26. Joseph Menn, Daniel Schäfer, and Tim Bradshaw, “Google Set for Probes on Data Harvesting,” Financial Times, May 17, 2010, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/254ff5b6-61e2-11df-998c-00144feab49a.html#axzz3JjXPNno5.
27. Julia Angwin, “Google in New Privacy Probes,” Wall Street Journal, March 16, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304692804577283821586827892; Julia Angwin, “Google, FTC Near Settlement on Privacy,” Wall Street Journal, July 10, 2012, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303567704577517081178553046; Jonathan Owen, “Google in Court Again Over ‘Right to Be Above British Law’ on Alleged Secret Monitoring,” Independent, December 8, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/google-challenges-high-court-decision-on-alleged-secret-monitoring-9911411.html.
28. “Testimony of Benjamin Edelman Presented Before the United States House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary Task Force on Competition Policy and Antitrust Laws,” June 27, 2008; Brody Mullins, Rolfe Winkler, and Brent Kendall, “Inside the U.S. Antitrust Probe of Google,” Wall Street Journal, March 19, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/inside-the-u-s-antitrust-probe-of-google-1426793274.
29. Nate Anderson, “Why Google Keeps Your Data Forever, Tracks You with Ads,” Ars Technica, March 8, 2010, http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2010/03/google-keeps-your-data-to-learn-from-good-guys-fight-off-bad-guys.ars; Kevin J. O’Brien and Thomas Crampton, “E.U. Probes Google Over Data Retention Policy,” New York Times, May 26, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/26/business/26google.html; Mark Bergen, “Google Manipulates Search Results, According to Study from Yelp and Legal Star Tim Wu,” Recode, June 29, 2015, http://www.recode.net/2015/6/29/11563936/yelp-teams-with-legal-star-tim-wu-to-trounce-google-in-new-study.
30. David Snelling, “Google Maps Is Tracking You! How Your Smartphone Knows Your Every Move,” Express, August 18, 2014, http://www.express.co.uk/life-style/science-technology/500811/Google-Maps-is-tracking-your-every-move; Jason Mick, “ACLU Fights for Answers on Police Phone Location Data Tracking,” Daily Tech, August 4, 2011, http://www.dailytech.com/ACLU+Fights+for+Answers+on+Police+Phone+Location+Data+Tracking/article22352.htm.
31. “Google Glass and Privacy,” EPIC.org, October 6, 2017, https://epic.org/privacy/google/glass.
32. Benjamin Herold, “Google Under Fire for Data-Mining Student Email Messages,” Education Week, March 26, 2014, http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2014/03/13/26google.h33.html; Quinten Plummer, “Google Email Tip-Off Draws Privacy Concerns,” Tech Times, August 5, 2014, http://www.techtimes.com/articles/12194/20140805/google-email-tip-off-draws-privacy-concerns.htm.
33. Grant Gross, “French Fine Google Over Change in Privacy Policy,” PCWorld, January 8, 2014, http://www.pcworld.com/article/2085920/french-fine-google-over-change-in-privacy-policy.html; Dheepthika Laurent, “Facebook, Twitter and Google Targeted in French Lawsuit,” CNN.com, March 26, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/25/world/europe/france-social-media-lawsuit/index.html; Mark Milian, “Google to Merge User Data Across Its Services,” CNN.com, January 25, 2012, http://www.cnn.com/2012/01/24/tech/web/google-privacy-policy/index.html; Martin Gijzemijter, “Google’s Privacy Policy Merger ‘Against Dutch Law,’” ZDNet, November 29, 2013, http://www.zdnet.com/article/googles-privacy-policy-merger-against-dutch-law; Zack Whittaker, “Google Faces EU State Fines Over Privacy Policy Merger,” ZDNet, April 2, 2013, http://www.zdnet.com/article/google-faces-eu-state-fines-over-privacy-policy-merger.
34. Peter Fleischer, “Street View and Privacy,” Google Lat Long, September 24, 2007, https://maps.googleblog.com/2007/09/street-view-and-privacy.html.
35. See Stephen Hutcheon, “We’re Not Stalking You or Helping Terrorists, Says Google Earth Boss,” Sydney Morning Herald, January 30, 2009, http://www.smh.com.au/news/technology/biztech/were-not-stalking-you-or-helping-terrorists-says-google-earthboss/2009/01/30/1232818692103.html.
36. See Jamieson, “Google Will Carry On with Camera Cars.”
37. Kevin J. O’Brien and Claire Cain Miller, “Germany’s Complicated Relationship with Google Street View,” New York Times—Bits Blog, April 23, 2013, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/23/germanys-complicated-relationship-with-google-street-view.
38. Peter Fleischer, “Data Collected by Google Cars,” Google Europe, April 27, 2010, https://europe.googleblog.com/2010/04/data-collected-by-google-cars.html.
39. “In the Matter of Google, Inc.: Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture, File No.: EB-10-IH-4055, NAL/Acct. No.: 201232080020, FRNs: 0010119691, 0014720239,” Federal Communications Commission, April 13, 2012, 12–13.
40. Kevin J. O’Brien, “Google’s Data Collection Angers European Officials,” New York Times, May 15, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/16/technology/16google.html; “Commissioner’s Findings—PIPEDA Report of Findings #2011-001: Report of Findings: Google Inc. WiFi Data Collection—Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada,” June 6, 2011, https://www.priv.gc.ca/en/opc-actions-and-decisions/investigations/investigations-into-businesses/2011/pipeda-2011-001; CNIL, “Délibération de La Commission Nationale de l’Informatique et Des Libertés Decision No. 2011-035 of the Restricted Committee Imposing a Financial Penalty on the Company Google Inc.,” 2011-035 § (2011), https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCnil.do?&id =CNILTEXT000023733987; “Final Findings, Dutch Data Protection Authority Investigation into the Collection of Wifi Data by Google Using Street View Cars—Z2010-00582—DDPA Decision,” December 7, 2010, https://web.archive.org/web/20130508060039/http://www.dutchdpa.nl/downloads_overig/en_pb_20110811_google_final_findings.pdf; “Investigations of Google Street View”; Kevin J. O’Brien, “Europe Pushes Google to Turn Over Wi-Fi Data,” New York Times, June 27, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/28/technology/28google.html.
41. “In the Matter of Google, Inc.: Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture”; O’Brien, “Google’s Data Collection.”
42. EPIC maintained a website charting the time line of Street View events and the outcomes of legal challenges both domestically and internationally. See “Investigations of Google Street View”; “Ben Joffe v. Google,” EPIC.org, 2017, https://epic.org/amicus/google-street-view; “FCC Investigation of Google Street View,” EPIC.org, 2017, https://www.epic.org/privacy/google/fcc_investi gation_of_google_st.html; Mark A. Chavez and Marc Rotenberg, “Brief for Amicus Curiae: Electronic Privacy Information Center in Support of Plaintiffs—In Re Google Street View Electronic Communications Litigation, Case No. 5:10-Md-02184-JW,” US District Court for Northern District of California San Jose Division, April 11, 2011, https://epic.org/privacy/streetview/EPICStreetviewAmicus.pdf.
43. See Maija Palmer and Lionel Barber, “Google to Hand Over Intercepted Data,” Financial Times, June 3, 2010, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/db664044-6f43-11df-9f43-00144feabdc0.html.
44. “In the Matter of Google, Inc.: Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture.”
45. Denis Howe, “Wardriving,” Dictionary.com, http://www.dictionary.com/browse/wardriving.
46. “In the Matter of Google, Inc.: Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture,” 11.
47. “In the Matter of Google, Inc.: Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture,” 11–12.
48. David Streitfeld, “Google Concedes That Drive-By Prying Violated Privacy,” New York Times, March 13, 2013, http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/13/daily-report-google-concedes-that-drive-by-prying-violated-privacy.
49. David Streitfeld, “Google Admits Street View Project Violated Privacy,” New York Times, March 12, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/13/technology/google-pays-fine-over-street-view-privacy-breach.html.
50. “In the Matter of Google, Inc.: Notice of Apparent Liability for Forfeiture,” 11; “Google to Give Governments Street View Data,” New York Times, June 3, 2010, https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/04/business/global/04google.html.
51. Alan Eustace, “Creating Stronger Privacy Controls Inside Google,” Google Public Policy Blog, October 22, 2010, https://publicpolicy.googleblog.com/2010/10/creating-stronger-privacy
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52. “Measures (Guidance) Concerning Protection of ‘Secrecy of Communication’ to Google Inc.,” Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, November 11, 2011, http://www.soumu.go.jp/menu_news/s-news/01kiban08_02000056.html; “Navigating Controversy: Google Launches Street View Germany,” Spiegel Online, November 18, 2010, http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/navigating-controversy-google-launches-street-view-germany-a-729793.html; Matt McGee, “Google Street View Debuts in Germany, Blurry Houses Included,” Search Engine Land, November 1, 2010, http://searchengineland.com/google-street-view-germany-blurry-houses-included-54632.
53. Arne Gerhards, “Fine Imposed upon Google,” Hamburg Commissioner for Data Protection and Freedom of Information, April 22, 2013, https://www.datenschutz-hamburg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/documents/PressRelease_2013-04-22_Google-Wifi-Scanning.pdf.
54. Matt McGee, “Google Has Stopped Street View Photography in Germany,” Search Engine Land, April 10, 2011, http://searchengineland.com/google-has-stopped-street-view-photography-germany-72368.
55. Peter Fleischer, “Street View in Switzerland,” Google Europe, November 13, 2009, https://europe.googleblog.com/2009/11/street-view-in-switzerland.html; Scott Capper, “Google Faces Court Action Over Street View,” Swissinfo.ch, November 16, 2009, http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/business/google-faces-court-action-over-street-view/7656246; Anita Greil and Katharina Bart, “Swiss Court to Rule on Google Street View,” Wall Street Journal, February 24, 2011, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703408604576163770758984178; Frank Jordans, “Google Threatens to Shut Down Swiss Street View,” Phys.org, May 11, 2011, http://phys.org/news/2011-05-google-appeals-street-view-switzerland.html; Kevin J. O’Brien and David Streitfeld, “Swiss Court Orders Modifications to Google Street View,” New York Times, June 8, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/09/technology/09iht-google09.html; “Google Beefs Up Restricted Swiss Street View,” swissinfo.ch, May 19, 2015, http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/society/eagle-eye_google-beefs-up-restricted-swiss-street-view/41439290.
56. However, India continues to block Street View operations, and the corporation considered it to be too costly to comply with requirements imposed by Austria and Germany after bans there were lifted. For details of bans in key countries, see “New Developments Regarding Google Street View,” Austrian Data Protection Agency, April 4, 2016, http://web.archive.org/web/20160404072538/https://www.dsb.gv.at/site/6733/default.aspx; Helena Smith Athens, “Google Street View Banned from Greece,” Guardian, May 12, 2009, https://www.the guardian.com/technology/2009/may/12/google-street-view-banned-greece; John Ribeiro, “Google Street View in India Faces Challenges,” PCWorld, May 26, 2011, http://www.pcworld.com/article/228713/article.html; Danuta Pavilenene, “Google Street View Banned from Lithuanian Streets,” Baltic Course, May 23, 2012, http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/Technology/?doc =57649.
57. Liz Gannes, “Ten Years of Google Maps, from Slashdot to Ground Truth,” Recode, February 8, 2015, http://www.recode.net/2015/2/8/11558788/ten-years-of-google-maps-from-slashdot-to-ground-truth.
58. Kashmir Hill, “Google’s Privacy Director Is Stepping Down,” Forbes, April 1, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/kashmirhill/2013/04/01/googles-privacy-director-is-stepping-down/print; ScroogledTruth, Scroogled—Dr. Alma Whitten (Google’s Privacy Engineering Lead) Before Congress, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTLEJsunCfI.
59. Steve Lohr and David Streitfeld, “Engineer in Google’s Street View Is Identified,” New York Times, April 30, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/technology/engineer-in-googles-street-view-is-identified.html; Farhad Manjoo, “Is It Time to Stop Trusting Google?” Slate, May 1, 2012, http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/technology/2012/05/marius_milner_google_wi_fi_snooping_assessing_the_disturbing_fcc_report_on_the_company_s_street_view_program_.html; John V. Hanke et al., A system and method for transporting virtual objects in a parallel reality game, United States US8968099 B1, filed November 1, 2012, and issued March 3, 2015, https://patents.google.com/patent/US8968099B1/en.
60. See Alexis C. Madrigal, “How Google Builds Its Maps—and What It Means for the Future of Everything,” Atlantic, September 6, 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/09/how-google-builds-its-maps-and-what-it-means-for-the-future-of-everything/261913.
61. Brian McClendon, “Building a Better Map of Europe,” Google Maps, December 5, 2012, https://maps.googleblog.com/2012/12/building-better-map-of-europe.html.
62. “TIGER Geodatabases,” US Census Bureau, 2016, https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/tiger-geodatabases.html.
63. Madrigal, “How Google Builds Its Maps” (italics mine).
64. See Gannes, “Ten Years of Google Maps.”
65. Soufi Esmaeilzadeh, “‘See Inside’ with Google Maps Business View,” Google Lat Long, December 17, 2014, https://maps.googleblog.com/2014/12/see-inside-with-google-maps-business.html; “Google Street View—What It Takes to Be Trusted,” Google Street View, November 10, 2016, https://www.google.com/streetview/earn; “About—Google Maps,” Google Maps, November 10, 2016, https://www.google.com/maps/about/partners.
66. James Vincent, “Skybox: Google Maps Goes Real-Time—but Would You Want a Spy in the Sky Staring into Your Letter Box?” Independent, June 21, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/skybox-google-maps-goes-real-time-but-would-you-want-a-spy-in-the-sky-staring-into-your-letter-box-9553934.html; “DigitalGlobe Hosts U.S. Secretary of Commerce Pritzker for a Discussion on Commerce in Colorado | Seeing a Better WorldTM,” DigitalGlobe Blog, June 25, 2014, http://blog.digitalglobe.com/2014/06/25/digitalglobehostsussecretarypritzker; Ellen Huet, “Google Buys Skybox Imaging—Not Just for Its Satellites,” Forbes, June 10, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/ellenhuet/2014/06/10/google-buys-skybox-imaging-not-just-for-its-satellites.
67. Tom Warren, “Google Just Showed Me the Future of Indoor Navigation,” Verge, February 23, 2016, http://www.theverge.com/2016/2/23/11094020/google-lenovo-project-tango-indoor-navigation.
68. Sophia Lin, “Making of Maps: The Cornerstones,” Google Maps, September 4, 2014, https://maps.googleblog.com/2014/09/making-of-maps-cornerstones.html.
69. Alistair Barr, “Google Maps Guesses Where You’re Headed Now,” Wall Street Journal (blog), January 13, 2016, http://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2016/01/13/google-maps-guesses-where-youre-headed-now.
70. Akshay Kannan, “Introducing Nearby: A New Way to Discover the Things Around You,” Official Android Blog, June 9, 2016, https://android.googleblog.com/2016/06/introducing-nearby-new-way-to-discover.html.
71. Kieren McCarthy, “Delete Google Maps? Go Ahead, Says Google, We’ll Still Track You,” Register, September 12, 2016, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/09/12/turn_off_location_services_go_ahead_says_google_well_still_track_you.
72. John B. Harley, The New Nature of Maps: Essays in the History of Cartography, ed. Paul Laxton (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), 58–59.
73. See Stephen Graves, “Niantic Labs’ John Hanke on Alternate Reality Games and the Future of Storytelling,” PC&Tech Authority, October 13, 2014.
74. David DiSalvo, “The Banning of Google Glass Begins (and They Aren’t Even Available Yet),” Forbes, March 10, 2013, http://www.forbes.com/sites/daviddisalvo/2013/03/10/the-ban-on-google-glass-begins-and-they-arent-even-available-yet; David Streitfeld, “Google Glass Picks Up Early Signal: Keep Out,” New York Times, May 6, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/07/technology/personaltech/google-glass-picks-up-early-signal-keep-out.html.
75. Aaron Smith, “U.S. Views of Technology and the Future,” Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech (blog), April 17, 2014, http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/04/17/us-views-of-technology-and-the-future.
76. Drew FitzGerald, “Now Google Glass Can Turn You into a Live Broadcast,” Wall Street Journal, June 24, 2014, http://www.wsj.com/articles/now-google-glass-can-turn-you-into-a-live-broadcast-1403653079.
77. See Amir Efrati, “Google Glass Privacy Worries Lawmakers,” W
all Street Journal, May 17, 2013, http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014241278873247 67004578487661143483672.
78. “We’re Graduating from Google[x] Labs,” Google, January 15, 2015, https://plus.google.com/app/basic/stream/z124trxirsruxvcdp23otv4qerfwghdhv04.
79. Alistair Barr, “Google Glass Gets a New Name and Hires from Amazon,” Wall Street Journal, September 16, 2015.
80. Fred O’Connor, “Google is Making Glass ‘Ready for Users,’ Says Schmidt,” PCWorld, March 23, 2015, http://www.pcworld.com/article/2900632/google-is-making-glass-ready-for-users-says-schmidt.html; “Looking Ahead for WhatsApp,” WhatsApp (blog), August 25, 2016, https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000627/Looking-ahead-for-WhatsApp.
81. Alistair Barr, “Google’s Tough Search for New Platforms on Display at I/O,” Wall Street Journal, May 27, 2015, http://www.wsj.com/articles/googles-tough-search-for-new-platforms-on-display-at-i-o-1432748457.
82. Jay Kothari, “A New Chapter for Glass,” Team at X (blog), July 18, 2017, https://blog.x.company/a-new-chapter-for-glass-c7875d40bf24.
83. See, for example, Darrell Etherington, “Google Glass Is Back with Hardware Focused on the Enterprise,” TechCrunch (blog), July 18, 2017, http://social.techcrunch.com/2017/07/18/google-glass-is-back-with-hardware-focused-on-the-enterprise; Hayley Tsukayama, “Google Will Stop Selling Glass to the General Public, but Google Says the Device Is Not Dead Yet,” Washington Post, January 15, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2015/01/15/google-will-stop-selling-glass-to-the-general-public-but-google-says-the-device-is-not-dead-yet; Brid-Aine Parnell, “NYPD Dons Google Tech Specs: Part Man. Part Machine. All Glasshole,” Register, February 10, 2014, http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/02/10/nypd_tests_google_glass.
84. Arnold Roosendaal, “Facebook Tracks and Traces Everyone: Like This!” (SSRN Scholarly Paper, Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network, November 30, 2010), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1717563.
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