Alexander I: Tsar of War and Peace

by Alan Palmer

  19. Ibid., p. 55; Grimsted, op. cit., p. 131.

  20. Secret instructions to Novosiltsov, 23 September 1804, VPR, II, pp. 138–46 and 151–4.

  21. Webster, Castlereagh, I, p. 57: Novosiltsov Memorandum of 25 December 1804, VPR, II, pp. 219–46; Novosiltsov to Alexander, 5 January 1805, VPR, II, pp. 257–60.

  22. Webster, Castlereagh, I, p. 57.

  23. Webster, British Diplomacy, Appendix I.

  24. Grimsted, op. cit., p. 131; Leveson-Gower to Harrowby, 17 February 1805, F. O. 65/57/4.

  25. Webster, British Diplomacy, Appendix I.

  26. Kukiel, op. cit., p. 56.

  27. Ibid., pp. 57–8.

  28. Draft Treaty of 11 April 1805, VPR, II, pp. 355–68; Ratification document, 24 July 1805, VPR, II, p. 488.

  29. Kukiel, op. cit., p. 60; Seton-Watson, op. cit., pp. 87–8.

  30. Metternich, Mémoires, II, pp. 38–66; Palmer, Metternich, pp. 42–3; Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy, pp. 37–9.

  31. Rose, Despatches relating to the Third Coalition, pp. 88–92.

  32. Gielgud, Memoirs of Czartoryski, II, p. 125; Mazade, op. cit., pp. 104–31.

  33. Kukiel, op. cit., p. 63.

  34. Czartoryski to S. Vorontsov, 21 August 1805, quoted from the Vorontsov archives by Kukiel, Ibid., p. 64.

  35. Almedingen, Emperor Alexander, p. 81.

  36. Alexander to Frederick William, 7 August 1805, Bailleu, Briefwechsel, pp. 68–70; Grimsted, op. cit., p. 137.

  37. Mazade, op. cit., II, p. 243; Beer, Zehn Jahre, p. 460.

  38. Elizabeth to her mother, 21 September 1805, N.M., Elis., II, p. 168.

  39. Kukiel, op. cit., pp. 64–5; Bailleu, op. cit., pp. 75–83.

  40. Nicholas Mikhailovich, Die Fürsten Dolgorukij, pp. 12–13 and 84–6.

  41. See the article by M. Lempitskii, ‘Aleksandr I V Pulavakh,’ Russkaia Starina, Vol. 55, pp. 172–3.

  42. Kukiel, op. cit., p. 65; Nicholas Mikhailovich, Dolgorukij, pp. 146–52.

  43. Elizabeth to her mother, 19 October 1805, N.M., Elis., II, p. 170.

  44. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, October 1805, Corr. Alex., pp. 3–6.

  45. Kukiel, op. cit., p. 65; Nicholas Mikhailovich, Dolgorukij, pp. 85–6; Frederick William to Alexander, 7 October 1805, Bailleu, op. cit., pp. 82–3.

  46. Czartoryski to Razumovsky, 10 October 1805, VPR, II, pp. 602–4.

  47. Dolgoruky to Alexander, 15 October 1805, Nicholas Mikhailovich, Dolgorukij, pp. 87–8.

  48. Kukiel, op. cit., p. 66; Mazade, op. cit., II, p. 82; Shilder, Alek. I, II, pp. 130 and 282; Waliszewski, I, pp. 166–7.

  49. Wright, Louise, pp. 83–4.

  50. Metternich, Mémoires, II, pp. 66–71.

  51. Ibid., pp. 73–4; Kraehe, op. cit., pp. 40–2; VPR, II, pp. 613–16, 619–20 and 625–6.

  52. Wright, op. cit., p. 85; Shilder, Alek. I, II, p. 132.

  Chapter 6: Austerlitz and After

  1. Shilder, Alek. I, II, p. 132; Mazade, Mémoires de Czartoryski, I, p. 402.

  2. Palmer, Napoleon in Russia, pp. 93–5; Duffy, Borodino, pp. 63–5.

  3. Waliszewski, I, p. 171; Manceron, Austerlitz, p. 121.

  4. Shilder, Alek. I, II, p. 283.

  5. Memoirs of Langeron, quoted by Shilder, loc. cit.

  6. Manceron, op. cit., p. 155.

  7. Ibid., p. 183.

  8. Andolenko, Histoire de l’Armée Russe, p. 149; Grunwald, Alexandre I, p. 107.

  9. Manceron, op. cit., pp. 152–6. For Alexander in Olmütz see also N.M., Stroganov, II, pp. 210–11.

  10. Napoleon to Alexander, 25 November 1805, Nap. Corr., XI, no. 9538, p. 440.

  11. Shilder, Alek. I, II, pp. 135 and 283–4.

  12. Manceron, op. cit., p. 156.

  13. Nap. Corr., XI, p. 447; Manceron, op. cit., pp. 158–9; Shilder, Alek. I, II, pp. 136 and 284.

  14. Manceron, op. cit., p. 27.

  15. Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 417–20; Shilder, Alek. I, II, p. 138.

  16. Memoirs of Langeron, quoted by Manceron, op. cit., p. 183.

  17. Ibid.

  18. Garros, Quel Roman que ma Vie!, p. 252; Manceron, op. cit., pp. 210–13.

  19. Shilder, Alek. I, II, p. 284.

  20. Ibid., p. 140 (citing Mikhailovsky–Danilevsky, the source also used by Tolstoy for his account of the incident in War and Peace, Book 3, Chapter 13).

  21. Mazade, op. cit., I, p. 407; Chandler, op. cit., p. 425.

  22. Mazade, op. cit., I, pp. 408–9.

  23. Chandler, op. cit., p. 426.

  24. Ibid., p. 431.

  25. Ibid., p. 432.

  26. Manceron, op. cit., p. 180.

  27. Mazade, op. cit., I, p. 410.

  28. Manceron, op. cit., pp. 299–300.

  29. Elizabeth to her mother, 23 December 1805, N.M., Elis II, p. 175. The version by Czartoryski (Mazade, op. cit., I, p. 410) is far less dramatic.

  30. Chandler, op. cit., p. 438.

  31. Alexander to Frederick William, 6 December 1805, Shilder, Alek. I, II, pp. 349–50.

  32. Ibid.

  33. Lefebvre, Napoleon, I, p. 242.

  34. Grunwald, op. cit., pp. 109-10.

  35. Elizabeth to her mother, 23 December 1805, N.M., Elis., II, p. 174.

  36. Ibid.

  37. Ibid., II, p. 176.

  38. Ibid.

  39. Novosiltsov to Stroganov, 18 January 1806, N.M., Stroganov, III, pp. 106-8.

  40. Countess Stroganova to her husband, 24 December 1805, Ibid., III, pp. 123–4.

  41. Ibid.

  Chapter 7: Anathema

  1. Elizabeth to her mother, 22 January 1806, N.M., Elis., II, p. 178.

  2. Novosiltsov to Stroganov, 18 January 1806, N.M., Stroganov, III, pp. 106–8; Countess Stroganova to her husband, 31 January 1806 and 11 February 1806, Ibid., III, pp. 125–6.

  3. Jenkins, Arakcheev, pp. 102–3.

  4. Novosiltsov to Stroganov, 18 January 1806, loc. cit.; Stroganov to his wife, 18 February 1806, N.M., Stroganov, III, pp. 127–8.

  5. Ibid., III, p. 107.

  6. Mazade, Mémoires de Czartoryski, II, pp. 162–4.

  7. Czartoryski to Stroganov, 18 February 1806, N.M., Stroganov, II, p. 226.

  8. Stroganov to his wife, 18 February 1806, N.M., Stroganov, III, p. 127.

  9. Czartoryski to Stroganov, 25 May 1806, VPR, III, pp. 168–73; Grimsted, Foreign Ministers, p. 143; Mazade, op. cit., II, pp. 83–93.

  10. Czartoryski to Stroganov, 15 May 1806, N.M., Stroganov, II, pp. 381–2.

  11. Czartoryski to Alexander, 1 April 1806, Mazade, op. cit., II, pp. 95–103.

  12. Grimsted, op. cit., p. 144.

  13. Czartoryski to Oubril, 12 May 1806, VPR, III, pp. 134–7. (Cf. Ibid., pp. 672–3.)

  14. Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity, p. 76; Czartoryski to Stroganov, 25 May 1806, N.M., Stroganov, II, p. 384; Mazade, op. cit., II, pp. 99–100.

  15. Novosiltsov to Stroganov, 29 March 1806, N.M., Stroganov, III, p. 172.

  16. Rostopchin, quoted by Almedingen, Emperor Alexander, p. 95.

  17. Grimsted, op. cit., p. 155.

  18. Kukiel, op. cit., pp. 78–9.

  19. Elizabeth to her mother, 4 June 1806, N.M., Elis., II, pp. 183–4; Bogdanovich, Aleksandr. I, II, pp. 105–6.

  20. The Margravine of Baden to Elizabeth, 3 April 1806, N.M., Elis., II, pp. 195–6.

  21. Palmer, Metternich, pp. 31–2.

  22. The Margravine of Baden to Elizabeth, 24 January and 3 April 1806, N.M., Elis., II, pp. 195 and 196.

  23. Elizabeth to her mother, November 1806, Ibid., II, p. 187.

  24. The same to the same, November 1806, Ibid., II, p. 186.

  25. The same to the same, November 1806, Ibid., II, p. 187.

  26. Napoleon to Talleyrand, 9 June 1806, Nap. Corr., XII, no. 10339, pp. 146–7.

  27. Anderson, Eastern Question, pp. 37–8.

  28. Text of the treaty of 20 July 1806 in VPR, III, pp. 226–8.

  29. Lefebvre, op. cit., I, p. 254; M
arkham, Napoleon, pp. 125–6.

  30. Seton-Watson, Russian Empire, p. 92; VPR, III, pp. 242, 263, 320, 361 and 412, partly summarizing the Alexander-Frederick William correspondence in Bailleu, Briefwechsel.

  31. Declaration by Alexander, VPR, III, July 1806, pp. 231–3.

  32. Almedingen, op. cit., p. 97; Shilder, Alek. I, II, pp. 155, 158–9 and 287.

  33. Ibid., II, p. 155.

  34. Markham, op. cit., pp. 126–7.

  35. Almedingen, op. cit., pp. 97–8; N.M., Alek. I, I, pp. 46–7.

  36. Paléologue, Enigmatic Czar, p. 57; Wright, op. cit., pp. 134–8.

  37. Shilder, Alek. I, II, p. 154.

  38. Grimsted, op. cit., p. 160.

  39. Shilder, Alek. I, II, pp. 357–61; Paléologue, op. cit., p. 56.

  40. Shilder, Alek. I, II, p. 164.

  41. Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, pp. 535–45 and 555.

  42. Shilder, Alek. I, II, p. 165.

  43. Elizabeth to her mother, 4 April 1807, N.M., Elis., II, p. 241.

  44. Convention of Bartenstein, April 1807, VPR, III, pp. 557–61.

  45. Shilder, Alek. I, II, p. 168.

  46. Ibid., II, pp. 176 and 292.

  47. Chandler, op. cit., pp. 572–84.

  Chapter 8: Tilsit

  1. Almedingen, Emperor Alexander, pp. 99–101.

  2. Alexander to Budberg, 16 June 1807, cited from the Budberg Papers by Grimsted, Foreign Ministers, p. 161. (Cf. letter of same date to Frederick William, Bailleu, Briefwechsel, p. 157.)

  3. Vandal, I, pp. 50–1.

  4. Napoleon to Talleyrand, 24 June 1807, Nap. Corr., XV, no. 12813, p. 366.

  5. Vandal, I, p. 53; Waliszewski, I, pp. 225–6.

  6. Shilder, Alek. I, II, pp. 179 and 292.

  7. Napoleon to Talleyrand, 24 June 1807, loc. cit.

  8. Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon, p. 586; Shilder, Alek. I, II, p. 181.

  9. Vandal, I, p. 57; Garros, Quel Roman …!, p. 282.

  10. Vandal, I, pp. 53–7; Waliszewski, I, pp. 225–7. (See also 86th Bulletin of the Grand Army, Nap. Corr., XV, pp. 372–3.)

  11. Shilder, Alek. I, II, p. 186.

  12. Quoted by Almedingen, op. cit., p. 101.

  13. Napoleon to Josephine, 25 June 1807, Nap. Corr., XV, no. 12825, p. 372.

  14. Napoleon to Talleyrand, 25 June 1807, Ibid., no 12826, p. 372.

  15. Shilder, Alek. I, II, pp. 190–1.

  16. Ibid., II, p. 192.

  17. Wright, Louise, pp. 166–7.

  18. Grimsted, op. cit., p. 162; Shilder, Alek. I, II, p. 294.

  19. Alexander to Marie Feodorovna, June 1807, quoted in the original French in Almedingen, op. cit., p. 101.

  20. Shilder, Alek. I, II, p. 178.

  21. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 29 June 1807, Corr. Alex., p. 18.

  22. Catherine Pavlovna to Alexander, 7 July 1807, Ibid., p. 19.

  23. Vandal, I, pp. 73–81; Waliszewski, p. 224; Lefebvre, Napoléon, I, p. 272.

  24. Ibid., I, p. 273; Vandal, I, p. 82.

  25. Ibid., I, pp. 95–6; Paléologue, Enigmatic Czar, p. 69; Louise to Alexander, 25 June 1807, Bailleu, Briefwechsel, p. 190.

  26. Paléologue, op. cit., p. 66; cf. Alexander to Frederick William, 27 June 1807, Bailleu, Briefwechsel, p. 158.

  27. Vandal, I, p. 89; Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity, p. 85.

  28. Shilder, Alek. I, II, p. 295; Anderson, Eastern Question, pp. 40–1.

  29. Vandal, I, pp. 107–9.

  Chapter 9: As Destiny Demands

  1. Napoleon to Cambacérès, 8 July 1807, Nap. Corr., XV, no. 12876, 8 July 1807.

  2. Metternich to Stadion, 19 August 1807, HHSA, Diplom. Korr. Frankreich, Karton 200, Fascicle B.

  3. Anderson, Britain’s Discovery of Russia, pp. 213–14. See also the anonymous pamphlet Key to the Recent Conduct of the Emperor of Russia, pp. 33–8, published in London in the autumn of 1807. The extent of the Tilsit obligations did not become clear until early December.

  4. Rolo, Canning, p. 196; Alopeus to Alexander, 3 August 1807, VPR, IV, pp. 15–16; Seton-Watson, Russian Empire, p. 113.

  5. Leveson-Gower to Canning, 2 September 1807, F.O. 65/70/19; see also Grimsted, Foreign Ministers, p. 164 (footnote).

  6. Stroganov to Simon Vorontsov, 2 September 1807, VPR, IV, pp. 42–4, (cf. Ibid., p. 568).

  7. Shilder, Alek. I, II, pp. 298–9; Savary, Mémoires, II, p. 265.

  8. Shilder, Alek. I, II, pp. 211 and 299; Tatischev, Alexandre et Napoléon, p. 192.

  9. Grimsted, op. cit., pp. 162–7.

  10. Ibid., pp. 167–9.

  11. Almedingen, Emperor Alexander I, pp. 102–3; N.M., Elis., II, p. 245; Londonderry and Hyde, Russian Journals, pp. 299–300; Jenkins, Arakcheev, p. 108.

  12. Elizabeth to her mother, 10 September 1807, N.M., Elis., II, pp. 250–4.

  13. The same to the same, 11 October 1807, Ibid., p. 258.

  14. Shilder, Alek. I, II, pp. 210 and 298; Paléologue, Enigmatic Czar, p. 71.

  15. Tatischev, op. cit., p. 203.

  16. Raeff, Speransky, p. 18; Elizabeth to her mother, 11 October 1807, N.M., Elis., II, p. 258.

  17. Declaration by Alexander, 7 November 1807, VPR, IV, pp. 98–101; Rumiantsev to Alopeus, 7 November 1807, Ibid., IV, pp. 103–4.

  18. Jenkins, op. cit., pp. 108–11.

  19. Ibid., p. III.

  20. Paléologue, op. cit., p. 71.

  21. See Savary’s notes on personalities at the Russian Court edited by Vandal in Revue d’Histoire Diplomatique for 1890, no. 3, especially pp. 402–7.

  22. Caulaincourt, Mémoires, I, p. 245; Waliszewski, I, pp. 250–1.

  23. Vandal, I, pp. 118–20.

  24. Napoleon to Alexander, 2 February 1808, Nap. Corr., XVI, Appendix, pp. 498–9. (English translation, Thompson, Napoleon’s Letters, pp. 193–194.)

  25. Tatischev, op. cit., pp. 312–13.

  26. Declaration by Alexander, 22 February 1808, VPR, IV, pp. 168–70.

  27. On the Finnish War see Jenkins, op. cit., pp. 115–24 and VPR, IV, pp. 192–6 and 203. For the subsequent parade in St Petersburg see N.M., Elis., II, p. 206.

  28. Ibid., II, p. 207.

  29. Vandal, I, pp. 284–304; Anderson, Eastern Question, pp. 41–3.

  30. Vandal, I, pp. 378–9.

  31. Garros, Quel Roman …!, p. 300; Napoleon to Alexander, 7 September 1807, Nap. Corr., XVII, no. 14304, pp. 496–7.

  32. Garros, loc. cit.

  33. Vandal, I, pp. 379–82.

  34. Marie Feodorovna to Alexander, 25 August 1808, Shilder, ‘Nakanune Erfurtskogo svidaniia 1808 goda,’ Russkaya Starina, XCVIII, pp. 4–17.

  35. Alexander to Marie Feodorovna, 5 September 1808, Ibid., pp. 17–24.

  36. Waliszewski, I, p. 265.

  37. Wright, Louise, pp. 200–4.

  38. Schmitt, ‘Stein, Alexander I and the Crusade against Napoleon,’ JMH, Vol. 31, p. 326.

  39. Shilder, Alek. I, II, p. 301.

  40. Garros, op. cit., p. 301; Vandal, I, pp. 411–13.

  41. Ibid., I, p. 417.

  42. Napoleon to Josephine, 2 October 1808, Lettres de Napoléon à Josèphine, p. 144.

  43. Vandal, I, p. 453.

  44. Napoleon to Josephine, 9 October 1808, Nap. Corr., XVII, no. 14366, p. 542.

  45. Alexander to Catherine Pavlovna, 8 October 1808, Corr. Alex., p. 20.

  46. Palmer, Metternich, p. 63.

  47. Caulaincourt, Mémoires, I, p. 273.

  48. Vandal, I, p. 435.

  49. Caulaincourt, op. cit., I, pp. 108–14.

  50. Metternich, Mémoires, II, p. 248; Shilder, Alek. I, II, p. 302.

  51. Text of the agreement in VPR, IV, pp. 359–61.

  52. Vandal, I, p. 464.

  53. Caulaincourt, op. cit., I, pp. 274–5.

  54. Tatischev, op. cit., pp. 458–9; Savary, Mémoires, IV, p. 6.

  Chapter 10: The Primacy of Speransky

  1. Raeff, Speransky, pp. 1–2.

  2. Vandal, I, p. 408; Raeff, op. cit.,
p. 55; Grimsted, Foreign Ministers, p. 185; Shilder, Alek. I, IV, p. 472.

  3. Raeff, op. cit., p. 76.

  4. Ibid., pp. 16–17.

  5. Ibid.

  6. Shilder, Alek. I, III, p. 366.

  7. Raeff, op. cit., p. 18.

  8. Maistre, April 1812, Correspondance, pp. 101–2.

  9. Raeff, op. cit., pp. 170–3.

  10. Ibid., pp. 211–12.

  11. Ibid., pp. 19–22, 243 and 253.

  12. Ibid., pp. 90–2.

  13. Vernadsky, Source Book for Russian History, II, pp. 490–3.

  14. Raeff, op. cit., pp. 67, 126–7.

  15. Ibid., p. 76.

  16. Jenkins, Arakcheev, p. 149.

  17. Kochubey to Speransky, 1808, Raeff, op. cit., p. 60.

  18. Ibid., pp. 60–2.

  19. Ibid., pp. 57, 62 and 174–5; Seton-Watson, Russian Empire, p. 106.

  20. Raeff, op. cit., p. 64.

  21. Ibid., pp. 175–6; Seton-Watson, op. cit., pp. 108–9; Waliszewski, I, p. 399.

  22. Raeff, op. cit., pp. 172–3.

  23. Seton-Watson, op. cit., p. 73.

  24. Vernadsky, op. cit., II, pp. 493–4.

  25. Raeff, op. cit., p. 115.

  26. Jenkins, op. cit., p. 124.

  27. Shilder, Alek. I, II, p. 261; Jenkins, op. cit., p. 134.

  28. Arakcheev to Alexander, 5 January 1810, Shilder, Alek. I, II, pp. 261–2.

  29. Alexander to Arakcheev, January 1810, ibid., pp. 262–3. There are long extracts From this correspondence, in an English translation, in Jenkins, op. cit., pp. 134–7.

  30. Elizabeth to her mother, 2 January 1810, N.M., Elis., II, p. 362, and 9 January 1810, ibid., p. 364.

  31. Vernadsky, op. cit., II, pp. 494–5.

  32. Raeff, op. cit., p. 175.

  33. Ibid., p. 104.

  34. Ibid., pp. 153, 158–9.

  35. Ibid., pp. 183–4.

  Chapter 11: The Viceroy

  1. Caulaincourt, Mémoires, I, p. 95; Waliszewski, I, p. 251.

  2. Caulaincourt, op. cit., I, p. 247; Paléologue, Enigmatic Czar, p. 131.

  3. Caulaincourt, op. cit., I, pp. 98–9.

  4. Ibid., I, p. 99; Adams, p. 72.

  5. Ibid., pp. 96 and 98; Vandal, II, p. 28.

  6. Paléologue, op. cit., pp. 131–2.

  7. Queen Louise kept a diary of the visit. It is printed in Bailleu, Briefwechsel, pp. 542–3.

  8. Waliszewski, I, p. 274, quoting from Joseph de Maistre.