80. William Snider, “Chicago’s ‘Summit’: A Populist Blueprint to Reshape Schools,” Education Week, 30 March 1988, pp. 1, 19; Karen M. Thomas, “$210 Million Price Tag Put on School Reform,” CT, 30 March 1988, p. 1; Thomas, “Lawmakers Cool to School Plan,” CT, 31 March 1988, p. 1; Thomas, “Critics Say School Reform Falls Short,” CT, 1 April 1988, p. 1; Robert Davis, “Criticism Mounts on Reform Plan,” CT, 7 April 1988, p. 8; Linda Lenz, “School Summit Has Blowup,” CST, 8 April 1988, p. 12; Chad Carlton, “Bill Seeks Reform of City Schools,” CT, 14 April 1988, p. 2; Patrick J. Keleher 1988 pocket Day-Timers (18 [“Call Barack”] and 19 April 1988 [showing Barack at “LU”—Loyola University—at 6 P.M.]), PJKP; Rudolph Unger, “Some School Reformers Hit for Bypassing Rules,” CT, 20 April 1988, p. 6; Snider, “State Board Calls for Chicago Reform Monitor,” Education Week, 27 April 1988, p. 8; Daniel Egler and Tim Franklin, “Sawyer Backs State Income-Tax Hike,” CT, 27 April 1988, p. 1; Lynn Sweet, “Sawyer Pushes Hike in State Income Tax,” CST, 27 April 1988, p. 3; Thomas, “School Summit Rebuffs Legislators,” CT, 29 April 1988, p. 1; Lenz, “School Summit Wants Outsiders Kept Out,” CST, 29 April 1988, p. 16; Manford Byrd Jr., “School Board Working Hard for Reform,” CT, 30 April 1988, p. 10; Lenz, “Scaling the Summit of City School Reform,” CST, 1 May 1988, pp. 4–5, 32; Tracey Robinson, “New Aim: ‘Local’ Schools,” CST, 2 May 1988, pp. 7–8; Lenz, “School Reform Role for France,” and Neil Steinberg, “Can School ‘Choice’ Work?,” CST, 3 May 1988, pp. 1, 6, 7; Lenz, “Schools Try to Boost Odds,” CST, 4 May 1988, pp. 6–7; Alf Siewers, “Bad Teachers a Sour Spot,” CST, 5 May 1988, pp. 7–8; Lenz, “School Reform Unit Urged,” CST, 7 May 1988, p. 8; Cindy Richards, “Bottom Line: Education,” CST, 8 May 1988, p. 11; Ezra Bowen, “A New Battle Over School Reform,” Time, 9 May 1988; Bonita Brodt, “At Goudy, the Future Dies Early,” and “Reforming the Nation’s Worst Schools,” CT, 15 May 1988, pp. 1, 2; Patrick Reardon and R. Bruce Dold, “No Clout and No Concern Add Up to No Education,” CT, 17 May 1988, p. 1; Brodt, “For Many Pupils, Learning Never Starts at Home,” CT, 18 May 1988, p. 1; Michele Norris and Jean Latz Griffin, “Pupils May Move On, but Inept Teachers Stay On,” CT, 19 May 1988, p. 1; Egler and Thomas, “Legislators Take Lead on School Reform,” CT, 20 May 1988, p. 1; Griffin and Jack Houston, “Bureaucrats Bungle, Students Pay the Price,” CT, 22 May 1988, p. 1; Reardon, “Manford Byrd’s View from the Top,” CT, 22 May 1988, p. 11; Griffin and Norris, “Teachers Union Has Power to Run System,” CT, 23 May 1988, p. 1; Reardon and Owen Youngman, “City Brings Up the Rear in Taxes for Education,” CT, 24 May 1988, p. 1; Reardon and Merrill Goozner, “City’s Willing to Pay for Good Schools, Poll Says,” CT, 24 May 1988, p. 11; “How to Fix America’s Worst Schools,” CT, 29 May 1988, p. 2; Michael D. Klemens, “The Emerging Form of Chicago School Reform,” Illinois Issues, June 1988, pp. 10–12; “Education Summit Challenges System, Community,” [Chicago Community] Trust Quarterly, Summer 1988, pp. 24–26; Kyle and Kantowicz, Kids First, pp. 243–47, 251–58, 265; Loretta Augustine-Herron in Abdon M. Pallasch, “Taught Residents to Lobby,” CST, 24 August 2008, p. A15; DJG interviews with Loretta Augustine-Herron, Rosa Thomas, Aletha Strong, Ann West, Gwendolyn LaRoche Rogers, Danny Solis, Phil Mullins, Don Moore, Robert Gannett, Miguel del Valle, and Bill Ayers. Kyle and Kantowicz’s superb Kids First, p. 265n12, cites “Key Hispanic and Black Community Organizations Endorse HB #3707,” 16 May 1988, CURE-Haymarket Papers, which were later given to the Chicago Historical Society. The remade Chicago History Museum has failed to process those papers, reports that its inventory of them makes particular subject files impossible to locate, and is unable to retrieve them from its own remote storage facility. Debbie Vaughan e-mails to DJG, 6 and 8 April 2011.
81. 1989 University of Chicago Student Directory, p. 58; Invitation, Dick Longworth to Frank Lumpkin, 2 May 1988, Roberta Lynch to Lumpkin, n.d., and Program, “A Tribute to Frank Lumpkin,” 22 May 1988, all FLP Box 6 Fld. 3; Pat Harper, “Lumpkin Honored at Dinner,” DC, 23 May 1988, p. 3; “Hanging Tough,” DC, 26 May 1988, p. 4; Obama, DFMF, p. 302; Obama in Jacob Weisberg, “The Path to Power,” Men’s Vogue, September 2006, pp. 218–23; Loretta Augustine-Herron in Christopher Andersen, Barack and Michelle (William Morrow, 2009), pp. 107, 113; Bruce Orenstein in McClelland, Young Mr. Obama, p. 178; Maraniss, BOTS, p. 570; DJG interviews with Sheila Jager, Mary Ellen Montes, Cynthia Norris, Loretta Augustine-Herron, Bruce Orenstein, Greg Galluzzo, Yvonne Lloyd, Dan Lee, Betty Garrett, Margaret Bagby, John Webster, Tom Kaminski, Len Dubi, and Cathy Askew.
82. Barack Obama to Sheila Jager, 29 May 1988; Obama to Cynthia Norris, n.d., Norris Papers; Chris Peachment, “Gently Does It, Bruno,” Times (London), 22 June 1988; David Robinson, “Engagement Is Broken,” Times (London), 23 June 1988; Nigel Andrews, “At Odds with the Angels,” FT, 24 June 1988, p. 17; George Perry, “Angel Who Came in from the Cold,” Sunday Times (London), 26 June 1988; Obama, DFMF, pp. 299–436, esp. 299–301, 306, 311, 328–29, 338–47, 381, 431–34, 436; Maina wa Kinyatti, Kenya’s Freedom Struggle: The Dedan Kimathi Papers (Zed Books, April 1988); Obama on Fresh Air with Dave Davies, NPR, 12 August 2004; Obama on The Friday Night Show with Bob Sirott, WTTW, 3 December 2004; Laurie Goering, “Obama Campaign Closely Watched—in Kenya,” CT, 10 October 2004, p. 1; Obama Commencement Address, University of Massachusetts at Boston, 2 June 2006; Obama, “An Honest Government, a Hopeful Future,” University of Nairobi, 28 August 2006; Macharia Gaitho and Julie Gichuru, “Obama: ‘I Speak What I Think Is True and Say It Best,’” Nation (Nairobi), 1 September 1986; Carole Norris Green, “A Postcard from Barack,” Catholic San Francisco, 30 January 2009, p. 13; Auma Obama in “Obama as We Knew Him,” Observer, 26 October 2008, pp. 4–7; Auma Obama, And Then Life Happens, pp. 189–204; George Obama with Damien Lewis, Homeland (Simon & Schuster, 2010), pp. 17–18; Mike W. Thomas, “Technology Is Helping Secure Firm’s Future,” San Antonio Business Journal, 8 August 2010; Zeituni Onyango, Tears of Abuse (Afripress, 2012), p. 196; Ezra Ogosa Obama, aka Obeid, in Malik Obama, Barack Obama Sr. (Xlibris, 2012), p. 320; Kelvin Chann (AP), “Obama’s Brother Writes About Abuse,” 18 December 2013; Jenni Marsh, “The Other Obama,” South China Morning Post, 22 March 2014; Mark Obama Ndesandjo, An Obama’s Journey (Lyons Press, 2014), pp. 144–58, 365–72; Jason Horowitz, “The Catholic Roots of Obama’s Activism,” NYT, 23 March 2014, p. A1; DJG interviews with Sheila Jager, Cynthia Norris, Cathy Askew, Hasan and Raazia Chandoo, and Zeituni Onyango. The book about Africa Barack read while in Europe was probably either David Lamb’s The Africans (Random House, 1983) or, perhaps more likely, Sanford J. Ungar’s Africa: The People and Politics of an Emerging Continent (Simon & Schuster, 1985). See Alan Cowell, “Inside Africa 30 Years Later,” NYTBR, 6 February 1983, pp. 7, 14, Xan Smiley, “Sub-Saharan Balance Sheet,” NYTBR, 1 September 1985, pp. 4–5, and Gilbert Khadiagala’s untitled review of both books in SAIS Review of International Affairs 6 (Winter–Spring 1986): 255–57. Note as well Elspeth Huxley, Out in the Midday Sun: My Kenya (Viking, 1987), and Mort Rosenblum and Doug Williamson, Squandering Eden: Africa at the Edge (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987). See Louisa Dawkins, “Steaming to Mombasa,” NYTBR, 22 March 1987, p. 20, and James Brooke, “A Continent Left Behind,” NYTBR, 29 November 1987, pp. 7, 9.
83. Johnnie Owens in Linda Matchan, “A Law Review Breakthrough,” BG, 15 February 1990, p. 29; Obama, “Community Revitalization,” Nebraska Wesleyan University Forum, 9 September 1994; Obama’s 7 February 2004 interview with David Axelrod; Michael Levenson and Jonathan Saltzman, “At Harvard Law, A Unifying Voice,” BG, 28 January 2007, p. A1; Secter and McCormick, “Portrait of a Pragmatist,” CT, 30 March 2007; Cassandra Butts in “A Rusty Toyota, a Mean Jump Shot, Good Ears,” WP, 11 February 2007, p. B3; Owens in Smith, “Ascent of Mr. Charisma,” Sunday Times Magazine, 23 March 2008, in Indira A. R. Lakshmanan, “Obama Draws on Lessons from Chicago Streets to Propel Campaign,” Bloomberg, 3 July 2008, on Tell Me More, NPR, 23 July 2008, in McClelland, Young Mr. Obama, p. 181, and in Lisa Lerer, �
��Obama Decades-Old Shooting Scare Guides Anti-Poverty Plan,” Bloomberg, 19 February 2013; Kellman on “Obama Presidential Announcement Reaction,” C-Span, 10 February 2007, in Brian DuBose, “Obama’s Early Near-Miss,” WT, 26 July 2007, p. A1, and in Liza Mundy, “A Series of Fortunate Events,” WP Magazine, 12 August 2007, pp. 10ff.; Jeremiah Wright in Erin Meyer, “Where Obama Developed His Audacity of Hope,” HPH, 14 February 2007, p. 20; Martin Peretz, “Standing by His Man,” TNR, 23 April 2008 (Wright as “his father’s vagrant presence”); Wright on Robert Beckford, “God Bless You Barack Obama?,” BBC 2, 25 January 2010; DJG interviews with Sheila Jager, Johnnie Owens, Mike Kruglik, Jean Rudd, Ken Rolling, Richard J. Kaplan, Bruce Orenstein, Mary Ellen Montes, Alma Avalos, Marlene Dillard, Dominic Carmon, Margaret Bagby, Hazel Johnson, Bob Klonowski, Yvonne Lloyd, George Schopp, Mary Ryan, Cathy Askew, Loretta Augustine-Herron, Dan Lee, Cynthia Norris, Jerry Kellman, Zeituni Onyango, Hermene Hartman, and Jeremiah Wright.
On Chicago’s Southeast Side landfill developments, see Robert Bergsvik, “Health Official Warns of Leaks,” DC, 10 June 1988, pp. 1, 14; Bergsvik, “Officials Mum on Extension of Landfill Ban,” and “Extend Moratorium,” DC, 12 June 1988, pp. 1, 4, 14; Vi Czachorski, “From the Editor’s Scratch Pad,” HN, 16 June 1988, p. 1, and 28 July 1988, pp. 1, 5; Czachorski, “Waste Management Holds Closed Meeting,” HN, 11 August 1988, pp. 1, 4; Final Report of Mayor’s Southeast Chicago Community Task Force on the Environment and Solid Waste Disposal, 24 August 1988, RGP; Press Release, “Mayor Sawyer Supports Solid Waste Task Force Recommendations,” 21 September 1988, JLP Box 38 Fld. Chicago Works Together; Cheryll Devall, “Southeast Side Group Wants End to New Dumps,” CT, 22 September 1988, p. C2; Ray Hanania, “Bar 134th St. Dump, S.E. Siders Ask Sawyer,” CST, 22 September 1988; “SE Side Task Force Demands Landfill Tradeoffs,” TNW, October–November 1988, pp. 25, 28; People for Community Recovery, “Crossroads Fund’s Grantee Fiscal and Progress Report,” n.d. [ca. November 1988], CFP Box 30 Fld. 367; Citizens for a Better Environment, United Neighborhood Organization of Southeast Chicago & Mary Ellen Montes v. Thomas, 704 F. Supp. 149 (N.D. Ill.), 10 January 1989; Stevenson Swanson, “City Toughens Its Landfill Rules,” CT, 9 March 1989, p. C3; Steven A. Salzman to Jean Anne Kingrey (DOJ), 31 October 1989, RGP; Swanson, “Waste Firm Deals for Landfill Gap,” CT, 24 November 1989, p. 8; Salzman to Harlee Strauss, 12 December 1989, RGP; Larry Galica, “Residents Protest Landfill Proposal,” Northwest Indiana Times, 24 May 1994; AP, “3 Ill. Bank Executives Indicted,” 6 February 1998; Matt O’Connor, “2 Banks Admit to Looting Funds for Political Use,” CT, 24 June 1999; “Former Bank Chief Pleads Guilty in Thefts of Unclaimed Cash,” CT, 8 October 1999; “18-Month Sentence for Ex-Bank President,” CT, 21 January 2000; Casey Sanchez, “Building Power,” Chicago Reporter, January 2006; Dan Mihalopoulos and Azam Ahmed, “A Rising Force in Hispanic Chicago,” CT, 22 June 2009; Mihalopoulos, “A Lifetime of Close Ties and Growing Influence,” NYT, 14 January 2012; DJG interviews with Howard Stanback, Bruce Orenstein, and Mary Ryan.
On school reform developments, see C. D. Matthews, “UNO Wants More Parent Participation in Schools,” DC, 27 May 1988, pp. 1, 11; Daniel Egler and Jean Latz Griffin, “House Expected to Hear Reform Proposals,” CT, 1 June 1988, p. 1; Karen M. Thomas, “House Democrats Wait to Hear From Chicago in School Bills,” CT, 2 June 1988, p. 7; “How Lawmakers Can Help the Schools,” CT, 5 June 1988, p. 2; Thomas and Constanza Montana, “School Board Seeks Reform Now,” CT, 7 June 1988, p. 6; Maudlyne Ihejirika, “2,500 at Rally Demand School Reform Measure,” CST, 7 June 1988, p. 2; William Snider, “Reform Measure for Chicago Schools Unveiled,” Education Week, 8 June 1988, p. 9; Devall and Thomas, “Oversight Board Urged for Schools,” CT, 9 June 1988, p. 1; Thomas and Griffin, “Teachers May Bend for School Reform,” CT, 15 June 1988, p. 1; Peter S. Willmott, “Essentials of School Reform,” DC, 22 June 1988, p. 5; Jack Houston, “School Board Exec Quits in Frustration,” CT, 23 June 1988, p. 1; Griffin and Thomas, “Democrats Offer School Plan,” CT, 24 June 1988, p. 1; Thomas and Griffin, “General Assembly Limping into Home Stretch,” CT, 26 June 1988, p. 1; Griffin and Thomas, “Democrats’ School Plan Under Fire,” CT, 28 June 1988, p. 1; Dave Roeder, “School Reform Consensus Reached,” DC, 29 June 1988, pp. 1, 16; Roeder, “School Reform Bill Faces GOP Hurdle,” DC, 30 June 1988, pp. 1, 12; Lynn Sweet, “Plan Gives Governor Bigger Role on Schools,” CST, 2 July 1988, p. 6; Sweet, “School Bill OK’d,” CST, 3 July 1988, pp. 1, 10; Griffin, “School Plan Now Faces the Real Test,” CT, 3 July 1988, p. 12; Devall and Thomas, “City School Reforms Add Spark but Lack Funding Fuel,” CT, 4 July 1988, p. 8; Sweet, “School Funding Level Hit,” CST, 4 July 1988; Sweet, “Praise, Caution Greet School Reforms,” CST, 5 July 1988, p. 20; Barbara Marsh, “Small School Win Leaves Reformers with Tough Job,” CCB, 11 July 1988, p. 3; Patrick Reardon, “School Reform Bill Hurts Poor Children, Byrd Says,” CT, 16 July 1988, p. 5; Sweet, “Byrd Rips School Bill,” CST, 16 July 1988, p. 12; Al Raby and Kale Williams, “School Reform a Triumph of People,” CT, 27 July 1988, p. 18; Mary O’Connell, “Organizing Effort Pays Off for Schools,” TNW, August–September 1988, pp. 3–6; Michael D. Klemens, “Chicago Schools: Reform to Come but No Money,” Illinois Issues, August–September 1988, pp. 43–44; William Snider, “Illinois Awaiting Governor’s Pen on Chicago Plan,” Education Week, 3 August 1988; Florence Hamlish Levinsohn, “School Revolt,” CR, 26 May 1989; Moore, “Voice and Choice,” pp. 167–171; Mary O’Connell, School Reform Chicago Style, pp. 16–21 and esp. 40, which lists DCP as a June 1988 member of the ABCs Coalition and “Prof. William Ayers” as ABCs contact person; Hess, School Restructuring, pp. 59–78; Kyle and Kantowicz, Kids First, pp. 257, 262–64, 267–79; Dan A. Lewis and Kathryn Nakagawa, Race and Educational Reform in the American Metropolis (SUNY Press, 1995), pp. 85–91; Shipps, “Big Business and School Reform,” pp. 273–75; Shipps, School Reform, Corporate Style, pp. 115–27; DJG interviews with Danny Solis, Phil Mullins, and Bill Ayers.
CHAPTER FIVE: EMERGENCE AND ACHIEVEMENT
1. Obama Onyango, “Soul to Soul,” Ebony, August 1971, p. 14; “Notice of Federal Tax Lien,” #49017340, 11 April 1990 (Omar O. Obama) & #49245786, 10 June 1992 (Obama O. Onyango); Michael Levenson and Jonathan Saltzman, “At Harvard Law, A Unifying Voice,” BG, 28 January 2007, p. A1; Rachel Rose-Sandow, “Obama’s Somerville Apartment a Source of Pride,” GateHouse News Service, 14 October 2008; James Bone, “Found in a Rundown Boston Estate,” Times (London), 30 October 2008; Alan Wirzbicki, “Obama’s Old Digs,” BG, 7 March 2011; Denise Lavoie (AP), “Obama Uncle Held in Mass. by Immigration Officials,” 29 August 2011; Billy Baker and Glen Johnson, “Obama Kin Arrested on DUI Charge,” BG, 30 August 2011; Maria Sacchetti and Dan Adams, “Obama’s Uncle Is Called a Fugitive,” BG, 31 August 2011; Sacchetti and John R. Ellement, “Obama’s Uncle Set to Fight Deportation,” BG, 1 September 2011; Sally Jacobs, The Other Barack (Public Affairs, 2011), pp. 151–53; Jacobs, “The Trials of Omar, Obama’s Uncle,” BG, 8 January 2012; Clennon L. King, “Few Neighbors Recall Obama During Harvard Years,” Somerville Times, 19 May 2013; Matt Byrne, “Obama’s Stay in Somerville Explored by Students,” BG, 21 September 2013; Sacchetti, “Judge Says Obama’s Uncle Can Stay in U.S.,” BG, 3 December 2013; Sacchetti, “In Reversal, Obama Says He Lived with Uncle,” BG, 5 December 2013; DJG interviews with Zeituni Onyango.
Harvard Law School 1988–89 Catalog, esp. pp. 4–5, 16, 65–67; Dan Kroll, “Bell Questions Minority Hiring,” David Snouffer, “Denied Again, Dalton Waits,” and Andrew Pollis and Jeff Gershowitz, “Jackson Fleeing Faculty Turmoil?,” Harvard Law Record [HLRec], 15 April 1988, pp. 1, 4, 5, 7, and 14; “Vorenberg Steps Down from Deanship,” HLRec, 29 April 1988, pp. 1, 4, 14, and 16; “Black Law Students Occupy Harvard Law School Dean’s Office Protesting Faculty Hiring Practices,” BLSA Press Release, 10 May 1988, p. 25 of Special Edition—BLSA Memo, Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring/Fall 1988, 50 pp., Harvard Law School Archives [HLSA] (also esp. p. 7); Michelle Robinson, “Minority and Women Law Prof
essors: A Comparison of Teaching Styles,” in Special Edition—BLSA Memo, pp. 30–33; Jonathan S. Cohn, “Bok: New Law Dean by Spring,” Harvard Crimson [HC], 14 September 1988; Erick Hachenburg, “One L Class Is Select & Diverse,” HLRec, 16 September 1988, pp. 1, 9; “Dean Search Gets Student Input,” HC, 28 September 1988; Dan Kroll and Hachenburg, “Interesting First Years Arrive at HLS,” HLRec, 7 October 1988, p. 3; Tara A. Nayak, “A Confident Vision in Turbulent Times,” HC, 8 June 1989; Allan R. Gold, “Departing Dean Looks Back at Dream and Reality,” NYT, 23 June 1989, p. B10; Linda Matchan, “Harvard Law Dean Leaving with Sadness,” BG, 28 June 1989, p. 29; Richard D. Kahlenberg, Broken Contract: A Memoir of Harvard Law School (Hill & Wang, 1992), esp. pp. 5–7, 17, 120; Eleanor Kerlow, Poisoned Ivy (St. Martin’s Press, 1994), p. 51; William Glaberson, “James Vorenberg, Watergate Prosecutor’s Right-Hand Man, Dies at 72,” NYT, 13 April 2000; Harvard Law School, Report on the State of Black Alumni, 1869–2000 (HLS, 2002), esp. pp. 18, 21; George W. Hicks Jr., “The Conservative Influence of the Federalist Society on the Harvard Law School Student Body,” Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 29 (Spring 2006): 623–712, esp. pp. 684, 701; David B. Wilkins, “The New Social Engineers in the Age of Obama,” Howard Law Journal 53 (Spring 2010): 557–644, esp. p. 560; Kevin K. Washburn, “Elena Kagan and the Miracle at Harvard,” Journal of Legal Education 61 (August 2011): 67–75, esp. p. 67; Robert Granfield, “Legal Education as Corporate Ideology: Student Adjustment to the Law School Experience,” Sociological Forum 1 (June 1986): 514–23; Granfield and Thomas Koenig, “From Activism to Pro Bono: The Redirection of Working Class Altruism at Harvard Law School,” Critical Sociology 17 (April 1990): 57–80, esp. pp. 58, 71, 74, 78; Granfield, “Making It by Faking It: Working-Class Students in an Elite Academic Environment,” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 20 (October 1991): 331–51; Granfield and Koenig, “The Fate of Elite Idealism: Accomodation and Ideological Work at Harvard Law School,” Social Problems 39 (November 1992): 315–31, esp. 318, 320, 327; Granfield and Koenig, “Learning Collective Eminence: Harvard Law School and the Social Production of Elite Lawyers,” Sociological Quarterly 33 (Winter 1992): 503–20; Granfield, Making Elite Lawyers: Visions of Law at Harvard and Beyond (Routledge, 1992); DJG interviews with Linda Singer and Verna Myers.
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