22. “The Economy of Things: Extracting New Value from the Internet of Things,” IBM Institute for Business Value, 2014, http://www-935.ibm.com/services/us/gbs/thoughtleadership/economyofthings.
23. For a compelling discussion of unstructured data and their roots in everyday life, see Ioanna D. Constantiou and Jannis Kallinikos, “New Games, New Rules: Big Data and the Changing Context of Strategy,” Journal of Information Technology, September 9, 2014, 1–14.
24. Bryan Glick, “Executive Interview: Harriet Green, IBM’s Internet of Things Chief,” ComputerWeekly, April 7, 2016, http://www.computerweekly.com/news/450280673/Executive-interview-Harriet-Green-IBMs-internet-of-things-chief.
25. “Dark Data,” Gartner IT Glossary, May 7, 2013, http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/dark-data; Isaac Sacolick, “Dark Data—a Business Definition,” Social, Agile, and Transformation, April 10, 2013, http://blogs.starcio.com/2013/04/dark-data-business-definition.html; Heather Johnson, “Digging Up Dark Data: What Puts IBM at the Forefront of Insight Economy,” SiliconANGLE, October 30, 2015, https://siliconangle.com/blog/2015/10/30/ibm-is-at-the-forefront-of-insight-economy-ibminsight; Ed Tittel, “The Dangers of Dark Data and How to Minimize Your Exposure,” CIO, September 24, 2014, https://www.cio.com/article/2686755/data-analytics/the-dangers-of-dark-data-and-how-to-minimize-your-exposure.html; Derek Gascon, “Thwart ‘Dark Data’ Risk with Data Classification Tools,” SearchCompliance, July 2014, http://searchcompliance.techtarget.com/answer/Thwart-dark-data-risk-with-data-classification-tools.
26. Glick, “Executive Interview.”
27. Hal R. Varian, “Computer Mediated Transactions,” American Economic Review 100, no. 2 (2010): 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.2.1.
28. Hal R. Varian, “Beyond Big Data,” Business Economics 49, no. 1 (2014): 27–31.
29. Varian, “Beyond Big Data,” 30.
30. See Dan Kraut, “Allstate Mulls Selling Driver Data,” Bloomberg.com, May 28, 2015, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-28/allstate-seeks-to-follow-google-as-ceo-mulls-selling-driver-data.
31. Rachel Ward and Rebecca Lancaster, “The Contribution of Individual Factors to Driving Behaviour: Implications for Managing Work-Related Road Safety” (research report, Doherty Innovation Centre, Midlothian, UK, 2002), http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrhtm/rr020.htm.
32. “Insurers Need to Plug into the Internet of Things—or Risk Falling Behind,” McKinsey, January 8, 2017, http://www.mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/our-insights/insurers-need-to-plug-into-the-internet-of-things-or-risk-falling-behind.
33. “Overcoming Speed Bumps on the Road to Telematics,” Deloitte University Press, April 21, 2014, https://dupress.deloitte.com/dup-us-en/industry/insurance/telematics-in-auto-insurance.html.
34. “Overcoming Speed Bumps on the Road to Telematics.”
35. Leslie Scism, “State Farm Is There: As You Drive,” Wall Street Journal, August 5, 2013.
36. “Insurers Need to Plug into the Internet of Things.”
37. Joseph Reifel, Alyssa Pei, Neeti Bhardwaj, and Shamik Lala, “The Internet of Things: Opportunity for Insurers,” ATKearney, 2014, https://www.atkearney.co.uk/documents/10192/5320720/internet+of+Things+-+Opportunity+for +Insurers.pdf/4654e400-958a-40d5-bb65-1cc7ae64bc72.
38. Steve Johansson, “Spireon Reaches 2.4 Million Subscribers, Becoming Industry’s Largest Aftermarket Vehicle Telematics Company,” BusinessWire, August 17, 2015, http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20150817005365/en/Spireon-Reaches-2.4-Million-Subscribers-Industry%E2%80%99s-Largest.
39. Rebecca Kates, “Geotab Launches a World Leading Driver Safety Telematics Solution That Speaks to the Driver Inside the Vehicle,” Geotab, September 10, 2015, https://www.geotab.com/press-release/geotab-launches-driver-safety-telematics-solution-that-speaks-to-the-driver-inside-the-vehicle.
40. Brad Jarvis et al., Insurance rate optimization through driver behavior monitoring, US20150006207 A1, published January 2015, https://patents.google.com/patent/US20150006207A1/en.
41. Brad Jarvis et al., Operator benefits and rewards through sensory tracking of a vehicle, US20150019270 A1, published January 2015, 2015, http://www.google.com/patents/US20150019270.
42. Joao Lima, “Insurers Look Beyond Connected Cars for IOT Driven Business Boom,” Computer Business Review, December 9, 2015, http://www.cbronline.com/news/internet-of-things/insurers-look-beyond-connected-cars-for-iot-driven-business-boom-4748866.
43. Sam Ramji, “Looking Beyond the Internet of Things Hype: Here’s What’s in Store,” VentureBeat, March 28, 2014, http://venturebeat.com/2014/03/28/looking-beyond-the-internet-of-things-hype-heres-whats-in-store.
44. “Overcoming Speed Bumps on the Road to Telematics.”
45. Corin Nat, “Think Outside the Box—Motivate Drivers Through Gamification,” Spireon, August 11, 2015, https://web.archive.org/web/20150811014300/spireon.com/motivate-drivers-through-gamification; “Triad Isotopes,” 2017, http://www.triadisotopes.com.
46. “Overcoming Speed Bumps on the Road to Telematics.”
47. See Byron Pope, “Experts Examine Auto Telematics’ Pitfalls, Potential,” Ward’s Auto, June 20, 2013, http://wardsauto.com/technology/experts-examine-auto-telematics-pitfalls-potential.
48. “Analytics Trends 2016, the Next Evolution,” Deloitte, 2016, https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/deloitte-analytics/articles/analytics-trends.html.
49. “Insurers Need to Plug into the Internet of Things”; “Navigating the Challenges and Opportunities in Financial Services,” Deloitte Touche, 2015, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/financial-services/deloitte-au-fs-fsi-outlook-focus-2015-090215.pdf.
50. “Dell Services Have Launched a New Internet of Things Insurance Accelerator,” Dell, November 17, 2015, http://www.dell.com/learn/al/en/alcorp1/press-releases/2015-11-17-dell-services-launch-of-internet-of-things; “Microsoft and American Family Insurance Launch Startup Accelerator Focused on Home Automation,” Microsoft News Center, June 17, 2014, https://news.microsoft.com/2014/06/17/microsoft-and-american-family-insurance-launch-startup-accelerator-focused-on-home-automation.
51. Gabe Nelson, “Who Owns the Dashboard? Apple, Google or the Automakers?” Advertising Age, December 15, 2014, http://adage.com/article/digital/owns-dashboard-apple-google-automakers/296200.
52. “Google Looks to Partner with Insurance Companies in France,” Fortune, September 13, 2016, http://fortune.com/2016/09/13/google-france-insurance-partners.
53. Varian, “Beyond Big Data,” 30 (italics mine).
54. Varian.
55. Herman Kahn and Anthony J. Wiener, The Year 2000 (New York: Macmillan, 1967).
56. Kahn and Wiener, The Year 2000, 97–98.
57. Kahn and Wiener, 410–11.
58. Paul T. David and William R. Ewald, “The Study of the Future,” Public Administration Review 28, no. 2 (1968): 187–93, https://doi.org/10.2307/974089.
59. Neil P. Hurley, “The Future and the Nearsighted Faust,” Review of Politics 30, no. 4 (1968): 521–23.
60. Langdon Winner, Autonomous Technology: Technics-out-of-Control as a Theme in Political Thought (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1978), 7–8.
61. Dublon and Paradiso, “Extra Sensory Perception,” 37–44.
62. Frank E. Manuel and Fritzie P. Manuel, Utopian Thought in the Western World (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 1979), 6.
63. Krishan Kumar, Utopia and Anti-utopia in Modern Times (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991); Andrzej Walicki, Marxism and the Leap to the Kingdom of Freedom: The Rise and Fall of the Communist Utopia (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997); Gregory Claeys, Searching for Utopia: The History of an Idea (New York: Thames & Hudson, 2011); Roland Schaer, Gregory Claeys, and Lyman Tower Sargent, Utopia: The Search for Ideal Society in the Western World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Perry Anderson, Arguments Within English Marxism, 2nd ed. (London: Verso, 1980).
64. In the 1867 preface to the first edition of Marx’s Capital, one finds the following:
&nbs
p; Intrinsically, it is not a question of the higher or lower degree of development of the social antagonisms that result from the natural laws of capitalist production. It is a question of these laws themselves, of these tendencies working with iron necessity towards inevitable results. The country that is more developed industrially only shows, to the less developed, the image of its own future. See Karl Marx and Ernest Mandel, Capital, vol. 1, trans. Ben Fowkes (New York: Penguin, 1990), 91.
65. Manuel and Manuel, Utopian Thought, 3–4.
66. Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen, The New Digital Age: Transforming Nations, Businesses, and Our Lives (New York: Vintage, 2014), 5.
67. Schmidt and Cohen, The New Digital Age, 253–54.
68. Dublon and Paradiso, “Extra Sensory Perception.”
69. John Steinbeck, The Grapes of Wrath (New York: Viking, 1939).
70. Winner, Autonomous Technology, 6.
71. Langdon Winner, “Do Artifacts Have Politics?” Daedalus 109, no. 1 (1980): 99.
72. For a wonderful related discussion, see Alasdair Morrison, “Uses of Utopia,” in Utopias, ed. Peter Alexander and Roger Gill (La Salle, IL: Open Court, 1983), 149–50.
73. “Digital Transformation Map,” Cisco, August 3, 2018, https://www.cisco.com/c/m/en_us/solutions/industries/smart-connected-communities/digital-transformation-map.html; and Anil Menon, “Announcing Cisco Kinetic for Cities,” Cisco Blogs, October 4, 2017, https://blogs.cisco.com/news/announcing-kinetic-for-cities (italics mine).
74. “Titan and Control Group Become Intersection,” PR Newswire, September 16, 2015, http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/titan-and-control-group-become-intersection-300144002.html. Sidewalk acquired a company called Intersection to build and administer the kiosks. Intersection was formed in the merger of Control, an urban-focused-technology company, and Titan, an ad media firm. Intersection describes itself as “an urban experience, technology and media company [that] will work with cities to solve modern challenges and reinvent the urban experience, creating more connected, livable and prosperous cities. The company will leverage the groundbreaking engineering and design capabilities of Control Group, which has more than a decade of experience with merging digital technologies with real-world user experiences in urban environments, with Titan, one of the country’s largest municipal and transit media companies and a leader in digital out-of-home advertising.”
75. Conor Dougherty, “Cities to Untangle Traffic Snarls, with Help from Alphabet Unit,” New York Times, March 17, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/18/technology/cities-to-untangle-traffic-snarls-with-help-from-alphabet-unit.html.
76. “Sidewalk Labs | Team—Alphabet,” Sidewalk Labs, October 2, 2017, https://www.sidewalklabs.com/team.
77. Dougherty, “Cities to Untangle.”
78. See Dougherty.
79. See Diana Budds, “How Google Is Turning Cities into R&D Labs,” Co.Design, February 22, 2016, https://www.fastcodesign.com/3056964/design-moves/how-google-is-turning-cities-into-rd-labs.
80. Mark Harris, “Secretive Alphabet Division Aims to Fix Public Transit in US by Shifting Control to Google,” Guardian, June 27, 2016, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jun/27/google-flow-sidewalk-labs-columbus-ohio-parking-transit.
81. Google City: How the Tech Juggernaut Is Reimagining Cities—Faster Than You Realize, 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JXN9QHHD8eA.
82. Google City.
83. Google City.
84. See Budds, “How Google Is Turning Cities into R&D Labs.”
85. Jessica E. Lessin, “Alphabet’s Sidewalk Preps Proposal for Digital District,” I nformation, April 14, 2016, https://www.theinformation.com/sidewalk-labs-preps-proposal-for-digital-district.
86. Eliot Brown, “Alphabet’s Next Big Thing: Building a ‘Smart’ City,” Wall Street Journal, April 27, 2016, http://www.wsj.com/articles/alphabets-next-big-thing-building-a-smart-city-1461688156.
87. Shane Dingman, “With Toronto, Alphabet Looks to Revolutionize City-Building,” Globe and Mail, October 17, 2017, https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/with-toronto-alphabet-looks-to-revolutionize-city-build ing/article36634779.
CHAPTER EIGHT
1. Jan Wolfe, “Roomba Vacuum Maker iRobot Betting Big on the ‘Smart’ Home,” Reuters, July 28, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/irobot-strategy/roomba-vacuum-maker-irobot-betting-big-on-the-smart-home-idUSL1N1KJ1BA; Melissa Wen, “iRobot Shares Surge on Strong Sales of Roomba Vacuum Cleaners,” Reuters, July 26, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-irobot-stocks/irobot-shares-surge-on-strong-sales-of-roomba-vacuum-cleaners-idUSKBN1AB2QW.
2. Wolfe, “Roomba Vacuum Maker iRobot Betting Big.”
3. Lance Ulanoff, “iRobot CEO Says the Company Won’t Share Your Roomba Home Mapping Data Without Your OK,” Mashable, July 25, 2017, http://mashable.com/2017/07/25/irobot-wants-to-sell-home-mapping-data.
4. “iRobot HOME,” Google Play Store, August 12, 2018, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.irobot.home&hl=en. See also Alex Hern, “Roomba Maker May Share Maps of Users’ Homes with Google, Amazon or Apple,” Guardian, July 25, 2017, http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/jul/25/roomba-maker-could-share-maps-users-homes-google-amazon-apple-irobot-robot-vacuum.
5. “How It Works | Smart Bed Technology & Sleep Tracking | It Bed,” SleepNumber.com, October 6, 2017, https://itbed.sleepnumber.com/how-it-works.
6. “Sleep Number Privacy Policy,” SleepNumber.com, September 18, 2017, https://www.sleepnumber.com/sn/en/privacy-policy.
7. Guido Noto La Diega and Ian Walden, “Contracting for the ‘Internet of Things’: Looking into the Nest” (research paper, Queen Mary University of London, School of Law, 2016).
8. Jonathan A. Obar and Anne Oeldorf-Hirsch, “The Biggest Lie on the Internet: Ignoring the Privacy Policies and Terms of Service Policies of Social Networking Services,” in Facebook/Social Media 2 (TPRC 44: The 44th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy, Arlington, VA: Social Science Research Network, 2016), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract =2757465.
9. For an important discussion of this larger theme as it applies to digital products, see Aaron Perzanowski and Chris Hoofnagle, “What We Buy When We ‘Buy Now’” (SSRN scholarly paper, Social Science Research Network, May 13, 2016), https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2778072.
10. Michelle Locke, “Ready for Liquor Bottles Smart Enough to Talk Smart Phones?” Phys.org, May 21, 2015, http://phys.org/news/2015-05-ready-liquor-bottles-smart.html; Joseph Cox, “This Rectal Thermometer Is the Logical Conclusion of the Internet of Things,” Motherboard, January 14, 2016, http://motherboard.vice.com/read/this-rectal-thermometer-is-the-logical-conclusion-of-the-internet-of-things.
11. Shona Ghosh, “How Absolut Vodka Will Use the Internet of Things to Sell More Than ‘Static Pieces of Glass,’” Campaign US, August 6, 2015, http://www.campaignlive.com/article/absolut-vodka-will-use-internet-things-sell-static-pieces-glass/1359074.
12. See Locke, “Ready for Liquor Bottles Smart Enough to Talk?”
13. “Global Smart Homes Market 2018 by Evolving Technology, Projections & Estimations, Business Competitors, Cost Structure, Key Companies and Forecast to 2023,” Reuters, February 19, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/brandfeatures/venture-capital/article?id=28096.
14. “Sproutling Wearable Baby Monitor,” Mattel, December 8, 2017, http://fisher-price.mattel.com/shop/en-us/fp/sproutling-sleep-wearable-fnf59.
15. See Perzanowski and Hoofnagle, “What We Buy.”
16. Amie Thuener, “Letter to SEC from Google Finance Director Re: Google Inc,” Securities and Exchange Commission, January 29, 2013, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000128877613000074/filename1.htm.
17. See Stacey Higginbotham, “Qualcomm Has Devised New Technology That Can Help Unlock Your Smartphone Using Iris Scans,” MIT Technology Review, March 29, 2017, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603964/qualcomm-wants-your-smartphone-to-have-energy-efficient-eyes.
18. Ben S. Cook et al., “
Only Skin Deep,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, May 2013. Smart skin is thus imagined, an innovation that “could set the foundation for the emergence of the first generation of truly long-range, fully-printable, chipless, flexible, low cost, wireless sensors for ubiquitous applications in Smart Skins and the Internet of Things.…”
19. J. G. D. Hester and M. M. Tentzeris, “Inkjet-Printed Van-Atta Reflectarray Sensors: A New Paradigm for Long-Range Chipless Low Cost Ubiquitous Smart Skin Sensors of the Internet of Things,” in 2016 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium (IMS), 2016, 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1109/MWSYM.2016.7540412.
20. Cook et al., “Only Skin Deep.”
21. Michael Galvin, “Attract Customers with Beacons, Geotagging & Geofencing,” New Perspective, March 21, 2016, http://www.npws.net/blog/attract-customers-with-beacons-geotagging-geofencing.
22. For the most comprehensive description of these and other surveillance processes now at use in retailing, see Joseph Turow, The Aisles Have Eyes: How Retailers Track Your Shopping, Strip Your Privacy, and Define Your Power (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017).
23. Jimm Fox, “Life-Pattern Marketing and Geo Targeting,” One Market Media, March 26, 2009, http://onemarketmedia.com/2009/03/26/life-pattern-marketing-and-geo-targetting.
24. Galvin, “Attract Customers with Beacons.”
25. Monte Zweben, “Life-Pattern Marketing: Intercept People in Their Daily Routines,” SeeSaw Networks, March 2009.
26. Monica Anderson, “6 Facts About Americans and Their Smartphones,” PewResearchCenter, April 1, 2015, http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/04/01/6-facts-about-americans-and-their-smartphones; “Most Smartphone Owners Use Location-Based Services—EMarketer,” eMarketer, April 22, 2016, https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Most-Smartphone-Owners-Use-Location-Based-Services/1013863; Chris Smith, “Why Location Data Is One of the Most Coveted Details Apps Collect About You,” BGR, March 25, 2015, http://bgr.com/2015/03/25/smartphone-app-location-data.
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