 7 April 1987; Susan Chandler, “Battling the Color of Money,” CST, 23 July 1989, p. 55; Chandler, “Bankers Paint Two Pictures of Roseland,” CST, 24 July 1989, p. 37; Obama, DFMF, pp. 159–62; Sampson interview with Julieanne Richardson, Maraniss, BOTS, pp. 527–29, 603; DJG interviews with Alonzo Pruitt, Nadyne Griffin, Al Sampson, Alvin Love, and Barack Obama.

  45. Richard Philbrick, “Religious News Notes,” CT, 6 April 1972, p. W10; Jeremiah A. Wright Jr., “Buying Co-Op Food,” CT, 8 February 1981, p. A2; Sam Smith, “Food Co-ops: Faster, Fresher, Cheaper,” CT, 14 May 1981, p. A2; Wright, “Black Church Renewal,” in Trinity United Church of Christ, Perspectives: A View from Within. A Compendium Text for Churchwide Study (Trinity United Church of Christ, [September] 1982), 187pp., pp. 32–42, esp. 35–37; Dempsey J. Travis, An Autobiography of Black Politics (Urban Research Press, 1987), pp. 581–83; Roger Wilkins, “Keeping the Faith,” Frontline, WGBH, 16 June 1987; Daniel Ruth, “Chicago Minister Inspires ‘Faith,’” CST, 16 June 1987, p. 50; James McBride, “Ghetto,” WP, 16 June 1987, p. F2; Tracey Robinson, “Community Links Pay Off,” CST, 6 May 1988, pp. 7–8; Wright, “The Significance of Harold Washington,” in Henry J. Young, ed., The Black Church and the Harold Washington Story (Wyndham Hall Press, 1988), pp. 1–9, esp. p. 2; Audra D. Strong, “Message Remade to Foster Black Faith,” CT, 26 May 1989; Shirley L. Malcom, “Reclaiming Our Past,” Journal of Negro Education 59 (Summer 1990): 246–59, at 257; Wright, “A Black Congregation in a White Church: Trinity United Church of Christ, Chicago,” in Robert L. Burt, ed., Good News in Growing Churches (Pilgrim Press, 1990), pp. 37–63, esp. 43–45; Wright, “An Underground Theology,” in Dwight N. Hopkins, ed., Black Faith and Public Talk: Critical Essays on James H. Cone’s Black Theology and Black Power (Baylor University Press, 1991), pp. 96–102, esp. 96–97, 99–100; “Chicago’s New School Boss Starts March 25,” Jet, 29 January 1981, p. 15; Jini Kilgore Ross, ed., What Makes You So Strong? Sermons of Joy and Strength from Jeremiah A. Wright, Jr. (Judson Press, 1993), esp. pp. 97–109; Obama, DFMF, pp. 272–74, 280–87; Julia M. Speller, “Unashamedly Black and Unapologetically Christian: One Congregation’s Quest for Meaning and Belonging,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, December 1996, esp. pp. 2, 16–17, 68–69, 77, 151, 157n13, 162, 197–99; Wright’s interviews with Julieanna Richardson, 2002, John Kupper, 2004, and Arlen Passa, 2009; Obama in E. Janet Wright, “Obama for Illinois,” Trumpet, February 2004, pp. 30–32; Julia M. Speller, Walkin’ the Talk: Keeping Faith in Africentric Congregations (Pilgrim Press, 2005), pp. 72–102; Wright, “Growing the African American Church Through Worship and Preaching,” in Carlyle F. Stewart, ed., Growing the African American Church (Abingdon Press, 2006), pp. 63–81, esp. 72; Manya A. Brachear and Bob Secter, “Race Is Sensitive Subtext in Campaign,” CT, 6 February 2007, p. 1; Wright in Erin Meyer, “Where Obama Developed His Audacity of Hope,” HPH, 14 February 2007, p. 20, and in Ryan Lizza, “The Agitator,” TNR, 19 March 2007; Obama’s 2004 interview with Cathleen Falsani; Obama in Mendell, Obama: From Promise to Power, p. 77; Obama in Marni Goldberg, “Obama Urges Democrats to Embrace Faith,” CT, 29 June 2006, p. 3, in Bob Secter and John McCormick, “Portrait of a Pragmatist,” CT, 30 March 2007, and in Ariel Sabar, “Barack Obama: Putting Faith Out Front,” CSM, 16 July 2007, p. 1; Wright on Bill Moyers Journal, 25 April 2008; Wright, A Sankofa Moment: The History of Trinity United Church of Christ (Saint Paul Press, 2010), esp. pp. 43, 48–55, 61, 64, 72, 91, 94, 144–45, 171; DJG interviews with Adrienne Jackson, Alvin Love, Lacey K. Curry, Jeremiah A. Wright Jr., Donita Powell Greene, and Rick Williams; Carl A. Grant and Shelby J. Grant, The Moment: Barack Obama, Jeremiah Wright, and the Firestorm at Trinity United Church of Christ (Rowman & Littlefield, 2013), esp. pp. 94–99, 104–9.

  Also see Trevor Jensen, “Rev. Kenneth B. Smith Sr.: 1931–2008,” CT, 23 January 2008, and Bruce Lambert, “Reuben A. Sheares, 58, a Pastor and a Leader in Church of Christ,” NYT, 16 July 1992. On the 1981 appointment of Ruth Love rather than Manford Byrd, see Robert McClory, “A Look at Love’s Labors,” Illinois Issues, April 1983, pp. 27–31, Ben Joravsky, “A Kind of Death,” CT, 9 February 1992, Frances Ratliff Stewart, “The Urban School Superintendent: A Case Study of Ruth Love in Chicago,” D.Ed. dissertation, Northern Illinois University, December 1996, and especially her three interviews with Love, Byrd, and Tribune education reporter Casey Banas at pp. 217–73 of that volume. On J. H. Jackson and Olivet church, see Clarence Page, “Powerful, Paradoxical,” CT, 11 November 1983, p. 45, and Jerry Thornton, “Influential Minister Is Honored,” CT, 19 February 1990, pp. II-1, 4.

  46. Robert McClory, “The Holy Terror of St. Sabina’s,” CR, 16 November 1989; McClory, “Black and Catholic Are Joint Ventures at Chicago Parish,” NCR, 13 March 1998, p. 5; Rob Csillag, “Chicago’s Renegade Priest,” Toronto Star, 8 November 2003; McClory, Radical Disciple (Lawrence Hill Books, 2010), esp. p. 139; Evan Osnos, “Father Mike,” TNY, 29 February 2016; DJG, Bearing the Cross, pp. 498–99; DJG interviews with Mike Pfleger, Jeremiah Wright, and Tommy West.

  47. Janny Scott, A Singular Woman (Riverhead Books, 2011), p. 273, Greg Galluzzo 1987 planning diary, GGP; Perry H. Hutchinson to Harold Washington, 1 December 1986, HWP COF Box 29 Fld. 53; Larry J. B. Houston, “Hits Ald. Hutchinson,” CD, 19 January 1987, p. 15; Juanita Bratcher, “Ald. Hutchinson Pulls for School Custodian,” CD, 31 January 1987, p. 6; Hutchinson to Jesse L. Jackson, 11 March 1987, HWP COF Box 29 Fld. 53; Robert Davis, “Hurdles Face 9th Ward Incumbent,” CT, 16 March 1987; Chinta Strausberg, “Mayor to Dedicate Roseland Job Center,” CD, 23 March 1987, p. 3; “Mayor’s Schedule—Monday, March 23, 1987,” “Briefing Notes, Roseland Community Visit,” 7pp., “Mayor Washington Remarks,” Roseland Vocational Training/Job Placement Assistance Center Ribboncutting, 23 March 1987, and Rich Redmond, “Roseland Community Visit and Tour,” 25 March 1987, all HWP SES Box 11 Fld. 9; People for Community Recovery, “March [1987] Activity Report,” CFP Box 30 Fld. 368; “Break Ground in Roseland,” CD, 1 April 1987, p. 4; Ben Joravsky, “Mystery Zoning,” CR, 5 May 1988; Obama, DFMF, pp. 180–81, 223–26; David L. Sch
einer, Hyde Park Associates in Medicine, “To Whom It May Concern,” 29 May 2008 (attesting that he has been Obama’s physician “since March 23, 1987”); DJG interviews with Sheila Jager, Greg Galluzzo, Johnnie Owens, Loretta Augustine-Herron, Salim Al Nurridin, Marlene Dillard, Adrienne Jackson, Betty Garrett, Eva Sturgies, and Tommy West. See also Joanne Gabbin et al., “Black Rap,” Negro American Literature Forum 5 (Autumn 1971): 80–84, 108–14 (meaningless student chatter including Salim Al Nurridin); an April 1984 Chicago ACORN sign-in sheet including “Dr. Omar Faruq” as well as Imam S. T. Ibrahim of 33 E. 111th Place, IAP Box 3 Fld. 79; and especially Monica Copeland, “Gangs’ Spread Sends Chill Through Far South Side,” CT, 1 June 1992, citing “Sheikh Al-Faruqi Muhammad, who has lived in the area 20 years” and has fathered twelve children.

  48. Larry Galica, “Former Wisc. Steel Workers Planning Rally,” DC, 26 March 1987, p. A3; Merrill Goozner, “Steel Mill’s Ghost Haunts Navistar,” CT, 29 March 1987, p. B1; Galica, “Wisc. Steel Workers Rally,” DC, 30 March 1987, p. A1; Galica, “Lawsuit Could Begin in Summer,” DC, 31 March 1987, p. A3; “Wisc. Steel Wait Is Continuing,” DC, 14 September 1987, p. A2; “Two Groups Fight New Landfills,” CST, 3 April 1987, p. 38; Robert Bergsvik, “Waste Permit Applications Almost Ready,” DC, 13 April 1987, p. A1; Patrick Barry, “Can Garbage Bring Back Steel City Jobs?,” TNW, May 1987, pp. 15–17; C. D. Matthews, “Waste Reactor to Be Built,” DC, 2 May 1987, p. A1, Greg Galluzzo 1987 planning piary, GGP; “Harold Washington for Mayor,” CT, 29 March 1987; “Mayor’s Schedule—Tuesday, April 7, 1987,” and Rich Redmond, “Altgeld Gardens Campaign Tour—Election Day,” 13 April 1987, HWP SES Box 13 Fld. 3; Robert Davis and Terry Wilson, “Washington Sweeps to 2nd Term,” and “Washington’s Showdown Victory,” CT, 8 April 1987; Dirk Johnson, “With Victory in Chicago Mayor Finally in Control,” NYT, 9 April 1987; Gary Rivlin, “Enemies of the People,” CR, 7 May 1987; Ray Hanania, “Shaw Learns, Listens to Voters,” CST, 7 September 1987, p. 7; Melvin G. Holli and Paul M. Green, Bashing Chicago Traditions: Harold Washington’s Last Campaign (Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1989), esp. pp. 111–14; William B. Crawford and Maurice Possley, “Alderman, 19 Others Indicted,” CT, 14 April 1987; Crawford and Possley, “Ald. Hutchinson Pleads Innocent to Swindle Charges,” CT, 15 April 1987; Crawford, “U.S. Outlines Its Case Against Ex-Alderman,” CT, 15 March 1988; Linnet Myers, “Former Alderman Convicted of Fraud,” CT, 20 May 1988; John Gorman, “Ex-Alderman Gets 11 Years for Fraud,” CT, 20 August 1988; Gorman, “Ex-Alderman Is Told to Pay Back Bribes,” CT, 29 September 1989; George Papajohn, “Former Ald. Perry Hutchinson Dies While Serving Prison Term,” CT, 2 January 1992. On Robert Shaw and his brother William, see especially Ben Joravsky, “By Any Means Necessary,” CR, 31 October 2002. On Cuyahoga Wrecking, also see Scott Glover and Luisa Yanez, “Wrecking Company Owner to Surrender,” Sun Sentinel, 21 May 1997.