19. R. D. Hare, L. N. McPherson, and A. E. Forth (1988). Male psychopaths and their criminal careers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56, 710–14; G. T. Harris, M. E. Rice, and C. A. Cormier (1991). Psychopathy and violent recidivism. Law and Human Behavior 15, 625–37; L. N. Robins (1966). Deviant Children Grown Up, Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
Chapter 7. White-Collar Psychopaths
1. Daniel Goleman. The New York Times, July 7, 1987.
2. Letter from Brian Rosner, Office of the District Attorney of the County of New York, July 15, 1987. Rosner is now with the firm of King and Spalding, New York.
3. Ed Cony. Wall Street Journal, March 23, 1987, p. 1.
4. The People of the State of New York Against John A. Grambling, Indictment No. 2800/85. Proceedings. Supreme Court of the State of New York, County of New York Criminal Term, Part 48; The People of the State of New York Against John A. Grambling, Indictment No. 2800/85. Sentencing Memorandum; Letter from John A. Grambling to the Honorable Herman Cahn, New York Supreme Court, March 6, 1987.
5. Brian Rosner (1990). Swindle. Homewood, IL: Business One Irwin.
6. The People of the State of New York Against John A. Grambling, Indictment No. 2800/85. Sentencing Memorandum.
7. Sentencing Memorandum, p. 69.
8. Sentencing Memorandum, p. 78.
9. Sentencing Memorandum, p. 81 (emphasis is in the letter written by the father-in-law).
10. Sentencing Memorandum, p.3.
11. John Grambling, Jr. Letter to Justice Cahn, March 6, 1987, p. 30.
12. Proceedings, p. 54.
13. Proceedings, p. 51.
14. Sentencing Memorandum, p. 10.
15. Sentencing Memorandum, p. 11.
16. Brian Rosner (1990).
17. Sentencing Memorandum, p. 38.
18. B. Bearak. Los Angeles Times, March 10, 1986. pp. 1, 12.
19. Max Lerner. “How grateful should Europe be?” Actions and Passions (1949). Quotation no. 199.7 in R. Thomas Tripp (1970). The International Thesaurus of Quotations. New York: Harper & Row.
20. Jonathan Beaty and S. C. Gwynne. “The Dirtiest Bank of All.” Time, July 29, 1991, p. 28.
21. John Grambling, Jr. Letter to the Honorable Herman Cahn, New York Supreme Court, County of New York: Part 48. March 6, 1987. The letter was an attempt to convince Justice Cahn that he, Grambling, did not warrant a long sentence for his crimes.
22. Justice Herman Cahn. Proceedings, p. 55.
23. Brian Rosner. Sentencing Memorandum, pp. 84–85.
Chapter 8. Words from an Overcoat Pocket
1. Inside Edition. November 22, 1990.
2. Stephen G. Michaud and Hugh Aynesworth (1989). Ted Bundy: Conversations with a Killer. New York: New American Library, p. 107.
3. From an article by Peter Worthington, Saturday Night, July–August, 1993.
4. N. Geschwind and A. Galaburda (1987). Cerebral Lateralization: Biological Mechanisms, Associations, and Pathology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
5. R. D. Hare and L. N. McPherson (1984). Psychopathy and perceptual asymmetry during verbal dichotic listening. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 93, 141–19.; R. D. Hare and J. Jutai (1988). Psychopathy and cerebral asymmetry in semantic processing. Personality and Individual Differences 9, 329–37.; A. Raine, M. O’Brien, N. Smiley, A. Scerbo, and C. Chan (1990). Reduced lateralization in verbal dichotic listening in adolescent psychopaths. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 99, 272–77.
6. J. H. Johns and H. C. Quay (1962). The effect of social reward on verbal conditioning in psychopaths and neurotic military offenders. Journal of Consulting Psychology 26, 217–20.
7. V. Grant (1977). The Menacing Stranger. New York: Dabor Science Publications, p. 50.
8. W. Johnson (1946). People in Quandaries: The Semantics of Personal Adjustment. New York: Harper & Brothers.
9. Hervey Cleckley (1976; 5th ed.). The Mask of Sanity. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, p. 230.
10. S. Williamson, T. J. Harpur, and R. D. Hare (1991). Abnormal processing of affective words by psychopaths. Psychophysiology 28, 260–73. This is the “brain wave” study referred to in the Introduction.
11. _____ (August 1990). Sensitivity to emotional polarity in psycho paths. Paper presented at meeting of the American Psychologi cal Association, Boston, MA.
12. Diane Downs (1989). Best Kept Secrets. Springfield, OR: Danmark Publishing.
13. R. Day and S. Wong (1993). Psychopaths process emotion in the left hemisphere. Manuscript submitted for publication.
14. Michaud and Aynesworth (1989), p. 158.
15. Discussions of language-related hand gestures are provided by P. Feyereisen (1983). Manual activity during speaking in aphasic subjects. International journal of Psychology 18, 545–56; D. McNeill (1985). So you think gestures are nonverbal. Psychology Review 91, 332–50; B. Rime and L. Schiaratura (1988). Gesture and speech. In R. Feldman and B. Rime (eds.). Fundamentals of Nonverbal Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
16. B. Gillstrom and R. D. Hare (1988). Language-related hand gestures in psychopaths, journal of Personality Disorders, 2, 21–27; also see B. Rime, H. Bouvy, B. Leborgne, and F. Rouillon (1978). Psychopathy and nonverbal behavior in an interpersonal situation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87, 636–43.
17. Paul Ekman (1985). Telling Lies. New York: Norton.
18. Julius Charles Hare and Augustus William Hare (1827). Guesses at Truth. Quotation No. 329.21 in R. Thomas Tripp (1970). The International Thesaurus of Quotations. New York: Harper & Row.
19. Sherrie Williamson (1991). Cohesion and Coherence in the Speech of Psychopaths. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
20. Material and quotes are from Terry Ganey (1989). St. Joseph’s Children: A True Story of Terror and Justice. New York: Carol Publishing Group.
21. Material and quotes are from Tim Cahill (1987). Buried Dreams. New York: Bantam Books.
Chapter 9. Flies in the Web
1. B. Rime and L. Schiaratura (1990). Gesture and speech. In R. Feldman and B. Rime (eds.). Fundamentals of Nonverbal Behavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2. Joseph Wambaugh (1987). Echoes in the Darkness. New York: Bantam Books, pp. 22–23.
3. Clifford Linedecker (1991). Night Stalker. New York: St. Martin’s Press, pp. 202–203.
4. Robert Mason Lee. “Bambi: The face of a killer.” The Sun, Vancouver, Canada, November 3, 1990; Kris Radish (1992). Run, Bambi, Run: The Beautiful Ex-Cop Convicted of Murder Who Escaped to Freedom and Won America’s Heart. New York: Carol Publishing Group. Lawrencia Bambenek (1992). Woman on Trial. Toronto: Harper Collins.
5. Personal communication, April 1991.
6. Some case histories of women attracted to convicted killers are presented by Sheila Isenberg (1991). Women Who Love Men Who Kill. New York: Simon & Schuster. The psychological forces at play in those who form associations with violent individuals are discussed by J. Reid Meloy (1992). Violent Attachments. Northvale, NT: Jason Aronson, Inc.
Chapter 10. The Roots of the Problem
1. Stories of adopted children who wreak havoc on their new families are not uncommon. However, most accounts of the early manifestations of psychopathy are provided by the biological parents of the children involved.
2. Longitudinal studies of the progression of psychopathy and antisocial behavior from childhood to adulthood include: Lee N. Robins (1966). Deviant Children Grow Up. Baltimore, MA: Williams & Wilkins; David Farrington (1991). Antisocial personality from childhood to adulthood. The Psychologist 4, 389–94.
3. A review of the research literature on this topic was provided by B. Lahey, K. McBurnert, R. Loeber, and E. Hart (1995). Psychobiology of Conduct Disorder. In G. P. Sholevar (ed.). Conduct Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Assessments and Interventions. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
4. This research is described in detail by P.J. Frick, B.S. O’Brien, J.A. Wooton, and K. McBurnett (1994). Psychopa
thy and conduct problems in children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103, 700–07.
5. Rolf Loeber (1990). Development and Risk Factors of Juvenile Antisocial Behavior and Delinquency. Clinical Psychology Review 10, 1–41; David Farrington (1991). Antisocial personality from childhood to adulthood. The Psychologist 4, 389–94.
6. Ken Magid and Carole A. McKelvey (1989). High Risk: Children Without Conscience. New York: Bantam.
7. “Officials stymied by alleged rapist, 9.” Seattle Times, July 21, 1992.
8. See J. MacMillan and L. K. Kofoed (1984). Sociobiology and antisocial behavior. Journal of Mental and Nervous Diseases 172, 701–06; H. C. Harpending and J. Sobus (1987). Sociopathy as an adaptation. Ethology and Sociobiology 8, 63S–72S.
9. Ann Rule (1987). Small Sacrifices. New York: New American Library. Also revealing is the book written by Diane Downs (1989). Best Kept Secrets. Springfield, OR: Danmark Publishing.
10. See R. D. Hare (1970). Psychopathy: Theory and Research. New York: Wiley.
11. Robert Kegan (1986). The child behind the mask: Sociopathy as developmental delay. In W. H. Reid, D. Dorr, J. I. Walker, and J. W. Bonner, III. Unmasking the Psychopath. New York: W. W. Norton.
12. R. D. Hare (1984). Performance of psychopaths on cognitive tasks related to frontal lobe function. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 93, 133–40; S. D. Hart, A. E. Forth, and R. D. Hare (1990). Performance of male psychopaths on selected neuropsychological tests. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 99, 374–79; J. J. Hoffman, R. W. Hall, and T. W. Bartsch (1987). On the relative importance of “Psychopathic” personality and alcoholism on neuropsychological measures of frontal lobe dysfunction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 96, 158–60.
13. See E. E. Gorenstein and J. P. Newman (1980). Disinhibitory psychopathology: A new perspective and model for research. Psychological Review 87, 301–315; J. P. Newman (1987). Reaction to punishment in extroverts and psychopaths: Implications for the impulsive behavior of disinhibited individuals. Journal of Research in Personality 21, 464–80; A. R. Damasio, D. Tranel, and H. Damasio (1990). Individuals with sociopathic behavior caused by frontal damage fail to respond autonomically to social stimuli. Behavioral Brain Research 41, 81–94.
Damage to the front parts of the brain can produce several psychopathic-like behaviors, including poor judgment and planning ability, impulsivity, failure to be influenced by punishment, and poor social conduct. However, this “acquired psychopathy,” as some investigators refer to the condition, is quite different from the distinct set of personality traits and behaviors that defines psychopathy. Nevertheless, the study of brain-damaged patients may provide clues to the nature of psychopathy.
14. Reviews of early risk factors for adult problems, including criminality and violence, have been provided by several investigators. See, for example, C. S. Widom (1989). The Cycle of Violence. Science 244, 160–66; D. Olweus, J. Block, and M. Radke-Yarrow (eds.) (1986). Development of Antisocial and Prosocial Behavior. New York: Academic Press; R. Loeber (1990). Development and Risk Factors of Juvenile Antisocial Behavior and Delinquency. Clinical Psychology Review 10, 1–41; J. McCord (1988). Parental behavior in the cycle of aggression. Psychiatry 51, 14–23; Adrian Raine (1988). Antisocial Behavior and Social Psychophysiology. In H. L. Wagner (ed.). Social Psychophysiology and Emotion: Theory and Clinical Applications. New York: Wiley.
15. Magid now views psychopathy as the result of both biological and social factors. Personal Communication, July 22, 1993.
16. In their influential 1964 book, The Psychopath: An Essay on the Criminal Mind. (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand), William and Joan McCord argued that social factors were a major cause of psychopathy. Recently, Joan McCord had this to say about the problem: “Both parental rejection and inconsistent punitiveness have been implicated in the etiology of psychopathy. (But) the data have been retrospective and the behavior of the psychopath might well have caused, rather than resulted from, parental rejection” (July 1984). Family Sources of Crime. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Society for Research on Aggression. Turku, Finland; also see J. McCord (1988). Parental behavior in the cycle of aggression. Psychiatry 51, 14–23.
17. Some recent discussions of the evidence that individual differences in intelligence, aptitudes, and personality are associated with genetic variation include the following: T. J. Bouchard, D. T. Lykken, M. McGue, N. L. Segal, and A. Tellegen (1990). Sources of human psychological differences: The Minnesota study of twins reared apart. Science 250, 223–28; T. J. Bouchard and M. McGue (1990). Genetic and rearing environmental influences on adult personality: An analysis of adopted twins reared apart. Special Issue: Biological foundations of personality: Evolution, behavioral genetics, and psychophysiology. Journal of Personality 58, 263–92; J. E. Bates and M. K. Rothbart (eds.) (1989). Temperament in Childhood. New York: Wiley; J. Kagan, J. S. Resnick, and N. Snidman (1988). Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science 240, 167–71; J. Kagan and N. Snidman (1991). Infant predictors of inhibited and uninhibited profiles. Psychological Science 2, 40–44. A discussion relating anxiety to adolescent psychopathy is given by B. Lahey, K. McBurnett, R. Loeber, and E. Hart (1995). Psychobiology of Conduct Disorder. In G. P. Sholevar (ed.). Conduct Disorders in Children and Adolescents: Assessments and Interventions. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press.
18. Evidence from family, twin, and adoption studies indicates that criminality and violence in general, and psychopathy in particular, are at least influenced by genetic and biological contributions to temperament, and shaped by environmental and social forces. For example, see S. A. Mednick, T. E. Moffitt, and S. A. Stack (eds.) (1987). The Causes of Crime: New Biological Approaches. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; R. Plomin, J. C. DeFries, and D. W. Fulker (1988). Nature and Nurture During Infancy and Early Childhood. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press; F. Schulsinger (1974). Psychopathy, heredity, and environment. In S. A. Mednick, F. Schulsinger, J. Higgins, and B. Bell (eds.). Genetics, Environment, and Psychopathology [pp. 177–95]. Amsterdam: North Holland/Elsevier. Of particular importance is a recent twin study that found evidence for a strong genetic contribution to the cluster of personality traits (described in chapter 3) that define psychopathy (W. J. Livesley, K. L. Jang, D. N. Jackson, and P. A. Vernon. Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Dimensions of Personality Disorder. Paper presented at Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C., May 2–7, 1992; Adrian Raine (1988). Antisocial Behavior and Social Psychophysiology. In H. L. Wagner (ed.). Social Psychophysiology and Emotion: Theory and Clinical Applications. New York: Wiley.
19. E. DeVita, A. E. Forth, and R. D. Hare Qune 1990). Psychopathy, family background, and early criminality. Paper presented at meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association, Ottawa, Canada.
20. The case was reported by Mary Lynn Young in The Sun, Vancouver, British Columbia, December 12, 1990. The quotations are from this article.
Chapter 11. The Ethics of Labeling
1. Atascadero State Hospital in Atascadero, California. Details provided by David Plate, head of psychology (personal communication, August 1991).
2. Ron Rosenbaum (May 1990). Travels with Dr. Death. Vanity Fair.
3. Charles P. Ewing (1983). “Dr. Death” and the case for an ethical ban on psychiatric and psychological predictions of dangerousness in capital sentencing proceedings. American Journal of Law & Medicine 8, 407-28.
Chapter 12. Can Anything Be Done?
1. Robert Hare (1970). Psychopathy: Theory and Research. New York: Wiley, p. 110.
2. J. S. Maxmen (1986). Essential Psychopathology. New York: W. W. Norton.
3. The treatment program is described by J. R. Ogloff, S. Wong, and A. Greenwood (1990). Treating criminal psychopaths in a therapeutic community program. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 8, 81–90. Recidivism following release from the program was determined by J. Hemphill (1991). Recidivism of Criminal Psychopaths After Therapeutic Community Treatment. Unpublished ma
sters thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
4. G. T. Harris, M. E. Rice, and C. A. Cormier (1991). Psychopathy and violent recidivism. Law and Human Behavior 15, 625–37.
5. William McCord (1982). The Psychopath and Millieu Therapy. New York: Academic Press, p. 202.
6. There are many books that describe procedures and programs for dealing with behavioral problems in children. A few are listed below:
• E. A. Blechman (1985). Solving Child Behavior Problems at Home and at School. Champaign, IL: Research Press. A workbook approach to common behavioral problems.
• S. W. Garber, M. D. Garber, and R. F. Spitzman (1987). Good Behavior: Over 1200 Sensible Solutions to Your Child’s Problems from Birth to Age Twelve. New York: Villard Books. An excellent reference for many common child behavioral problems. Covers basic behavioral principles and preventive strategies. Also includes sections on more serious behavioral problems and disorders and gives advice on how to seek professional help.
• H. Kohl (1981). Growing with Your Children. New York: Bantam. A practical guide for parents. Deals with such issues as discipline, violence, self-image, and fairness.
• J. Wyckoff and B. C. Unell (1984). Discipline Without Shouting or Spanking: Practical Solutions to the Most Common Preschool Behavior Problems. New York: Meadowbrook Books. A practical book that describes common misbehaviors of preschoolers (e.g., temper tantrums, sibling rivalry, messiness, resisting bedtime).
• E. A. Kirby and L. K. Grimley (1986). Understanding and Treating Attention Deficit Disorder. New York: Pergamon Press. A good resource book for parents trying to deal with a hyperactive child.
7. Robert Hare (1992). A Model Treatment Program for Offenders at High Risk for Violence. Ottawa, Canada: Research Branch, Correctional Service of Canada.
Chapter 13. A Survival Guide
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